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PubMed1992

A real-time approach to spoken language processing in aphasia.

The study is based on an on-line investigation of spoken language comprehension processes in 25 French-speaking aphasics using a syllable-monitoring task. Nonsense syllables were presented in three different conditions: context-free (embedded in strings of nonsense syllables), lexical context (where the target nonsense syllable is the initial, medial, or final syllable of real three-syllable words), and sentence context. This study builds on an earlier one that explored the relationship between the acoustic-phonetic, lexical, and sentential levels of spoken language processing in French-speaking normals and gave evidence of top-down lexical and sentential influence on syllable recognition. In the present study, aphasic patients from various diagnostic categories were classified as high (N = 13) or low (N = 12) comprehenders. The results show that low comprehending aphasics make no use of sentence information in the syllable-recognition task. As for top-down effect at the single word level that is observed in normal listeners. However, a subgroup analysis shows that the Broca's are the only high comprehending aphasics who perform in the same way as normal listeners; this sets them apart from the anomics and conduction aphasics.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Rapid automatized naming and gesture by normal and language-impaired children.

This study investigates whether language-impaired (LI) children show deficits in rapid automatized naming and whether RAN performance is specific to verbal output (or to rapid motor output in general). A total of 67 LI and 54 age-matched control children were tested with the Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) test (Denckla & Rudel, 1976) and with a manual version of the RAN (RAN-manual) in which subjects were required to provide a nonverbal, pantomime response. Subjects also completed tests of rapid oral and manual sequencing skills and standardized tests of reading ability. Each subject was tested at 4, 6, and 8 years old. The results showed that LI children perform significantly poorer on both versions of the RAN than age-matched controls. Correlations between RAN scores and tests of reading ability were significant for normal and LI subjects and were particularly high for 8-year-old LI children. RAN-manual scores also correlated with 8-year-old LI children's reading scores. Further, RAN and RAN-manual scores for the LI children correlated significantly with these children's manual sequencing abilities, whereas this was not the case for the control subjects. These findings suggest that LI children's rapid sequential processing deficits are not limited to verbal output, but also generalize to other motoric domains.

Child↗

PubMed1992

Interhemispheric dissociation of expressive and receptive language functions in patients with complex-partial seizures: an amobarbital study.

Bilateral intracarotid amobarbital procedures (IAP) were performed in 144 patients with medically intractable complex-partial seizures. As a result of language testing, 29 patients (20.1%) were found to have bilateral language representation to different degrees. In four (2.8%) of these patients--all right-handers with early onset of epilepsy and/or evidence of early brain damage--there was strong evidence of an interhemispheric dissociation of expressive and receptive language functions. Two of these patients had circumscribed temporal foci (one left, one right), and receptive language functions were represented in the hemisphere contralateral to the focus. One patient with a right frontal focus showed left-hemisphere dominance for expressive functions, while the fourth patient exhibited left-hemisphere dominance for receptive functions associated with a right temporo-parietal focus. It is argued that in these four cases the circumscribed functional and/or structural impairments have led to a shift of the anatomically associated language functions to the opposite hemisphere (rather than to neighboring regions of the same hemisphere). These findings substantiate the hypothesis that in special circumstances the anterior (expressive) language area can be located in one hemisphere and the posterior (receptive) area in the other.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Contribution of articulatory rehearsal to short-term memory: evidence from a case of selective disruption.

We describe a brain-damaged patient with disturbed articulatory rehearsal in whom all predictions derived from a working memory model were fulfilled. The patient showed a reduced verbal span, no word-length effect on immediate recall in both the visual or the auditory modalities, no phonological similarity effect in the visual modality, and no effect of articulatory suppression. A slowed overt articulation rate provided independent evidence for disrupted articulatory rehearsal. The other components of working memory, the visuospatial scratch-pad, phonological storage system, and central executive, were functional. The selectivity of the deficit can be taken as evidence for the specific role of articulatory rehearsal in working memory.

Aphasia↗

PubMed1992

Dichotic listening performance in subtypes of developmental dyslexia and a left temporal lobe brain tumor contrast group.

This study examined dichotic listening performance in three subtypes of developmental dyslexia and in children with left temporal lobe brain tumors (clinical contrast group). Each child was administered a free-recall CV syllable dichotic paradigm (30 pairs). Analysis of variance and Tukey-HSD pairwise follow-up comparison indicated that the dichotic listening performance of the left temporal lobe brain tumor contrast group (strong LEA/right ear suppression) was significantly different from those of the visual-spatial/dyseidetic (strong REA/left ear depression) and mixed (moderate REA/bilateral ear suppression) dyslexic subtypes. The language disorder/dysphonetic dyslexic subtype demonstrated a REA with right ear depression. Closer inspection of the individual performances of the language disorder/dysphonetic dyslexic subtype revealed a bimodal distribution with 12 subjects demonstrating a strong LEA/right ear suppression and 8 subjects exhibiting a strong REA/left ear depression. These results lend support for the contention that the dyslexic population is heterogeneous in nature with each subgroup exhibiting (1) a distinct neuropsychological test profile and reading pattern and (2) a pattern of performance on the dichotic listening task which is consistent with what would be expected based upon the pattern of dysfunction exhibited on neuropsychological evaluation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

An electrophysiologic indication of auditory processing defects in autism.

Averaged evoked potentials (EPs) to clicks, random pitch changes (signals), and random deletions of stimuli within a regular train of tones were examined in five autistic and five normal children. Brainstem auditory EPs were abnormal in one of the autistic patients. The early cortical EP components P60 and N100 showed no differences across groups, whereas the P200 component of the cortical responses to clicks, as well as the late positive component (P300) to the pitch changes and deleted stimuli, were significantly smaller in the autistic subjects as a group. Furthermore, when P200 and P300 amplitudes were averaged across conditions for the individual subjects, these components were smaller in every autistic subject than in any of the normal subjects. These results are consistent with the view that there are auditory defects in autism that may sometimes involve lower levels of neural transmission as manifested by abnormalities in the brainstem and auditory EP, but are more consistently manifest in higher aspects of processing that involve the registration and storage of stimulus information. It is suggested that the severe language disorder in childhood autism may be secondary to the basic deficits in higher auditory processing.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1995

Investigating the validity of the Clinical Linguistic Auditory Milestone Scale.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the validity of the Clinical Linguistic Auditory Milestone Scale (CLAMS) as a screening test to help physicians detect delays in language development. Language delays in children are often not diagnosed until about 3 years of age because (1) parents may not be aware of what constitutes normal language development, (2) diagnosis of a language problem is difficult for physicians to make because they see the child for brief periods of time, (3) there is a wide range of what constitutes normal language so professionals are reluctant to classify a child as delayed without thorough testing. The hypothesis for this investigation was that children who have language delays can be identified quickly and easily through the administration of the CLAMS. Subjects included 99 children between the ages of 1 and 3 years. The procedure had 3 parts: (1) parents completed a form consisting of questions such as parent occupation, number of children in the family, birth history, etc., (2) the CLAMS, a parent report that can be given while the child is seen by the physician, was administered, (3) the Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development (SICD), was administered to assess receptive and expressive language. The purpose for administering the SICD was to obtain a more in-depth picture of the child's ability to comprehend and use language, thereby providing data to determine the validity of the CLAMS as a screening device. Results indicated that the CLAMS is a valid instrument for identifying language delayed children.

Child Language↗

PubMed2003

Auditory lexical-semantic processing impairments in aphasic patients reflected in event-related potentials (N400).

OBJECTIVE: Event-related potentials (ERPs) and response latencies were recorded from aphasic subjects with auditory language processing impairments and age-matched normal controls, while performing a lexical-semantic evaluation task, aiming at clarifying whether ERPs could be a reliable measure for indicating language impairments in aphasic patients. METHODS: The stimuli were 50 pairs of spoken words (prime word-target word): 25 pairs, which were semantically and/or associatively related to each other, and 25 pairs which were not. The subjects pressed a switch in response to the presentation of target words semantically related to the prime words. The ERP component analyzed in this study was N400. RESULTS: With the performances, the response latencies were longer in the aphasic subjects than in the normal controls. With the ERPs, onset latencies of N400 were shifted behind in the aphasic patients compared to the normal controls. For the aphasic patients, there were correlations between the size of N400 and performances in auditory comprehension evaluated in the aphasia test. CONCLUSION: The conclusions drawn from the results are that not only response latencies in the lexical-semantic judgement task, but also N400 effects, may be a reliable clinical measure of the severity of even mild lexical-semantic impairments in aphasic patients.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2004

Normative data for the Boston Naming Test in native Dutch-speaking Belgian children and the relation with intelligence.

This paper reports the results of a normative study of the 60-item version of the Boston Naming Test (BNT) in a group of 371 native Dutch-speaking Flemish children between the ages of 6 and 12 years. Analysis of test results revealed that BNT performance was significantly affected by age and gender. The gathered norms were shown to be significantly lower than published norms for comparable North-American children. Error analysis disclosed remarkable similarities with data from elderly subjects, with verbal semantic paraphasias and 'don't know' responses occurring most frequently. Finally, BNT scores were shown to correlate strongly with general intelligence as measured with the Raven Progressive Matrices. The relation between both measures can be of help in the diagnosis of identification naming deficits and impaired word-retrieval capacities.

Belgium↗

PubMed2005

The insular lobe and brain plasticity: Lessons from tumor surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Despite recent literature supporting the likely role of the insula in many functions, the actual participation of this multimodal lobe in the brain functioning remains unclear, i.e. has the insula an essential or compensable role? PATIENTS AND METHODS: We surgically resected an insular low-grade glioma, using intraoperative electrical stimulation, in 42 patients who experienced seizures, but who presented no or only a slight neurological deficit. Surgery was performed under local anesthesia in patients with a lesion in the dominant hemisphere. The resection was systematically stopped according to cortico-subcortical functional boundaries. RESULTS: Intraoperative electrical mapping induced language disturbances, pain and vertigo, but no other side effects were observed. Post-operatively, the patients experienced a transient hemiparesis in 21 cases, language disorders in 10 cases, an athymhormic syndrome in 7 cases, a Foix-Chavany-Marie syndrome in 3 cases, and micturition disturbances in one case. Despite this immediate post-surgical worsening, all the patients recovered their preoperative neurological status within 3 months, except in three cases due to a deep stroke. CONCLUSION: These results show that the insula, a complex associative multimodal structure poorly studied until now, can be functionally compensated. Such a plastic potential may have important fundamental and clinical implications, in particular in the field of oncological neurosurgery.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The role of early language experience in the development of speech perception and phonological processing abilities: evidence from 5-year-olds with histories of otitis media with effusion and low socioeconomic status.

UNLABELLED: This study tested the hypothesis that early language experience facilitates the development of language-specific perceptual weighting strategies believed to be critical for accessing phonetic structure. In turn, that structure allows for efficient storage and retrieval of words in verbal working memory, which is necessary for sentence comprehension. Participants were forty-nine 5-year-olds, evenly distributed among four groups: those with chronic otitis media with effusion (OME), low socio-economic status (low-SES), both conditions (both), or neither condition (control). All children participated in tasks of speech perception and phonological awareness. Children in the control and OME groups participated in additional tasks examining verbal working memory, sentence comprehension, and temporal processing. The temporal-processing task tested the hypothesis that any deficits observed on the language-related tasks could be explained by temporal-processing deficits. Children in the three experimental groups demonstrated similar results to each other, but different from the control group for speech perception and phonological awareness. Children in the OME group differed from those in the control group on tasks involving verbal working memory and sentence comprehension, but not temporal processing. Overall these results supported the major hypothesis explored, but failed to support the hypothesis that language problems are explained to any extent by temporal-processing problems. LEARNING OUTCOMES: As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to (1) Explain the relation between language experience and the development of mature speech perception strategies, phonological awareness, verbal working memory, and syntactic comprehension. (2) Name at least three populations of individuals who exhibit delays in the development of mature speech perception strategies, phonological awareness, verbal working memory, and syntactic comprehension, and explain why these delays exist for each group. (3) Point out why perceptual strategies for speech are different for different languages. (4) Describe Baddeley's model [A.D. Baddeley, The development of the concept of working memory: implications and contributions of neuropsychology, in: G. Vallar, T. Shallice (Eds.), Neuropsychological Impairments of Short-term Memory, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1990, p. 54] of verbal working memory.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in speech and language development of a young child after decannulation.

UNLABELLED: This report reviews the speech and language development of a child who, as result of complete subglottic stenosis, was aphonic from birth until 2 years and 11 months of age at which time laryngotracheal reconstruction provided normal respiration. The boy had congenital subglottic stenosis requiring neonatal tracheostomy. The congenital subglottic stenosis progressed to complete subglottic stenosis during the neonatal period. The child's speech and language development was monitored for a 24-week period following airway reconstruction. LEARNING OUTCOMES: The reader will learn about and be able to describe: (1) the speech and language development of a child who was aphonic from birth until 35 months of age, (2) the effects of surgical repair of a tracheotomy on the child's speech and language development, (3) the likely importance of babbling in speech and language development.

Aphonia↗

PubMed2006

Pro-nominal reference skills of second and fourth grade children with language impairment.

UNLABELLED: Pro-nominal referencing was evaluated in a sample of 569 children comprising four diagnostic subgroups: typical language (TL), specific language impairment (SLI), nonspecific language impairment (NLI), and typical language with low nonverbal IQ (LNIQ). Participants generated oral narratives in second grade and again in fourth grade. The narratives of the females in the TL group included a significantly higher rate of pro-nominal references than the narratives of both the males in the TL group and the females in the NLI group. A higher percentage of complete pro-nominal references was found in the TL group compared to the SLI group. These findings suggest that pro-nominal referencing measures are not sensitive enough to differentiate school-aged children with typical language development from those with language impairment. LEARNING OUTCOMES: The reader will: (1) become familiar with narrative language measures and (2) learn how groups of children with varying language and cognitive profiles perform on measures of referential cohesion.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

(Category-specific) semantic deficit in Alzheimer's patients: the role of semantic distance.

A semantic battery comprising items from living and nonliving categories was administered to a sample of subjects suffering from probable Alzheimer's type dementia (n=20). The results were analyzed to test the role of semantic distance in predicting group accuracy and its possible causal link with the phenomenon of a category-specific deficit for living things in the experimental population. Our findings confirm a category effect favoring nonliving items (over and above the role of confounding variables) in patients with Alzheimer's disease and support the major role of an imbalance of semantic distance in the testing material in the genesis of this phenomenon.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Neuroanatomic substrates of sex differences in language dysfunction in schizophrenia: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: This pilot study investigated whether our previous findings of disrupted normal sexual brain dimorphisms in language-associated regions in schizophrenia were linked with our previously reported sex differences in language dysfunction in schizophrenia. METHOD: Nineteen adults with schizophrenia and 15 normal comparisons were tested on phonology, semantics and grammar and underwent structural MRI. RESULTS: Among males, left hippocampal and left planum temporale (PT) abnormalities were associated with phonological, semantic and grammar deficits, accounting for 17-52% and 27-33%, respectively, of variance in diagnostic group differences. Anterior cingulate gyrus was significantly associated with semantics. Among females, right Heschl's Gyrus (HG) and left PT were significantly associated with phonology, right HG with semantics and grammar and right hippocampus with semantics. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings suggest disrupted sexual brain dimorphisms in schizophrenia are associated with sex-specific language deficits, and left hippocampal abnormalities, in particular, contribute to language dysfunction among men. Abnormalities in right cortical temporal regions showed stronger associations with language dysfunction among females.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The effect of age and structural lesions on postictal language impairment.

The duration of postictal language dysfunction following a temporal lobe complex partial seizure (TLCPS) is longer when the seizure originates in the dominant hemisphere. However, the effects of older age and the presence of a structural lesion ipsilateral to the area of origin of the seizure remain unknown. Postictal language delay (PILD) was analyzed in relation to age and presence of a structural lesion in 47 patients, 28 with dominant TLCPSs and 19 with nondominant TLCPSs (total 173 seizures). Mean ages of the groups were 32.5 years (range: 16-68) and 36.1 years (range: 21-50), respectively. Nonsclerotic structural lesions were found by magnetic resonance imaging in 13 patients, eight with seizures in the dominant hemisphere and five with seizures in the nondominant hemisphere. Age did not affect PILD regardless of the lateralization of the seizures. The presence of a structural lesion significantly prolonged PILD only in the patients with nondominant TLCPS (p = 0.019). In conclusion, the anatomical site of seizure onset may not be the only determinant of the nature of the postictal state. PILD can provide important information on seizure localization and spread.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Automatic activation of the semantic network in schizophrenia: evidence from event-related brain potentials.

BACKGROUND: Language disorder associated with schizophrenia might be due to disturbances in both automatic activation and mechanisms of controlled attention. The contribution of each process to semantic memory dysfunction has not been determined for schizophrenia, and the semantic priming paradigm is well-suited for addressing this question. In the present report, event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited under conditions assumed to reveal automatic activation (short prime-target interval and low proportion of related words) are compared directly with ERPs elicited under conditions associated with controlled processing (long prime-target interval and high proportion of related words). METHODS: Visual ERPs were recorded during a lexical decision task, in which semantic relationship (associated and unassociated words), expectancy (relatedness proportions), and prime-target interval (250- and 850-msec inter-stimulus intervals [ISIs]) were varied. Diagnosis and expectancy were between-subjects factors; semantic relationship and ISI were repeated measures. The N400 priming effect (enhanced negativity to unassociated words) was compared between 34 male normal control subjects tested once and 37 male schizophrenia inpatients evaluated during their participation in a double-blind haloperidol maintenance therapy and placebo replacement protocol. RESULTS: The N400 priming effect for patients was significantly reduced during both pharmacologic phases, compared with controls. During haloperidol treatment, however, patients showed a significant N400 priming effect over the anterior scalp region and additionally under the automatic activation condition. The N400 priming effect was enhanced under the controlled processing condition for control subjects; this effect was not observed for patients. N400 amplitude elicited under the rapid presentation rate (250-msec ISI) differed between medicated patients and controls; groups did not differ for the 850-msec ISI. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that automatic activation and mechanisms of controlled attention are both disrupted during semantic memory access for schizophrenia patients. Pharmacologic agents, such as haloperidol, might enhance automatic activation of the semantic network in this patient population, as indexed by the N400 component of the ERP.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Metaphor comprehension in right brain-damaged patients with visuo-verbal and verbal material: a dissociation (re)considered.

Metaphor comprehension was investigated in 50 right-hemisphere damaged (RHD) patients and 38 control subjects in two experimental conditions: a visuo-verbal and a verbal test. In the visuo-verbal test, subjects had to match a metaphorical sentence with one of four pictures representing the correct metaphorical meaning, the literal meaning, a control metaphor and a control literal meaning. In the verbal test, a metaphorical sentence had to be matched to a correct written metaphorical interpretation, a literal or a control interpretation. On both tests, the number of correct metaphorical responses in the RHD group was lower than in the control group. However, RHD patients performed more poorly in the visuo-verbal than in the verbal condition. Interestingly, when they selected the wrong response, the RHD patients tended to select the literal one only in the visuo-verbal condition. Context does not seem to be responsible for the dissociation between the two tests. The influence of the RHD patients' major visuo-spatial deficits was also checked, to exclude their role in the tendency to be literal with visuo-verbal material. Results are discussed in the perspective of an integration deficit.

Aged↗