Morphometry in schizophrenia revisited: height and its relationship to pre-morbid function.
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Antipsychotic Agents↗
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Results for “morphometry”
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Comparative morphometry of precompacted bovine embryos produced in vivo or in vitro after parthenogenetic activation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): ultrastructural analysis.
Early bovine precompacted embryos (1 to 8 blastomeres) were analysed by electron microscopy. The volume density of cellular components was determined by morphometric analysis to quantify the ultrastructure of early bovine embryos produced either in vivo or in vitro both after fertilisation by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or from electrically stimulated oocytes (AC/DC). In normal embryos obtained in vivo (control), most of the cellular volume was occupied by cytoplasm (82.93%). The relative volume of lipids, vacuoles, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and inclusion bodies was minimal. In the group of embryos after parthenogenetic activation (AC/DC) a relatively high proportion of the volume was occupied by vacuoles and lipids (18.68% vs 14.33%). Early ICSI-derived embryos contained the lowest relative volume of cytoplasm (58.33%) compared with the control embryos (in vivo) and parthenogenetically AC/DC-activated embryos and a higher volume was occupied by lipids (13.25%) and vacuoles (12.92%). It is concluded that in vitro produced embryos have a significantly altered ultrastructure, indicating extensive cellular damage.
Animals↗
Predictors of residual defects following closure of defects in the oval fossa using the Amplatzer device: echocardiography recapitulates morphometry.
OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to identify predictors of residual defects following deployment of the Amplatzer device to close septal defects within the oval fossa. METHODS: Between February 1997 and February 2000, we used the Amplatzer device to close defects in the oval fossa in 89 patients. Of these patients, 18 (20%) had residual defects. At 6 or 12 months following placement of the device, 13 defects (14.6%) had persisted. We evaluated several variables derived from clinical features, transesophageal echocardiography and catheterization to establish predictors for residual shunting. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis identified a shorter superior rim of less than 8 mm (Odds ratio = 10.1; 95% confidence intervals = 2.64-38.72; p = 0.001), and a smaller interatrial septum in the 30-degree transesophageal echocardiographic plane of less than 30 mm (Odds ratio = 5.5; 95% confidence intervals = 1.17-26.14; p = 0.03) as independent predictors of residual defects. When the analysis was repeated defining only those 13 patients with persisting residual defects at 6 or 12 months as failures, a short superior rim (p = 0.004) remained a predictor for residual shunting. CONCLUSIONS: Defects with a short superior rim and smaller interatrial septum in the 30-degree transesophageal echocardiographic plane independently and additively predict an increased probability of residual shunting following closure of defects in the oval fossa using the Amplatzer device.
Cardiac Catheterization↗
Tension-strain relations and morphometry of rat small intestine in experimental diabetes.
Tension-strain relations and morphometric data were studied in isolated segments of the jejunum and distal ileum in untreated diabetic rats, insulin-treated diabetic rats, and nondiabetic control rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (28 mg/kg body wt). All injected rats developed hyperglycemia. The experiment was terminated after 28 days and the intestinal segments were superfused with saline solution containing papaverine to abolish contractile activity. Stepwise inflation of a balloon in which the cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured provided the luminal pressure-loading stimulus. The circumferential tension-strain relation was derived from steady-state values of internal radius and applied pressure. The intestinal weight, length, and weight per unit length increased significantly in untreated diabetic rats compared to the two other groups (P < 0.05). The body weight decreased in untreated diabetic rats compared to the two other groups (P < 0.05). The pressure-CSA relations differed between jejunum and distal ileum (P < 0.001) but not between the groups (P > 0.2). The tension-strain relations in jejunum and distal ileum were nonlinear and the curves for the two diabetic groups were shifted to the left compared to the curve for controls (P < 0.05), indicating increased wall stiffness. The histomorphometric data showed increased wall thickness in untreated diabetic rats compared to the two other groups both in jejunum and distal ileum (P < 0.02). Mucosal, submucosal, and muscle layer thicknesses did not differ between the three groups. No significant association was found between the histomorphometric and biomechanical parameters.
Animals↗
Comparative evaluation of blood vessels in serous tumors of the ovaries by color Doppler mapping and morphometry.
Morphometric study of blood vessels in serous tumors of the ovaries was carried out. Vascularization of benign, borderline, and malignant tumors is different, which agrees with the data of color Doppler mapping. Pronounced morphological changes in vascular wall (degenerative changes, sclerosis, and hyalinosis) were detected mainly in borderline and malignant tumors.
Blood Vessels↗
The Naples High- and Low-Excitability rats: selective breeding, behavioral profile, morphometry, and molecular biology of the mesocortical dopamine system.
The Naples High- (NHE) and Low-Excitability (NLE) rat lines have been selected since 1976 on the basis of behavioral arousal to novelty (Làt-maze). Selective breeding has been conducted under continuous genetic pressure, with no brother-sister mating. The behavioral analyses presented here deal with (1) activity in environments of different complexity, i.e., holeboard and Làt maze; (2) maze learning in hexagonal tunnel, Olton, and Morris water mazes and; (3) two-way active avoidance and conditioned taste aversion tests. Morphometric analyses deal with central dopaminergic systems at their origin and target sites, as well as the density of dopamine transporter immunoreactivity. Molecular biology analyses are also presented, dealing with recent experiments on the prefrontal cortex (PFc), cloning and identifying differentially expressed genes using subtractive libraries and RNAase protection. The divergence between NLE and NHE rats varies as a function of the complexity level of the environment, with an impaired working and reference memory in both lines compared to random bred (NRB) controls. Moreover, data from the PFc of NHE rats show a hyperdopaminergic innervation, with overexpression of mRNA species involved in basal metabolism, and down-regulation of dopamine D1 receptors. Altogether, the evidence gathered so far supports a hyperfunctioning mesocorticolimbic system that makes NHE rats a useful tool for the study of hyperactivity and attention deficit, learning and memory disabilities, and drug abuse.
Analysis of Variance↗
Independent effects of age and nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesion: maze learning, cortical neurochemistry, and morphometry.
The effects of age and lesion of the cholinergic nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBm) were assessed behaviorally, morphologically, and biochemically. Groups consisted of rats lesioned 1 month before testing, rats lesioned 13 months before testing, and their respective age-matched controls. Both age and lesion independently induced behavioral deficits in performance on two water maze tasks. The combined effect of these two factors produced behavioral deficits equal to the sum of the individual impairments. NBm lesion produced a 28% decrease in anterior cortical choline acetyltransferase activity and a 20% decrease in synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the neocortex that was stable over a 12-month period. Neither neuritic plaque nor neurofibrillary-tanglelike structures were found in the brains of 18-month-old control rats, nor were they found in NBm-lesioned rats examined 15 months postlesion. There was an age-related decrease in homovanillic acid levels in both control and NBm groups, which suggests a decrease in dopamine turnover. These results show a lack of biochemical and behavioral recovery after NBm lesion and suggest that the effects of age on behavior are independent of NBm-cortical dysfunction.
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
The prognostic value of morphometry in advanced epithelial ovarian cancers.
The relationship between morphometric and clinical data was assessed in a series of 60 advanced ovarian carcinomas. Morphometric parameters included nuclear area, nuclear perimeter, shortest and longest nuclear axis, roundness coefficient, volume percentage of epithelium (VPE) and mitotic index. All patients had at least 5 years of follow-up. Univariate survival analysis showed that FIGO stage (P < 0.001), VPE (P < 0.001), mean nuclear area (P < 0.001) and size of residual tumour (P < 0.001) are significantly associated with survival. When the response rate of these patients to cisplatin combination chemotherapy was evaluated, variables with good prognostic outcome were residual tumour size (P = 0.01), mean nuclear area (P = 0.0006) and s.d. of nuclear area (P = 0.0019). We conclude that morphometric parameters are able to support diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.
Adult↗
Morphometry and fluid reabsorption during peristaltic flow in hamster renal papillary collecting ducts.
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Absorption↗
Morphometry of superficial glomeruli in acute hypertension in the rat.
Pressor doses of angiotensin II (AII) were infused intravenously in Munich-Wistar rats to study the effects of acute hypertension on the structural components of the superficial renal corpuscles and urinary protein excretion. All administration raises arterial blood pressure by 38% and increases 13-fold the normal rate of urinary excretion of proteins that contain albumin and IgG. Morphometric analysis of the quantitative characteristics of the glomerular capillaries reveals a 24% increase in the mean cross-sectional area of the capillary profiles and a 33% expansion of the capillary luminal volume. The amount of extracellular material present in the mesangium is also increased by 76%. The surface area of basement membrane available for ultrafiltration remains constant. However, the length density and the total length of the filtration slit diaphragms are reduced by 35 and 24%, respectively. Thus, the major findings of this investigation are as follows: The presence of IgG in the urine suggests a size defect in the glomerular filter with AII-induced hypertension; the dilatation of capillary loops may result in mechanical stretching of the basement membrane, altering the size-selective properties of the glomerular filter in acute hypertension; and the reduced pore area of the filtration slit diaphragms implies a lower hydraulic conductivity of the glomerular filter that may be responsible for the decreased glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient present in this model of hypertension.
Acute Disease↗
Glomerular morphometry in childhood reflux nephropathy, emphasizing the capillary changes.
As a consequence of nephron loss, reflux nephropathy (RN) causes considerable glomerular hypertrophy. To examine the relative contributions of capillary dilatation and growth in producing hypertrophy, glomeruli contained in unscarred areas of renal biopsies from 19 children with RN were compared with those in 16 children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome and 16 with recurrent hematuria, who were used as controls representing normal childhood growth. Using computerized digitometry we measured the mean glomerular tuft area (GTA) in all complete, undistorted, nonsclerotic glomeruli in periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains. Measurements were repeated in four glomeruli of uniform size in periodic acid-silver methenamine stains, the results (GTA4) correlating significantly with GTA. In the same four glomeruli we measured the mean individual capillary luminal area (CLA) and counted the mean number of lumens per glomerulus (N). Mean mesangial area (MA) was calculated as GTA4 - (CLA x N). Cells per distal mesangial region were counted in PAS stains. GTA, GTA4, N, MA and mesangial cell counts were significantly greater in RN than controls, but CLA and fractional MA (MA/GTA%) did not differ. N correlated highly significantly with GTA4 in both RN and controls, but CLA did not do so. These findings are consistent with capillary growth by subdivision being the main mechanism of glomerular hypertrophy when nephron loss occurs during childhood, and the identity of the regressions of N versus GTA4 in RN and controls suggests that compensatory hypertrophy resembles the normal glomerular growth pattern in this age group.
Adolescent↗
Correlation of nuclear morphometry with pathologic parameters in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast.
Morphometric features of nuclear perimeter, nuclear area, feret ratio, and feret circle were studied in a series of 64 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in Singapore women. The results were compared with pathologic parameters of tumor size, nuclear grade, necrosis, cell polarization, and architectural pattern. There was statistically significant correlation between nuclear perimeter and area with all the pathologic parameters, with the strongest association observed for nuclear grade (P <.0001). Higher grade nuclei as assessed histologically were associated with larger nuclear area (44.14 microm(2) in low-grade lesions, 47.77 microm(2) in intermediate-grade lesions, and 72.05 microm(2) in high-grade lesions) and perimeter (25.94 microm in low-grade nuclei, 27.12 microm in intermediate-grade nuclei, and 33.66 microm in high-grade nuclei). DCIS lesions with necrosis and absence of polarization also revealed increased nuclear area and perimeter (P <.05). Comedo architecture was associated with larger nuclear area and perimeter (65.97 microm(2), 31.7 microm) than the papillary subtype (42.17 microm(2), 25.29 microm), with the mixed morphologic pattern disclosing intermediate values (54.83 microm(2), 29.43 microm). There was direct correlation for tumor size with nuclear area and perimeter (P <.01). No similar relationship was found between pathologic parameters and feret ratio or circle, indicating that nuclear roundness or lack of it did not factor as a significant component in the pathologic assessment.
Adult↗
Genetic polymorphisms of the RGS4 and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex morphometry among first episode schizophrenia patients.
Polymorphisms of the gene encoding the regulator of G-protein signaling subtype 4 (RGS4) may confer risk for schizophrenia.(1) DNA microarray studies of postmortem brain samples have shown RGS4 underexpression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, area 9), motor and visual cortices in schizophrenia patients relative to control subjects.(2) Underexpression of RGS4 in DLPFC is pathophysiologically significant because DLPFC pathology in schizophrenia has been supported by neurocognitive,(3,4) structural(5) and functional(6,7) imaging, postmortem,(8) cellular(9,10) and molecular(11) pathological studies. For these reasons, we examined the association of DLPFC gray matter volume with RGS4 polymorphisms in a series of antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients and control subjects. We hypothesized that volumetric alterations of the DLPFC would be associated with RGS4 polymorphisms and that these differences would be more pronounced in patients than in controls. We observed robust volumetric differences across the genotypes in the pooled sample of patients and control subjects; when separately analyzed, we observed differences within the patient group (n = 30) but not in control subject (n = 27) group. The findings suggest that RGS4 polymorphisms may contribute to structural alterations in the DLPFC.
Adult↗
Assessment of particle size of very low density lipoproteins by morphometry.
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Cholesterol↗
Mandibular morphology in subjects with Class III malocclusions: Finite-element morphometry.
The absence of physical restraint may be associated with a mandibular allometry that contributes to mandibular prognathism. Cephalographs of 73 prepubertal children of European American descent with untreated Class III malocclusions were traced and eight mandibular landmarks digitized. The resulting eight-noded geometries were normalized, and the mean Class III geometry compared with the equivalent Class I average. Procrustes analysis established statistical difference (p < 0.05) between these mean configurations. A color-coded finite-element (FEM) analysis was used to localize differences in morphology. Comparing Class III and normal mandibular configuration for changes in size, FEM revealed positive allometry of the mandibular corpus and around supramentale (15% increase in size), with reductions (30%) between the incisor alveolus and menton. For changes in shape, mandibular configurations were predominantly isotropic, with the exception of the anisotropic anterior region in the Class III subjects. Incremental growth differences are consistent with the view that the absence of physical restraint is associated with mandibular prognathism.
Case-Control Studies↗
Finite-element morphometry of soft tissue morphology in subjects with untreated Class III malocclusions.
Soft tissue dynamics may contribute to maxillomandibular allometry (size-related changes in shape) associated with the development of Class III malocclusions. Lateral cephalographs of 124 prepubertal European American children were traced and 12 soft tissue landmarks were digitized. Resultant geometries were normalized, and Procrustes analysis established the statistical difference (p<0.001) between mean Class III and Class I configurations. Comparing the Class III configurations with normals for size-change, color-coded finite element analysis revealed a superoinferior gradient of positive allometry of the Class III facial nodal mesh. A conspicuous area of negative allometry (approximately 40%) was localized near soft subspinale, with a approximately 70% increase in size in the mental region. For shape-change, the Class III facial mesh was isotropic, except in the anisotropic circumoral regions. Conventional cephalometry revealed that about 50% of linear and 75% of angular parameters differed statistically (p<0.001). Soft tissue dynamics during early postnatal development may contribute to the development of Class III malocclusions.
Case-Control Studies↗
Allometry of the cranial base in prepubertal Korean subjects with class III malocclusions: finite element morphometry.
Sphenoethmoidal allometry could be associated with ethnic heterogeneity of the midfacial profile. Thirteen cranial base landmarks were digitized from cephalographs of 69 Korean and 73 European American prepubertal children exhibiting Class III malocclusion. Average geometries were normalized, and a color-coded finite element (FEM) program was used to localize differences in morphology. ANOVA indicated that mean Korean and European American cranial base configurations differed statistically (p < 0.01); this was also true for seven age groups tested (p < 0.001). For size-change, FEM analysis revealed that in the anterior cranial base, Korean sphenoethmoidal and sella turcica regions were smaller (=12%). Local increases in size were apparent for the posterior region of the Korean cranial base (=35%). For shape-change, Korean and European American cranial base configurations were isotropic with minor anisotropy in the sphenoethmoidal and spheno-occipital regions. A sphenoethmoidal mechanism of midfacial retrognathism appears to be implicated in the development of a skeletal Class III morphology.
Analysis of Variance↗
Bimaxillary morphometry of patients with class II division 1 malocclusion treated with twin block appliances.
To assess changes in bimaxillary morphology in patients with Class II division I malocclusion treated using Twin Block appliances (TBA), pre- and posttreatment lateral cephalographs of 100 patients seven to 16 years of age were compared. The patients were divided into four groups: (1) prepubertal boys (mean treatment time; 13.6+/-4.0 months), (2) adolescent boys (20.1+/-7.7 months), (3) prepubertal girls (12.3+/-1.4 months), and (4) adolescent girls (22.3+/-6.7 months). Five landmarks were digitized on pre- and posttreatment cephalographs for all groups, and the resulting configurations were analyzed using linear analysis, Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (WinEDMA), and Thin Plate Spline (TPS) analysis. Results of linear analysis indicated anteroposterior midfacial distances generally increased in all groups. In contrast, WinEDMA indicated that midfacial distances proportionately decreased in all groups treated with TBA. Graphical analysis with TPS showed anteroposterior compression of the configurations, most marked in the region of Prosthion. The affine components of the configurations following the TBA treatment indicated little deformation, but the nonaffine components demonstrated posterior displacement of Prosthion. Thus, improvements in facial balance following TBA treatment are associated with a relative restriction of anterior displacement within the midfacial complex as well as maxillary dento-alveolar effects. Orthodontic treatment methods exerting growth-inhibitory effects within the maxilla may be useful in the correction of Class II division I malocclusions.
Adolescent↗