Toward a syndrome model of addiction: multiple expressions, common etiology.
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Behavior, Addictive↗
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The treatment of addictive disorders by brain wave biofeedback: a review and suggestions for future research.
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Alpha Rhythm↗
[AMBULANT STUDIES AND CLINICAL EXPERIENCES ON THE INCIDENCE OF ADDICTION TO ANALGESICS. RESULT OF A MASS SURVEY IN AN ERFURT FACTORY].
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Analgesics↗
[Psychological aspects of bariatric surgery].
Experience with gastro-restrictive obesity showed the necessity of detailed research in three main tasks: 1. characteristics of morbidly obese people 2. psychological effects of surgery 3. interaction of these characteristics and effects of surgery. We carried out 7 studies with a total of 650 participants. Clinical interviews and tests measuring personality, eating behaviour, self esteem, addiction factors and quality of life were performed. Morbidly obese differ significantly from normal weight people with the exception of most personality scales. Effects of surgery can be summarized that patients learn to avoid overeating but they do not learn to nourish on healthy solid nutrition and they do not learn to exercise more than before. By paradox learning process 30-50 % of gastric banding patients establish vomiting behaviour or eating pulp and sweets. These who show low self esteem, high addiction score and high disinhibition behaviour are more at risk. Different psychological, nutritional as well as physiotherapeutic interventions are needed to help these patients.
Behavior, Addictive↗
Acute effects of self-paced walking on urges to smoke during temporary smoking abstinence.
RATIONALE: Recent research highlights the need to extend our understanding of how exercise may aid smoking cessation, through exploration of different modes, intensity and duration of exercise. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a 1-mile self-paced walk on different measures of urges to smoke following temporary smoking abstinence. METHODS: In a within-subject counterbalanced design, following 15 h of smoking abstinence, participants (N=15) exercised or sat passively on separate days. A single-item measure of strength of desire to smoke was administered during, immediately post, and at 10 and 20 min post-treatment. The two-factor Questionnaire for Smoking Urges, involving intention and desire to engage in smoking behaviour which is anticipated as pleasant, enjoyable and satisfying (desire-behave), and anticipation of relief from negative affect through smoking (desire-affect relief), was administered before and 20 min post-treatment. RESULTS: A two-way repeated-measures MANOVA revealed a significant overall interaction effect for time by condition for strength of desire to smoke, and the two QSU scales. Two-way repeated-measures univariate ANOVAs revealed significant interaction effects for time by condition for each of the three urges to smoke measures. Planned contrasts revealed that exercise reduced cigarette cravings for up to 20 min after exercise, in comparison with the control condition. ANCOVAs revealed mixed support for independent effects of exercise on all measures of urges to smoke. CONCLUSION: A self-paced walk, at a low intensity, lasting 15-20 min can have a rapid and measurable positive effect on both single and multi-item measures of urges to smoke, lasting at least 20 min, during temporary smoking abstinence.
Adolescent↗
Opium and heroin addicts in Laos. II. A study of matched pairs.
Fifty-one Asian heroin addicts in Laos were matched for sex, ethnicity, and age with 51 opium addicts. All subjects were voluntary patients at a treatment facility for addicts. The two groups were compared for demographic characteristics, past narcotic history, current narcotic use, and readmission within 1 year following discharge from treatment. Heroin addicts took more doses of drug per day, spent more money per day on narcotic drugs, required higher detoxification doses of methadone, and sought treatment much sooner than did opium addicts. The two groups did not differ for duration of narcotic use prior to becoming addicted, or for rate of readmission following treatment. Demographic differences in occupation and employment reflected the urban distribution of heroin addicts, and the mixed urban-rural residence of opium addicts. These data suggest that heroin is not per se more or less apt to produce addiction (i.e., is not more "addictogenic") as compared to opium. The type of narcotic drug also does not appear to be an important factor in determining treatment outcome. However, heroin does appear to be more "pathogenic" than opium, since heroin addicts sought treatment much sooner than did opium addicts. This may have been due to economic factors (i. e., heroin addicts took more doses per day, spent more time in phases of intoxication and withdrawal, and spent less time in the middle phase with work and other coping behaviors). Opium addiction is not a "benign" or "social" form of addiction. In comparison to heroin, however, opium does cost less, requires fewer doses per day, and has a less toxic withdrawal (at least in the initial phase). Moreover, opium apparently takes longer to produce life crises that motivate the addict to seek treatment.
Adolescent↗
Responsibility for addiction.
In summary, to characterize addiction as a disease is not necessarily morally incompatible with saying that addicts are responsible for yielding to it. This is admittedly a demanding approach to responsibility, but our criminal law has always set the bar pretty high. Holding addicts responsible is also strongly supported on utilitarian grounds because the threat of sanctions provides leverage to press them into treatment and to keep them engaged while therapeutic efforts are undertaken. Such a stern approach may be thought to be both unfair and unduly paternalistic. However, focusing on relapse suggests a more gentle, less jarring way of thinking about the addict's responsibility: After the period of detoxification and acute treatment, the addict is responsible for taking steps to manage the addiction. In this connection, the similarity between addiction and other chronic diseases, which lies at the heart of the brain disease claim, becomes particularly pertinent. Yes, addiction is best understood as a chronic relapsing disorder. This helps to establish realistic expectations for the benefits of treatment, but it also emphasizes the important role of behavior in disease management and points in the direction of a theory of responsibility for managing one's own illness.
Behavior, Addictive↗
Personality and bulimic symptomatology.
This study examined the relationship between bulimic symptomatology as measured by scores on the BULIT-R and personality characteristics based on the EPQ-R in a nonclinical sample of 166 female college students. A relationship was obtained between Neuroticism, Addictiveness, and scores on the BULIT-R.
Adolescent↗
Neurobiology of tobacco smoking and other addictive disorders.
Advances in research of the neurobiology of addictive disorders have provided clinicians with an evolving perspective on addiction. All drugs of abuse seem to share a common neurobiologic substrate involving the mesocorticolimbic system. Considerable evidence shows that these dopaminergic projections are involved in the positive brain reward, which drives addictive disorders; however, recent studies also implicate the neurotransmitters glutamate and serotonin in learning and sensitization to drug use. A review of the neurobiology of tobacco smoking provides further examples of the mechanisms for reinforcing tobacco use, including the enhancement of memory and treatment of depression with nicotine and MAO-inhibiting chemicals in tobacco smoke respectively. The relevance of these advances may be realized through the destigmatization of addictive disorders and the development of new and improved treatment strategies.
Adolescent↗
Reversing a history of unmet needs: approaches to care for persons with co-occurring addictive and mental disorders.
Individuals with co-occurring addictive and mental disorders are particularly vulnerable to negative outcomes. Historically, they have been treated either in mental health or addiction service settings and sometimes excluded from receiving any services at all. This article presents an overview of the prevalence and clinical correlates of co-occurring disorders, and of the historical development of separate care systems for mental and addictive disorders. The articles that follow address future treatment and service system development.
Behavior, Addictive↗
Chronic continuous or intermittent infusion of cocaine differentially alter the concentration of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in specific rat brain regions.
Neurotensin (NT) is an endogenous brain tridecapeptide that exhibits selective anatomic and neurochemical interactions with rat brain dopaminergic systems. Because modulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission may underlie many of the behavioral properties of cocaine, the effects of both acute and chronic administration of cocaine on the concentration of NT-like immunoreactivity (NT-LI) in specific brain regions was determined. Adult male rats were treated with cocaine for 14 days at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day (0.118 mmoles/kg/day) administered as either 1 subcutaneous injection per day, or infused continuously using subcutaneously implanted minipumps. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in specific brain regions was then measured 24 hours or 8 days following drug administration. After 24 hours of withdrawal from daily subcutaneous injection, the concentration of NT-LI was significantly increased in the substantia nigra (SN) and frontal cortex. After 24 hours of withdrawal from continuous infusion with cocaine, NT-LI was increased only in the SN. After 8 days of withdrawal, NT-LI was increased in the SN of rats treated with daily subcutaneous infections of cocaine, but not in the group treated with continuous infusion. Twenty-four hours following a single acute injection of 40 mg/kg of cocaine, NT-LI was increased in the SN and nucleus accumbens. These results provide evidence consistent with a neuroanatomically selective involvement of NT systems in the behavioral and/or addictive properties of cocaine.
Animals↗
Integration of generalized vulnerability to drug and alcohol addiction.
The vulnerability to develop addiction to alcohol has been well established in familial and genetic studies. Similar familial and genetic studies have supported a vulnerability to drug addiction. The co-occurrence of alcohol and drug addiction in the same individuals is highly prevalent in clinical populations. Common putative neurochemical mechanisms underlie addiction to both alcohol and drugs, namely, in the mesolimbic pathway and the locus ceruleus in the brain. Treatment strategies are directed at both alcohol and multiple drug addictions in patient populations. The formulation of a generalized vulnerability that extends to both alcohol and drug addiction is not only possible but necessary to explain the substantial numbers of individuals who develop both alcohol and drug addictions. Future research that is pertinent and relevant may depend on the understanding of a generalized vulnerability to develop alcohol and drug addiction and its application in diagnostic strategies and treatment models.
Alcoholism↗
Compulsion and addiction.
In this paper, the proposal is advanced that addictions may be understood analytically to be a subset of compulsions, and correspondingly that they may frequently be suitable for psychoanalytic treatment. A revision of the definition of addictions and compulsions is suggested, and some treatment implications of this revision are considered.
Adult↗
Chasing the dragon: the cultural metamorphosis of opium in the United States, 1825-1935.
Many things to many people, opium has played a role in the emergence of several power bases in the United States. In turn, these bases of power have shaped what opium is for the rest of us. Allopathic medicine brought opium and its derivatives under its control around the turn of the century, promulgating "addiction theory" and addiction clinics as part of its rise to preeminence among rival forms of medicine. Opium also played a role in the U.S.'s international economic and imperialistic ascendance. When politicians began to deploy a new discourse on opium early in this century, they were able to appropriate medical rhetoric. As the politics of opium heated up, some doctors were able to exploit the emerging politically inspired discourse to generate a subtly different medical knowledge of opiates and addiction while establishing a new subdiscipline with the political support of lawmakers and state institutions.
Anthropology, Cultural↗
Workaholism, self-esteem, and motives for money.
This study examined correlations of workaholism types among 69 male and 86 female undergraduate business students. Three types were considered (Work Addicts, Work Enthusiasts, and Enthusiastic Addicts) using measures developed in 1992 by Spence and Robbins. Correlates included personal demographics, self-esteem, and motives for money. Work Addicts indicated significantly lower self-esteem than both Work Enthusiasts and Enthusiastic Addicts; the workaholism types mentioned above did not differ on motives for money, however.
Achievement↗
Overtime work, cigarette consumption, and addiction to cigarette among workers subject to mild smoking restrictions.
The goal of the present study was to investigate the relation of hours of overtime work to cigarette consumption and addiction to cigarette, which was measured by the heaviness of smoking index. The subjects were 571 male daily smokers who responded to a cross-sectional survey of municipal employees of a Japanese city office, in which smoking was permitted in designated areas. Those who engaged in moderate overtime work (10-29 h per month) consumed less number of cigarettes per day and had lower levels of heaviness of smoking index, compared with those who worked either shorter or longer hours of overtime, although the differences were not statistically significant. In the workplace, men who worked 50 h or longer overtime last month consumed, on average, 4 cigarettes more than men who worked less than 30 h of overtime. Home cigarette consumption decreased as hours of overtime work increased. In stratified analysis, there was a significant difference in daily cigarette consumption according to hours of overtime work among smokers in staff position or under low psychological work stress; showing reduced consumption associated with medium levels of overtime work, compared to either no overtime work or extended overtime hours. The U-shaped relations of hours of overtime work to overall cigarette consumption and addiction to smoking deserve further investigations.
Adult↗
[Feasibility of systematic screening for addictive behaviours of hospitalized patients].
BACKGROUND: The national policy against addiction led to the establishment of specialized units with liaison teams trained in addiction specifically to work with the in-patients. The aim of this study has been established within the context of the implementation of one of these addiction liaison units in a Parisian Hospital, the Georges Pompidou European Hospital (HEGP), that is namely to evaluate the feasibility of a systematic screening procedure concerning tobacco and alcohol dependence among inpatients in two of the hospital's specialization departments between December 6, 2001, and March 6, 2002. METHODS: Self-administered questionnaires on addictive behaviours were distributed to each patient admitted to the vascular health department and to the hypertension department They included the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and the AUDIT for evaluating levels of alcohol abuse. RESULTS: The response rate was 30.2% (110/364). Twenty-nine smokers were identified. Among them, 72.5% presented a low level of physical nicotine dependence. Nearly half of them (14/29) were not interested in participating in a smoking cessation intervention with the assistance of relevant hospital staff. Among eleven patients at risk of excessive alcohol abuse, only one accepted to be referred to a specialist. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the difficulties of the systematic screening for addictive behaviours in hospitalized patients. Nevertheless, the obstacles faced in terms of the acceptability of the screening, but the patients as well as by the hospital staff, do not lean against the development of this trend or oppose this type of approach. New methods of individual screening for addictive behaviours should be explored.
Adolescent↗
[The SGO Health Research Promotion Program. XIII. Evaluation of the section 'Addiction Research'].
As a part of the SGO Health Research Promotion Programme a research programme on addiction research was realized. Aim of the programme was to strengthen and concentrate the Dutch research into addiction. Within the Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research (AIAR), a structural collaboration between the Jellinek Treatment Centre for Addiction, the University of Amsterdam and the Academic Hospital of the University of Amsterdam, strategic research programmes were developed on the borderland of addiction and psychiatry, notably 'Clinical epidemiology addiction' and 'Developmental disorders, addiction and psychotraumas'. The institution of a co-ordinating platform of research groups conducting socio-epidemiological addiction research improved the co-ordination of research lines in this field.
Behavior, Addictive↗