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At least 1,369 records · Page 76Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Pseudologia Fantastica: a case study of a man charged with murder.

A case of Pseudologia Fantastica is presented in a man charged with murder. Psychological assessment revealed him to be highly compliant and suggestible, consistent with early research (Healy and Healy, 1915) which showed pathological liars to be suggestible to misleading information. A specific dyslexic disorder is also demonstrated, and the possible mechanisms behind the man's lying considered. Some implications regarding the reliability of the man's varying confessions to the police are discussed, and parallels are drawn between this case and that of Timothy Evans, who in 1950 was hanged for murder.

Compulsive Behavior↗
PubMed1982

Recognition and management of patients who repeatedly swallow foreign bodies.

Repeated swallowing of foreign bodies, in adults, is part of a syndrome comprising personality disorder, drug overdose, and other self-inflicted injuries. The management should be conservative, as in many cases the foreign body will pass naturally or can be left in the bowel, if necessary for several years. Surgical intervention should be reserved for the complications of perforation, severe haemorrhage and persistent complete bowel obstruction, or for the removal of a toxic substance from the bowel. Five cases are reported which illustrate the natural history and management of the problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The D2 dopamine receptor gene as a determinant of reward deficiency syndrome.

The dopaminergic system, and in particular the dopamine D2 receptor, has been profoundly implicated in reward mechanisms in the brain. Dysfunction of the D2 dopamine receptors leads to aberrant substance seeking behaviour (alcohol, drug, tobacco, and food) and other related behaviours (pathological gambling, Tourette's syndrome, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). We propose that variants of the D2 dopamine receptor gene are important common genetic determinants of the 'reward deficiency syndrome'.

Compulsive Behavior↗
PubMed1998

A motivational learning hypothesis of the role of mesolimbic dopamine in compulsive drug use.

The effects of drugs and substances of abuse on central dopamine (DA) transmission studied by in vivo monitoring techniques have been examined and compared with those of conventional reinforcers and in particular with food. The similarities and differences in the action of drugs and conventional reinforcers on DA transmission can provide the basis for an hypothesis of the mechanism of drug addiction and compulsive drug use. This hypothesis states that drug addiction is due to excessive control over behaviour exerted by drug-related stimuli as a result of abnormal motivational learning induced by repeated drug exposure. Such abnormal motivational learning would derive from the repetitive non-habituating property of drugs of abuse to activate DA transmission phasically in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) 'shell'. Thus, activation of DA transmission by conventional reinforcers is under strong inhibitory control by previous exposure to the reinforcer (habituation); this, however, is not the case with drug reinforcers. Repetitive, non-adaptive release of DA in the NAc 'shell' by drugs of abuse would result in abnormal strengthening of stimulus-reward (incentive learning) and stimulus-response associations (habit learning) that constitute the basis for craving and compulsive drug use.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Anxiety, significant losses, depression, and irrational beliefs in first-offence shoplifters.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship among demographic data, anxiety, significant losses, depression, and irrational beliefs reported by first-offence shoplifters. METHOD: One hundred and six adult shoplifters who were first-time offenders completed a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Men and women were equally likely to be arrested for this offence. The majority of offenders were poor and unemployed. Depression, but not anxiety, was the most common psychiatric disorder associated with shoplifting. Subjects with depression presented the greatest number of irrational beliefs related to shoplifting. CONCLUSIONS: The authors suggest 2 categories of shoplifters: those who shoplift through rational choice; and those for whom shoplifting is a response to depression or leads to the fulfillment of some psychological needs. In conclusion, shoplifting does not have a unitary motive, and the clinical implications are that the affective and cognitive aspects of shoplifters' behaviours must be taken into account.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH): an overview.

We have reviewed 14 cases of water intoxication in psychiatric patients. In these cases the possibility of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) was suspected or diagnosed. The SIADH should be suspected in psychotic patients who drink water excessively, develop seizures, disorientation and deterioration of mental status.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Psychosocial aspects of diabetes mellitus.

The significance of emotional factors in diabetes mellitus is reviewed in the light of recent changes in treatment. Newer evidence has not supported the concept of a specific diabetic personality. However, lowered self-esteem and feelings of depression have been found to be common in diabetics and particularly in those with poor control of their illness. Illnesses such as diabetes may be associated with feelings of defectiveness and helplessness about regulating bodily functions and achieving a sense of self-sufficiency. Poor control of diabetes in children appears to be associated with pathological interactions in their families. Also, the course of the illness in most patients is correlated with measures of life stress. Newer treatment modalities offer the possibility for improved metabolic control and perhaps for increased psychological well-being.

Adolescent↗