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PubMed1995

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1989). I. Susceptibility distribution].

The frequencies of isolation and susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents were investigated on 1,032 bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in 10 hospitals during the period of June 1989 to May 1990. Of the above total bacterial isolates, Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 30.8% and a majority of them were Enterococcus faecalis. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 69.2% and most of them were Escherichia coli. 1. Enterococcus faecalis Imipenem (IPM) showed the highest activity against E. faecalis isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. The followings, ampicillin (ABPC) and vancomycin (VCM) showed potent activities, with the MIC90S of 2 micrograms/ml. Piperacillin (PIPC), minocycline (MINO) and chloramphenicol (CP) were also active with the MIC90S of 8 micrograms/ml. The others were not so active with the MIC90S of 32 micrograms/ml or above. 2. Staphylococcus aureus VCM showed the highest activity against S. aureus with MIC90 of 1 microgram/ml. Dicloxacillin (MDIPC) and arbekacin (ABK) were active with the MIC90S of 2 micrograms/ml. MINO showed the MIC90 of 4 micrograms/ml. All other agents except ciprofloxacin (CPFX) showed lower activity. 3. Staphylococcus epidermidis MINO showed the highest activity against S. epidermidis. Its MIC90 was 0.25 microgram/ml. The followings, ABK and VCM were also active with the MIC90S of 0.5 microgram/ml, 2 micrograms/ml, respectively. The others except CPFX were not so active. 4. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) Most of the agents were active against CNS. IPM, ABK and MINO showed the highest activities with the MIC90S of 0.125 microgram/ml or below. MDIPC, cefazolin (CEZ), cefotiam (CTM) and VCM were also active with the MIC90S of 1 microgram/ml. Clindamycin (CLDM) showed lower activity, with the MIC90 of 128 micrograms/ml. 5. Streptococcus agalactiae CEZ, cefuzonam (CZON), IPM and CLDM showed the potent activity, all strains were inhibited at the MIC of 0.125 microgram/ml or below. The followings, cefmenoxime (CMX) and erythromycin (EM) were active with the MIC90S of 0.125 microgram/ml or below. PIPC and VCM were also active with the MIC90S 0.25 microgram/ml and 0.5 microgram/ml, respectively Amikacin (AMK) showed lower activity. Escherichia coli IPM, CTM, flomoxef (FMOX), CMX, carumonam (CRMN), norfloxacin (NFLX), ofloxacin (OFLX) and CPFX showed the highest activities against E. coli. The MIC90S of them were .125 microgram/ml or below. ceftazidime (CAZ) and CZON were also active with the MIC90S of 0.25 microgram/ml. Penicillins except mecillinam (MPC) were not so active showing the MIC90S of 32 micrograms/ml or above. 7. Klebsiella pneuminiae FMOX, CMX, cefixime (CFIX), IPM, CRMN and NFLX showed the highest activities against K. pneumoniae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1995

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1993). I. Susceptibility distribution].

The frequencies of isolation and susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents were investigated on 657 bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in 10 hospitals during the period of June 1993 to May 1994. Of the above total bacterial isolates, Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 28.3% and a majority of them were Enterococcus faecalis. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 71.7% and most of them were Escherichia coli. 1. Enterococcus faecalis Ampicillin (ABPC), imipenem (IPM) and vancomycin (VCM) showed the highest activities against E. faecalis isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. The MIC90s of them were 2 micrograms/ml. Piperacillin (PIPC) was also active with the MIC90 of 8 micrograms/ml. The others were not so active with the MIC90s of 32 micrograms/ml or above. 2. Staphylococcus aureus including MRSA VCM showed the highest activities against S. aureus isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Its MIC90 was 1 microgram/ml. Arbekacin (ABK) was also active with the MIC90 of 2 micrograms/ml. The others were not so active with the MIC90s of 32 micrograms/ml or above. 3. Staphylococcus epidermidis VCM showed the strongest activity against S. epidermidis isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Its MIC90 was 1 microgram/ml. ABK was also active with the MIC90 of 4 micrograms/ml. The others except ABPC were not so active with the MIC90s of 32 micrograms/ml or above. 4. Streptococcus agalactiae Most of the agents were active against S. agalactiae isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Penicillins, cephems, erythromycin (EM), and clindamycin (CLDM) showed the highest activities. The MIC90s of them were 0.25 microgram/ml or below. Amikacin (AMK) and minocycline (MINO) showed somewhat low activities with the MIC90s of 16 micrograms/ml. 5. Citrobacter freundii IPM showed the highest activities against C. freundii isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Its MIC90 was 2 micrograms/ml. Cefozopran (CZOP) and gentamicin (GM) were also active with the MIC90s of 8 micrograms/ml. Penicillins and cephems generally were not so active. 6. Enterobacter cloacae IPM and GM showed the highest activities against E. cloacae. The MIC90s of them were 1 microgram/ml. CZOP and tosufloxacin (TFLX) were also active with the MIC90s of 8 micrograms/ml. Penicillins and cephems except CZOP showed lower activities with the MIC90s of 64 micrograms/ml or above. 7. Escherichia coli Most of antimicrobial agents were active against E. coli. Flomoxef (FMOX), CZOP, IPM, CPFX and TFLX showed the highest activities against E. coli. The MIC90s of them were 0.125 microgram/ml or below. Cefmenoxime (CMX), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefuzonam (CZON), latamoxef (LMOX), carumonam (CRMN), norfloxacin (NFLX) and ofloxacin (OFLX) were also active with the MIC90s of 0.25 microgram/ml. Penicillins and MINO were not so active with the MIC90s of 32 micrograms/ml or above. 8. Klebsiella pneumoniae CZOP, IPM and CRMN showed the highest activities against K. pneumoniae. The MIC90s of them were 0.125 microgram/ml or below. CAZ, CZON, CFIX, CPFX and TFLX were also active the MIC90s of 0.25 microgram/ml. Penicillins were not so active with the MIC90s of 128 micrograms/ml or above. 9. Proteus mirabilis P. mirabilis was susceptible to a majority of drugs. CMX, CAZ, CZON, LMOX, CFIX, CRMN and CPFX showed the highest activities against P. mirabilis isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. The MIC90s of them were 0.125 microgram/ml or below. MINO was not so active with the MIC90 of 256 micrograms/ml or above. 10. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Most of the agents were not so active against P. aeruginosa. IPM showed MIC90 of 8 micrograms/ml.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1995

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1992). I. Susceptibility distribution].

The frequencies of isolation and susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents were investigated on 732 bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in 11 hospitals during the period of June 1992 to May 1993. Of the above total bacterial isolates, Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 35.4% and a majority of them were Enterococcus faecalis. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 64.6% and most of them were Escherichia coli. 1. Enterococcus faecalis Ampicillin (ABPC), imipenem (IPM) and vancomycin (VCM) showed the highest activities against E. faecalis isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. The MIC90S of them were 2 micrograms/ml. Piperacillin (PIPC) was also active with the MIC90 of 8 micrograms/ml. The others except chloramphenicol (CP) were not so active with the MIC90S of 32 micrograms/ml or above. 2. Staphylococcus aureus including MRSA VCM showed the highest activities against S. aureus isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Its MIC90 was 1 microgram/ml. Arbekacin (ABK) was also active with the MIC90 of 2 micrograms/ml. The others were not so active with the MIC90S of 32 micrograms/ml or above. 3. Staphylococcus epidermidis ABK showed the highest activities against S. epidermidis isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Its MIC90 was 0.5 microgram/ml. Cefotiam (CTM) and VCM were also active with the MIC90S of 2 micrograms/ml. Penicillins except ABPC, gentamicin (GM), clindamycin (CLDM) and quinolones were not so active with the MIC90S of 64 micrograms/ml or above. 4. Streptococcus agalactiae Most of the agents were active against S. agalactiae isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Penicillins, cephems, erythromycin (EM), and CLDM showed the highest activities. The MIC90S of them were 0.25 microgram/ml or below. Amikacin (AMK) and minocycline (MINO) were not so active with the MIC90S of 32 micrograms/ml or above. 5. Citrobacter freundii IPM showed the highest activities against C. freundii isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Its MIC90 was 1 microgram/ml. Cefozopran (CZOP) and amikacin (AMK) were also active with the MIC90S of 4 micrograms/ml. Penicillins and cephems generally were not so active. 6. Enterobacter cloacae IPM and GM showed the highest activities against E. cloacae. The MIC90S of them were 0.5 microgram/ml. Ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and tosufloxacin (TFLX) were also active with the MIC90S of 4 micrograms/ml. Penicillins and cephems generally showed lower activities. 7. Escherichia coli Most of the agents were active against E. coli. Flomoxef (FMOX), cefmenoxime (CMX), CZOP, IPM, carumonam (CRMN), norfloxacin (NFLX), ofloxacin (OFLX), CPFX and TFLX showed the highest activities against E. coli. The MIC90S of them were 0.125 microgram/ml or below. Cefotiam (CTM), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefuzonam (CZON) and latamoxef (LMOX) were also active with the MIC90S of 0.25 microgram/ml. Penicillins were not so active with the MIC90S of 32 micrograms/ml or above. 8. Klebsiella pneumoniae Most of the agents were active against K. pneumoniae. FMOX, CMX, CZOP and CRMN showed the highest activities. The MIC90S of them were 0.125 microgram/ml or below. But ampicillin (ABPC) was not so active with the MIC90 of 128 micrograms/ml. 9. Proteus mirabilis Most of the agents were active against P. mirabilis. FMOX, CMX, CAZ, CZON, LMOX, CFIX, CPDX, CRMN, NFLX, CPFX and TFLX showed the highest activities against P. mirabilis isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. The MIC90S of them were 0.125 microgram/ml or below. ABPC and MINO were not so active with the MIC90S of 256 micrograms/ml or above. 10. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Most of the agents were not so active against P. aeruginosa. IPM showed MIC90 of 8 micrograms/ml. Cefclidin (CFCL) and AMK showed MIC90S o

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic relatedness of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci isolated from poultry carcasses.

Approximately 46% (75/162) or poultry enterococci collected between 1999 and 2000 exhibited high-level resistance to gentamicin (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] > or = 500 microg/ml), kanamycin (MIC > or = 500 microg/ml), or streptomycin (MIC > or = 1000 microg/ml). Forty-one percent of the isolates were resistant to kanamycin (n = 67), whereas 23% and 19% were resistant to genramicin (n = 37) and streptomycin (n = 31), respectively. The predominant species identified was Enterococcus faecium (n = 105), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (n = 40) and Enterococcus durans (n = 8). Using polymerase chain reaction, the isolates were examined for the presence of 10 aminoglycoside resistance genes [ant(6)-Ia, ant(9)-Ia, ant(4')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, aph(2")-Ib, aph(2")-Ic, aph(2")-Id, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, and aac(6')-Ii]. Five aminoglycoside resistance genes were detected, most frequently aac(6')-Ii and ant(6)-Ia from E. faecium. Seven E. faecalis isolates resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin, or streptomycin were negative for all genes tested, indicating that additional resistance genes may exist. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates were genetically different with little clonality. These data indicate that enterococci from poultry are diverse and contain potentially unidentified aminoglycoside resistance genes.

Aminoglycosides↗

PubMed1996

Control of endemic glycopeptide-resistant enterococci.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiology of, and control measures for, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in a renal unit. DESIGN: A 3-month, prospective, prevalence culture survey of patients on a 24-bed renal unit. SETTING: A 975-bed community teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Patients admitted to the renal unit over a 3-month period. Patients identified with VRE were each matched with four patients without VRE isolated over the study period. INTERVENTIONS/CONTROL MEASURES: Resistant-organism barrier precautions. To eradicate carriage of VRE, two patients with VRE stool colonization were treated with 5 days of oral doxycycline (100 mg twice per day) and rifampin (300 mg/day). RESULTS: Seven patients with VRE (8 isolates) were identified. Five isolates were Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin MIC = 16 to 256 micrograms/mL), two were Enterococcus faecalis (MICs = 16 and 124 micrograms/mL), and one was Enterococcus gallinarum (MIC = 8.0 micrograms/mL). Eradication of carriage with VRE was accomplished in two patients treated with doxycycline and rifampin. In the final 30 days of the culture survey and at 9 months, there were no further patients with VRE identified. CONCLUSIONS: Resistant-organism precautions and elimination of patient carriage may be useful measures for controlling the spread of low-prevalence endemic vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

[Neonatal meningitis due to Enterococcus spp.: presentation of four cases].

AIM: Enterococci are unusual etiologic agents of bacterial meningitis and account for only 0.3-4% of all cases. Neonatal enterococcal meningitis, which is rarely reported in the medical literature, presents characteristics that are significantly different from enterococcal meningitis affecting other age groups, particularly adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of four newborns diagnosed with enterococcal meningitis in our center. Two were premature and two were term infants. Three were affected with early-onset meningococcal sepsis and one with late-onset sepsis. Risk factors for infection included intrapartum maternal fever in one case and prematurity in two cases, with prolonged stay in the neonatal intensive care unit and application of invasive procedures, and prior antibiotic treatment in one of infant. There were no apparent risk factors in the fourth case. Enterococcus faecalis was the causal agent in three cases and Enterococcus faecium in one. None of the enterococci were vancomycin-resistant. Antibiotic treatment included ampicillin and combinations of ampicillin and cefotaxime, ampicillin and amikacin, and vancomycin and gentamicin. None of the patients died. CONCLUSIONS: Enterococci rarely cause bacterial meningitis, though newborns seem more susceptible to this infection. With adequate bactericidal therapy, clinical outcome appears to be generally favorable.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Occurrence and preliminary study of antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from dairy goats in Spain.

The present study performed in Spain was designed to investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci in faecal and bulk tank milk samples from 222 healthy Murciano-Granadina dairy goats reared on 12 farms. Enterococci were isolated in 54.5% and 63.6% of the faecal and bulk tank milk samples, respectively. Enterococci were detected more frequently from goat kids (70%) than from replacement animals (44.4%) and adults (56.4%). Seven species were found in the faecal samples but the most common species detected were Enterococcus faecium (32.3%), Enterococcus faecalis (27.6%) and Enterococcus hiriae (22%). In contrast, only E. faecium and E. faecalis were found in the bulk tank milk samples. According to NCCLS (2002), of the 134 strains studied, 17 (12.7%) were resistant to at least 7 antimicrobials and 14 of these strains were resistant to vancomycin.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Antimicrobial susceptibilities of organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in 2002].

Using the agar dilution method, the antibacterial activity of 18 antibiotics inclusive of 4 carbapenems were investigated against 101 strains of urinary pathogens isolated from patients with urinary tract infections who visited the Department of Urology at Kagoshima University Hospital, between January and December 2002. 4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 3 strains of Staphylococcus spp. (exclusive of S. aureus), 14 strains of Enterococcus faecalis, 3 strains of Enterococcus spp. (exclusive of E. faecalis), 41 strains of Escherichia coli, 21 strains of Enterobacteriaceae (exclusive of E. coli), 12 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 3 strains of glucose-nonfermentative Gram-negative rods (exclusive of P. aeruginosa) were examined. 1. Against clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria, vancomycin and teicoplanin were active. Additionally, arbekacin was active against S. aureus clinical isolates and ampicillin was active against E. faecalis clinical isolates. Carbapenems were active against clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria, except for multi-drug resistant strains of Gram-positive bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus. 2. As for clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, meropenem was most active against Enterobacteriaceae among 13 antibiotics tested. Against P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, MIC90 of meropenem was the lowest among 13 antibiotics tested. In addition, resistant rate of meropenem and biapenem against P. aeruginosa clinical isolates was lower than those of the other carbapenems tested. 3. As main urinary pathogens showed no remarkable increase in resistance to carbapenems, it can be stated that carbapenems retain their position as the drug of first choice for severe infection.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1998

Heterogeneity of resistance elements in clinical isolates of enterococci with high-level gentamicin resistance.

High-level resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC > 1,000 micrograms/ml) to gentamicin (HLGR) in enterococci is common in Taiwan. In this study, we investigated the distribution of gentamicin resistance elements in enterococci isolated at National Taiwan University Hospital in a 1-year period, and also examined the transfer and the genetic variability of the resistance elements of different isolates. Among 109 isolates tested, 43 (39%) HLGR isolates were identified. HLGR was most common in Enterococcus faecium isolates (7/15, 47%), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (34/80, 43%), Enterococcus avium (1/5, 20%), and Enterococcus casseliflavus (1/9, 11%). To understand the mechanism of resistance transfer, four isolates of E. faecalis and five isolates of E. faecium showing HLGR were studied. Transfer of resistance markers to a plasmid-free recipient strain of E. faecalis JH2-7 was observed, with transfer frequencies ranging from 10(-2) to 10(-8). All of the transconjugants contained plasmids, with sizes ranging from 45 kb to larger than 70 kb. At least three plasmid patterns were observed on digestion with HaeIII. Hybridization with a probe specific for the aac6'aph2" gentamicin resistance gene confirmed that all of these HLGR isolates carried a Gm(r) determinant, though the hybridization patterns of the plasmids from E. faecalis and E. faecium were different. Although many similarities exist among enterococcal Gm(r) determinants, the results suggest heterogeneity may occur in the flanking regions of resistance elements.

DNA Transposable Elements↗

PubMed2002

Normal conjunctival flora in the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and raccoon (Procyon lotor).

We documented the normal conjunctival bacterial flora from 17 opossums (Didelphis virginiana) and 10 raccoons (Procyon lotor) trapped in Manhattan, Kansas (USA) from November 1999 to January 2000. Both raccoons and opossums were free of apparent ocular disease. The inferior conjunctival sacs of each animal were swabbed for aerobic bacterial and Mycoplasma culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Mycoplasma and Chlamydia detection. All conjunctival samples were positive for one or more species of aerobic bacteria. The most common isolate from opossums was Staphylococcus spp. Other isolates included Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Corynebacterium spp., and Enterococcus faecalis. The most common isolates in raccoons was Bacillus spp. Other isolates included Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., non-hemolytic Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis. Mycoplasma culture was negative in samples from opossums and raccoons. Evidence of Mycoplasma and Chlamydia presence was detected by PCR.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Rapid increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial drug resistance among enterococcal blood isolates in southern Israel.

A prospective surveillance was conducted to monitor the prevalence and dynamics of antimicrobial resistance among enterococci isolated from blood cultures in southern Israel. A total of 242 organisms isolated between 1993 and 1996 were studied. The prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis significantly decreased during the study period, whereas that of Enterococcus faecium doubled. Antimicrobial drug resistance increased steadily among Enterococcus faecium isolates: resistance to ampicillin increased from 19% in 1993-1994 to 53% in 1995, and to 67% in 1996 (p = 0.005); during the same period, resistance to vancomycin increased from 0% to 20%, and to 50% (p = 0.002), and combined resistance to ampicillin and vancomycin and high-level resistance to gentamicin from 0% to 20% and to 38% (p < 0.02).

Ampicillin Resistance↗

PubMed2006

Bacteria isolated from the different developmental stages and larval organs of the obligate parasitic fly, Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae).

Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is the major myiasis-causing fly species in the whole of Eurasia for most important domestic animals. The aim of the present work was to obtain data on the culturable bacteria isolated under aerobic conditions from this fly: bacteria were isolated from all developmental stages (larvae, pupa, and imago) of Wohlfahrtia magnifica, and the third-stage larval organs were also sampled. To determine the possible antagonistic effects between the dominant bacterial groups, an antibiosis assay was carried out. Plating and isolation of bacteria was performed by classical microbiological methods. Characterization of the isolated strains was carried out via a polyphasic approach; classical phenotypic tests, chemotaxonomical examinations, and 16S rDNA sequence analyses were also applied. In the case of maggot macerate samples, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae were characteristic. Members of a new genus (Schineria) belonging to the gamma subdivision of proteobacteria were also isolated. According to our data, the shifts in the Schineria and Proteus populations within the larvae are strongly influenced by their interactions with each other and among the members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The pupa and imago samples contained several other Gram-negative bacteria (Stenotrophomonas, Brevundimonas, etc.). Among Gram-positive bacteria, in all maggot macerate samples, members of the genus Bacillus and the Arthrobacter-Micrococcus group of actinobacteria were dominant (neither of them was a producer or sensitive to the compounds of other microorganisms), and bacteria related to the genus Corynebacterium were also found. From the larvae Aureobacterium liquefaciens and Enterococcus faecalis were isolated, and from the pupae Dietzia maris and Enterococcus faecalis. In the samples of third-stage larval organs, the dominant groups were the same as in the third-stage larval macerate sample; however, several additional genera/species were observed (Rhodococcus fascians, Streptomyces sp., Rathayibacter sp., Bacillus thuringiensis/cereus).

Animal Structures↗

PubMed2006

Genotypic diversity and epidemiology of high-level gentamicin resistant Enterococcus in a Chinese hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antibiotics resistance of Enterococcus, the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AME) and homology of high-level gentamicin resistant (HLGR) Enterococcus in clinical specimens for the implementation of effective infection control measures. METHODS: The resistance of 13 antimicrobial agents was determined by Kirby-Bauer (K-B) or agar dilution method. And the HLGR and high-level streptomycin resistant (HLSR) isolates were screened by agar screen. Production of beta-lactamases was tested by the nitrocefin disc method. The aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to analyze the homology of HLGR isolates from in-patients. RESULTS: No isolates resistant to linezolid, vancomycin and teicoplanin were found. Ampicillin-resistant isolates did not produce beta-lactamases and 68 HLGR isolates were screened at the rate of 64.2%. The positive rate of aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia was 86.8% and 3 isolates had the new AME gene designated aph(2'')-Ie mostly similar to aph(2'')-Id. Among 51 HLGR isolates from in-patients, PFGE grouped 17 Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) isolates into 4 clusters (A-D), and 33 Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) isolates into 8 clusters (A-H), of which the A cluster is the main. CONCLUSIONS: HLGR has become the important antibiotic resistance pathogen causing nocosomial infection. And the aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia gene was the main aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene leading to HLGR.

Acetyltransferases↗

PubMed2003

Screening of anti-bacterial activity of medicinal plants from Belize (Central America).

Twenty-one extracts from seven herbal drugs, Aristolochia trilobata (Aristolochiaceae) leaves and bark, Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae) bark, Guazuma ulmifolia (Sterculiaceae) bark, Hamelia patens (Rubiaceae) leaves and Syngonium podophyllum (Araceae) leaves and bark, used in traditional medicine of Belize (Central America) as deep and superficial wound healers, were evaluated for their anti-bacterial properties. Activity was tested against standard strains of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Almost all the extracts were able to inhibit the growth of one or more of the bacterial strains, except that of Enterococcus faecalis. For the first time an anti-microbial activity is reported for Aristolochia trilobata as well as for Syngonium podophyllum. The hexane extracts of Aristolochia trilobata leaves and bark were the most active extracts against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC=0.31 and 0.625mg/ml, respectively).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2006

Design and synthesis of quinolinones as methionyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors.

Five new structural analogues of substituted-1H-quinolinones (19, 20, 23, 24, and 26) have been synthesized and evaluated for Staphylococcus aureus methionyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme inhibitory activity. These compounds were also tested against pathogens of six S. aureus, two Enterococcus faecalis, and one Enterococcus faecium. Among all the synthesized quinolinones, compound 20 displayed significant inhibitory activities in the strains of E. faecalis and E. faecium.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1999

Practical approach to the identification of clinically relevant Enterococcus species.

Enterococci have become important nosocomial pathogens, with Enterococcus faecalis and then Enterococcus faecium predominating. Because of the emergence of glycopeptide (vancomycin and teicoplanin) resistance in enterococci, laboratories have been required to screen for resistant strains and to identify them to the species level. This has resulted in the need for accurate identification of species less commonly associated with clinical infections, such as Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum, which are inherently resistant to the glycopeptides. Studies evaluating commonly used commercial identification systems, have found error rates for enterococcal species identification of 2-21% for E. faecalis, 5-9% for E. faecium, and 14-79% for other species. Reporting errors may have adverse effects on the management of clinical infections, as well as in the control of multidrug-resistant strain outbreaks. The purpose of this document is to present a simplified approach to the identification of Enterococcus species that uses a combination of rapid, readily available, and inexpensive tests.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Bacterial pathogens, resistance patterns and treatment options in community acquired pediatric urinary tract infection].

BACKGROUND: Epidemiology and resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens in pediatric UTI show large interregional variability and rates of bacterial resistances are changing due to different antibiotic treatment. We intended to evaluate data from northern Germany. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 100 children (53 female, 47 male, mean age 4.4 +/- 4.2 years) with community acquired UTI, who presented in the emergency department of our medical school from 2000 - 2002, urine cultures were performed. Inclusion criteria were: acute voiding symptoms, significant bacteriuria with growth of at least 10 (5) colony-forming units/ml urine, leukocyturia > 50/ micro l. Exclusion criteria were underlying renal diseases, anatomic abnormalities of the urinary tract, age < 2 months and recurrent UTI. RESULTS: Patients presented with a mean rectal temperature of 38.6 +/- 1.3 degrees C, mean CRP of 66 +/- 68 mg/dl, mean WBC 13 500 +/- 5 600/ micro l and mean urinary leukocytes of 425 +/- 363/ micro l. In urine cultures E. coli was found in 47 % of the cases, Enterococcus faecalis 23 %, Proteus mirabilis 8 %, Klebsiella oxytoca 4 %, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5 % and others 13 %. In 76 % one and in 24 % two different bacterial species (60 % Enterococcus faecalis) were cultured. Mean resistance rates were in all bacteria (in E. coli): Ampicillin 53 % (69 %), Ampicillin and Sulbactam 51 % (61 %), Cefalosporin 1 (st) generation (Cefaclor) 48 % (24 %), Cefalosporin 2 (nd) generation (Cefuroxim) 40 % (3 %), Cefalosporin 3 (rd) generation (Cefuroxim) 33 % (0 %), Tobramycin 30 % (2 %), Ciprofloxacine 0 %, Cotrimoxazole 40 % (42 %), Nitrofurantoin 12 % (0 %). CONCLUSION: The resistance rates to Ampicillin (+/- Sulbactam) did not increase as compared to previous analyses (1990 - 1995), however, resistance rates to Cotrimoxazole and 1 (st) generation Cefalosporines increased about 20 %. We conclude that the policies for treatment of UTI in children should be re-evaluated every 5 years according to local resistance rates.

Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary↗

PubMed1992

Absence of synergistic activity between ampicillin and vancomycin against highly vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

The emergence of clinical enterococcal isolates resistant to both ampicillin and vancomycin is a cause of great concern, as there are few therapeutic alternatives for treatment of infections caused by such organisms. We evaluated the effects of the combination of ampicillin with vancomycin against vancomycin-resistant clinical enterococcal isolates. Using both the checkerboard technique and time-kill curves, we examined 28 strains of enterococci (17 Enterococcus faecalis and 11 Enterococcus faecium strains) with different levels of resistance to vancomycin. Of these, 15 strains were also highly gentamicin resistant, and 9 demonstrated resistance to ampicillin. Only seven strains of E. faecalis were inhibited synergistically by the combination of vancomycin with ampicillin, and even then, the concentrations of vancomycin at which synergism was demonstrated were above levels achievable in serum. None of the ampicillin-resistant isolates (all E. faecium) were inhibited synergistically at any concentration of the drugs. In no instance was bactericidal synergism observed, and in most cases the combination resulted in less killing than with ampicillin alone. Antagonism was not observed at clinically relevant concentrations. The results of this study suggest that the combination of vancomycin with ampicillin has little to offer against these emerging pathogens.

Ampicillin↗