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PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of facial protection and the incidence of head, neck, and facial injuries in Junior A hockey players. A function of individual playing time.

A cohort of 282 elite amateur ice hockey players were analyzed to 1) record the number, type, location, and severity of head, neck, and facial injuries sustained during games; 2) examine the relationship between injuries and the type of facial protection (none, partial, or full) according to individual playing time; and 3) determine whether full or partial facial protection is associated with an increased incidence of concussions, eye injuries, and neck injuries. Fifty-two injuries (158.9 per 1000 player-game hours) occurred in players wearing no facial protection, 45 (73.5 per 1000 player-game hours) in players wearing partial facial protection (half shield), and 16 (23.2 per 1000 player-game hours) in players wearing full facial protection (full cage or shield). Players wearing no protection were injured at a rate more than twice that of players wearing partial protection and almost seven times higher than those wearing full protection. Concussions occurred in four players wearing no protection, five players wearing partial protection, and two players wearing full protection; these differences were not significant. The risk of eye injury was 4.7 times greater for players wearing no protection compared with those wearing partial protection. No eye or neck injuries occurred in players wearing full protection. This study demonstrates that both full and partial facial protection significantly reduce injuries to the eye and face without increasing neck injuries and concussions.

Athletic Injuries↗

PubMed1998

Radiation exposure to medical staff in interventional and cardiac radiology.

The aim of this work has been to determine typical occupational dose levels in interventional radiology and cardiology installations and to relate doses to patient and occupational dosimetry through the dose-area product. An experimental correlation between environmental dosimetric records and dose-area products in the centres studied was established. The study covered a sample of 83 procedures performed by 10 specialists in six laboratories. The radiologists and cardiologists monitored wore nine thermoluminescent chips next to eyes, forehead, neck, hands, left shoulder, left forearm and left arm during each single procedure. In addition, direct reading electronic devices for environmental dosimetry were placed in the C-arm of the X-ray system, to estimate roughly the occupational radiation risk level. Typical shoulder doses derived from electronic dosimetry range between 300 and 500 muSv per procedure, assuming no lead protective screens were used. Using these values and patient dose-area data from two laboratories, averaged ratios of 84 and 120 muSv per 1000 cGy cm2 are obtained for cardiology procedures. Finally, occupational dose reductions of approximately 20% when using highly filtered X-ray beams with automatic tube potential (kV) reduction (available in some facilities), and by a factor of about three when using ceiling mounted screens, have been found.

Cardiology↗

PubMed1987

The effect of head and neck suction on G tolerance.

A device was constructed which allowed subatomospheric pressures of up to -50 mm Hg to be applied to the neck, or to the head plus neck, of volunteer subjects riding on the USAFSAM centrifuge. Breathing pressures were always atmospheric. The G tolerance was measured during gradual (0.1 G.s-1) and rapid onset (1.0 G.s-1) runs and heart rate was monitored. Neck suction decreased tolerance to an extent explicable by carotid sinus activation (about -0.8 G at -50 mm Hg), while combined head and neck suction of -25 mm Hg increased tolerance to an extent greater than predicted from pressure effects on the eye and carotid sinus. Neck suction of -50 mm Hg induced less bradycardia when applied at +3 Gz than under 1-G conditions. These results were discussed in relation to intraocular tension, baroreceptor responsiveness, and jugular venous siphon effect.

Acceleration↗

PubMed2002

The health of the workers in a rapidly developing country: effects of occupational exposure to noise and heat.

Occupational hygiene and safety have not been high on the agenda of industrial management in developing countries for a variety of reasons. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess the exposure to noise and heat, and to study the level of occupational hygiene practiced, at a foundry in a rapidly developing country (Dubai, United Arab Emirates). Audiometry, muscle cramps and visual acuity were measured in workers at a foundry and compared with the results from workers at a soft-drink bottling plant. Thermal stress, relative humidity, ventilation, illumination and noise levels were measured at different work units at the foundry and at the soft-drink bottling factory. Thermal stress index was high while relative humidity and ventilation were low at the foundry compared with the bottling plant. Noise levels were also high at the foundry, exceeding 90 dB at almost all work units except the fabrication workshop. Mild or moderate visual defects were observed among 31% of foundry workers, compared with 19% of the bottling plant workers.Muscle cramps were reported by 30% of all workers at the foundry, compared with 5% at the bottling plant. Visual disability was the highest among furnace operators and fabricators. Mean hearing disability was 8.69 +/- 1.08% among foundry workers, compared with 4.56 +/- 0.82% among bottling plant workers. The high thermal stress, noise levels and exposure to non-ionizing radiations at the foundry might have contributed to the higher frequency of muscle cramps and the greater hearing and visual disabilities, respectively, among these workers. Non-use of personal protective equipment and poor occupational hygiene and safety measures were also seen to affect eye and ear health adversely among the workers at the foundry.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed1994

Task performance with visual acuity while wearing a respiratory mask.

Forty-six subjects were required to perform a console-monitoring and two hand-eye coordination tasks while wearing masks with lenses clouded to give seven levels of visual acuity. The console-monitoring task performance was found to be the most sensitive to visual acuity, followed by the random hand-eye coordination task. These results can be used to help predict performance degradation when lenses become clouded due to condensation or particulate deposition.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Reduction of eye lens radiation dose by orbital bismuth shielding in pediatric patients undergoing CT of the head: a Monte Carlo study.

Our aim in the study was to assess the eye lens dose reduction resulting from the use of radioprotective bismuth garments to shield the eyes of pediatric patients undergoing head CT. The Monte Carlo N-particle transport code and mathematical humanoid phantoms representing the average individual at different ages were used to determine eye lens dose reduction accomplished with bismuth shielding of the eye in the following simulated CT scans: (a) scanning of the orbits, (b) scanning of the whole head, and (c) 20 degrees angled scanning of the brain excluding the orbits. The effect of bismuth shielding on the eye lens dose was also investigated using an anthropomorphic phantom and thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD). Eye lens dose reduction achieved by bismuth shielding was measured in 16 patients undergoing multiphase CT scanning of the head. The patient's scans were divided in the following: CT examinations where the eye globes were entirely included (n=5), partly included (n=6) and excluded (n=5) from the scanned region. The eye lens dose reduction depended mainly on the scan boundaries set by an operator. The average eye lens dose reduction determined by Monte Carlo simulation was 38.2%, 33.0% and <1% for CT scans of the orbits, whole head, and brain with an angled gantry, respectively. The difference between the Monte Carlo derived eye lens dose reduction factor values and corresponding values determined directly by using the anthropomorphic phantom head was found less than 5%. The mean eye lens dose reduction achieved by bismuth shielding in pediatric patients were 34%, 20% and <2% when eye globes were entirely included, partly included and excluded from the scanned region, respectively. A significant reduction in eye lens dose may be achieved by using superficial orbital bismuth shielding during pediatric head CT scans. However, bismuth garments should not be used in children when the eyes are excluded from the primarily exposed region.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. Council on Scientific Affairs.

Tanning for cosmetic purposes by sunbathing or by using artificial tanning devices is widespread. The hazards associated with exposure to ultraviolet radiation are of concern to the medical profession. Depending on the amount and form of the radiation, as well as on the skin type of the individual exposed, ultraviolet radiation causes erythema, sunburn, photodamage (photoaging), photocarcinogenesis, damage to the eyes, alteration of the immune system of the skin, and chemical hypersensitivity. Skin cancers most commonly produced by ultraviolet radiation are basal and squamous cell carcinomas. There also is much circumstantial evidence that the increase in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma during the past half century is related to increased sun exposure, but this has not been proved. Effective and cosmetically acceptable sunscreen preparations have been developed that can do much to prevent or reduce most harmful effects to ultraviolet radiation if they are applied properly and consistently. Other safety measures include (1) minimizing exposure to ultraviolet radiation, (2) being aware of reflective surfaces while in the sun, (3) wearing protective clothing, (4) avoiding use of artificial tanning devices, and (5) protecting infants and children.

Basal Cell Carcinoma↗

PubMed2002

Protection of the ocular surface after keratoprosthesis surgery: the role of soft contact lenses.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the short-term therapeutic value of soft contact lenses in patients with keratoprosthesis. METHODS: Nineteen patients with a collar button-shaped keratoprosthesis were fitted with a soft contract lens and evaluated for the protective effect on the surrounding cornea. RESULTS: The lenses were found to be highly protective against evaporative damage to the corneal surface around the device. They were well tolerated and could remain clean and in place for months. One infection occurred. CONCLUSION: A soft contact lens can be of considerable protective value to the cornea surrounding a keratoprosthesis.

Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic↗

PubMed1999

The effect of earplugs on sleep measures during exposure to simulated intensive care unit noise.

BACKGROUND: Sleep deprivation may contribute to impaired immune function, ventilatory compromise, disrupted thermoregulation, and delirium. Noise levels in intensive care units may be related to disturbed sleep patterns, but noise reduction has not been tested in this setting. OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of a noise reduction intervention on the sleep of healthy subjects exposed to simulated intensive care unit noise. METHODS: After digital audiotape recording of noise and development of the noise reduction intervention, 5 nocturnal 8-hour periods of sleep were measured in 6 paid, healthy volunteers at 7-day intervals in a sleep disorders center. Polysomnographic data were collected by experienced sleep disorders technicians and scored by certified raters. After the first 3 quiet nights, earplugs were randomly assigned to be worn on the fourth and fifth nights during exposure to the recorded noise. Sound pressure levels were measured during all 5 nights. RESULTS: Sleep architecture and sound measurements on quiet nights did not differ significantly. Sound levels were significantly lower on quiet nights than on noise nights. Exposure to the noise increased the number of awakenings, percentage of stage 2 sleep, and rapid eye movement latency and decreased time asleep, sleep maintenance efficiency index, and percentage of rapid eye movement sleep. Earplugs worn during exposure to the noise produced a significant decrease in rapid eye movement latency and an increase in the percentage of rapid eye movement sleep. CONCLUSION: The results provide a reasonable basis for testing the effects of earplugs on the sleep of critically ill subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Hyaluronic acid combined with mannitol to improve protection against free-radical endothelial damage: experimental model.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the protective properties of combined sodium hyaluronate 2% and mannitol 0.5% (Visiol) on the corneal endothelium in the presence of oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). SETTING: Instituto Oftalmológico de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain. METHODS: This was an exploratory randomized controlled parallel-group, masked-assessor study of 3 sodium hyaluronate-based ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs): Visiol, Healon (sodium hyaluronate 1%), and Viscoat (sodium hyaluronate 3%-chondroitin sodium 4%). The OVDs were tested for protective effects on the endothelium following oxidative stress induced by H(2)O(2) at increased concentrations: control (lactated Ringer's solution), 1 mM, 10 mM, and 100 mM. Groups without OVD were used as controls at the same concentrations of peroxide. Each animal received the same treatment in both eyes (10 eyes per group). Endothelial cell lesion was assessed using the Janus green photometry absorbance technique. RESULTS: At 10 mM peroxide concentration, the value of endothelial cell lesion was significantly lower in the Visiol (16.8%, P=.0056), Healon (22.2%, P=.0302), and Viscoat (21.6%, P=.0336) groups than in the control group (29.4%, no OVD). There was a trend in favor of Visiol to more efficiently reduce cell lesions of the endothelium, than Healon (P=.055) and Viscoat (P=.1013). Values of endothelial cell lesion at peroxide concentrations of 1 mM and 100 mM showed the same trends than those observed at 10 mM. CONCLUSIONS: All of the OVDs tested efficiently reduced endothelial lesions against free radicals compared with the control group in which no OVD was used. The following sequence for the efficacy of endothelial cell protection was established: Visiol>Viscoat>Healon>no OVD.

Animals↗

PubMed1959

Reducing gonad irradiation in pediatric diagnosis.

The greatest danger of carcinogenesis and of genetic damage through diagnostic radiologic procedures is in children, whose smaller bodies are more vulnerable and who have a longer life span in which this damage can be realized. Film badges placed on the gonad area during radiologic studies indicated widely varying degrees of gonad irradiation from similar procedures. These results emphasize the importance of technique in protecting children from unnecessary exposure. Such exposure can be reduced by greater beam filtration, use of higher tube potentials, careful beam collimation and centering, closer coning and shielding of the gonads. A new film tested reduced exposure time by 50 per cent. Further reduction was obtained by high-speed screens.A most important measure is avoidance of unnecessary, repetitious and undiagnostic studies. Fluoroscopy should be avoided if possible. If not, the operator must dark-adapt his eyes, use the smallest possible current, the narrowest beam, and the shortest exposure time. Image intensification promotes these aims. Modern equipment, properly shielded, assures against unsuspected exposure.

Child↗

PubMed1997

Self reported respiratory symptoms and diseases among hairdressers.

OBJECTIVES: Hairdressers are exposed to many irritative and allergenic substances capable of causing occupational respiratory symptoms and diseases. The self reported prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diseases was studied, and the risks among hairdressers compared with saleswomen was estimated. METHODS: A cross sectional prevalence study of respiratory symptoms and diseases was carried out among hairdressers and supermarket saleswomen, with a computer assisted telephone interview method (CATI). The study population comprised all the female hairdressers and supermarket saleswomen aged 15-54 years in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. Disproportionate random samples of female hairdressers and sales-women were drawn from the trade union membership registers. The interviews were carried out between February and April 1994. A response rate of 80.5% (355/440) was obtained for hairdressers and 82.2% (583/709) for saleswomen. Atopy, smoking, chronic illnesses, type of work, working hours, working conditions, personal and professional use of hair products, and the use of personal protective devices were assessed. The outcome variables were self reported symptoms of the upper and lower respiratory tract. These were used to define chronic bronchitis, and asthma, laryngitis, and allergic rhinitis diagnosed by a physician. RESULTS: There was a considerable difference in the prevalence of chronic bronchitis; 6.8% in hairdressers versus 1.9% in saleswomen. The odds ratio (OR) adjusted for age, smoking, and atopy for chronic bronchitis indicated an increased risk of chronic bronchitis (OR 4.8, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.2 to 10.1). No association was found between work as a hairdresser and asthma, laryngitis, and allergic rhinitis. Also the prevalence of rhinitis, rhinitis with eye symptoms, cough with phlegm, dyspnoea, and dyspnoea accompanied by cough was increased among hairdressers. The corresponding adjusted risk ORs were 1.7 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.3) for rhinitis, 1.9 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.6) for rhinitis with eye symptoms, 1.4 (CI 1.1 to 1.9) for cough with phlegm, 1.5 (95% CI 1.0 to 2.2) for dyspnoea, and 1.6 (95% CI 1.0 to 2.7) for dyspnoea with cough. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate an increased prevalence of upper and lower respiratory symptoms among hairdressers. Allergenic and irritative chemicals in hairdressing are likely candidates explaining the difference found between the hairdressers and controls. Work related reasons should be considered when a hairdresser presents with airway symptoms. Preventive actions are needed to improve the working conditions and personal protection.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Long-term effects on symptoms by reducing electric fields from visual display units.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to see whether the results of an earlier study [ie, that skin symptoms were reduced by reducing electric fields from visual display units (VDU)] could be reproduced or not. In addition, an attempt was made to determine whether eye symptoms and symptoms from the nervous system could be reduced by reducing VDU electric fields. METHODS: The study was designed as a controlled double-blind intervention. The electric fields were reduced by using electric-conducting screen filters. Forty-two persons completed the study while working at their ordinary job, first 1 week with no filter, then 3 months with an inactive filter and then 3 months with an active filter (or in reverse order). The inactive filters were identical to the active ones, except that their ground cables were replaced by empty plastic insulation. The inactive filters did not reduce the fields from the VDU. The fields were significantly lower with active filters than with inactive filters. RESULTS: Most of the symptoms were statistically significantly less pronounced in the periods with the filters when compared with the period with no filter. This finding can be explained by visual effects and psychological effects. No statistically significant difference in symptom severeness was observed between the period with an inactive filter and the one with an active filter. CONCLUSIONS: The study does not support the hypothesis that skin, eye, or nervous system symptoms can be reduced by reducing VDU electric fields.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Probing plume protection problems in the health care environment.

This paper presents pragmatic particulars pertaining to plume protection problems with special emphasis on the health care environment. Practical approaches to optimizing protection are discussed with an eye toward facilitating the safety of personnel and the general health care environment from particulates, parasites, viruses and other undesirable entities, elements and compounds.

Equipment Safety↗

PubMed1996

Radiation dosage from use of the image intensifier in orthopaedic surgery.

The image intensifier is now commonly used in orthopaedic surgery for intraoperative assessment of fracture reduction and implant placement, especially with the increasing trend toward use of closed nailing devices. We conducted a study using lithium fluoride chips to measure the radiation dosage to the surgeon and the operating theatre personnel. Over a 6-month period we measured the cumulative radiation dosage over the eyes (0.83mSv), thyroid (with shield 0.51mSv, without 0.79mSv), waist (with apron 0.48mSv, without 0.86mSv), hands (right 0.7mSv, left 0.14mSv) and feet (0.62 mSv). These values were well within the ICRP safety guidelines. The use of protective lead shielding was effective in reducing radiation dosage to operators. A survey of the operating theatre area using a radiation counter showed that radiation scatter to OT personnel was low. This study hopes to allay the fears that use of the image intensifier is hazardous to OT personnel.

Fluorides↗

PubMed2006

[Prevalence of occupational exposures to potentially infectious materials among dentists and dental assistants].

Dentists and dental assistants work in conditions that favor the occurrence of occupational exposures to potentially infectious materials. The aims of this study are: to determine the prevalence of occupational exposures throughout professional life and in the previous year, to identify the circumstances of exposures, and to verify if there exists a relationship between their occurrence and the use of personal protective equipment. 289 dentists and 104 dental assistants from the city of Florianópolis, Brazil, participated in this study. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires. The prevalence of occupational exposures throughout professional life was higher among dentists (94.5%) than dental assistants (80.8%), while in the previous year it was similar between dentists (39.1%) and assistants (39.4%). However, considering the exposures in the previous year, percutaneous injuries were more frequent among assistants (95.2%) than dentists (60.7%). Consistent use of protective eyewear was statistically associated with less splashes in the eyes in dentists (p = 0,004). Education is recommended to reduce the frequency of occupational exposures in the study population.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed2002

[Measuring eyelid reflex with electroblepharography].

Safety regulations concerning the handling of low power lasers in the visible region (Class 2, according to DIN EN 60825-1) assume that the eye is protected by the eye-blink reflex, which should have completed within 250 ms during laser impact into the eye. A method has been developed to determine the temporal progression of the blink reflex by measuring the biosignal of the upper eyelid movement. In this procedure, which we call Electroblepharography (EBG), the electrical signal of the eyelid muscle is gained by means of self adherent electrode pads and is evaluated and charted after analog signal processing in the EBG-device. The graphical representation of the biopotential corresponds to the temporal position of the upper eyelid. Characteristic values as latency-time, position and velocity of the eyelid can be deduced.

Blinking↗

PubMed1983

[Radiation dose to children from cranial examinations with new-generation computed tomographic equipment].

Using phantoms of children simulating a child of 6 month of age and another one aged 6 years, the authors measured the amount of radioexposure of the lens of the eye, the thyroid and of the gonads. The two computer tomographs Somatom SF and Tomoscan 300 under examination, produced radiodoses of comparable magnitudes. Both devices allow additional examination techniques of particularly high economy. It was found that in cranial CT the exposure of the lens to radiation is generally below 1 R if the orbitae are not situated in the plane of section. If a distance of 2-3 cm is maintained from the orbitae, the dose remains below 0.5 R. Protecting the gonads is meaningful in a 6-year-old boy, whereas covering-up of the thyroid reduced the dose only slightly.

Brain↗