PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Infant Formula”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,369 records · Page 76Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Acute lung injury after tracheal instillation of acidified soya-based or Enfalac formula or human breast milk in rabbits.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the severity of the acute lung injury after tracheal instillation of acidified soya-based or Enfalac infant formula, or human breast milk (HBM) in anesthetized rabbits. METHODS: Alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient (A-aDO2) and dynamic compliance were measured before (baseline) and hourly for four hours after tracheal instillation of 0.8 ml x kg(-1) soya-based or Enfalac infant formula or HBM (all acidified to pH 1.8 with hydrochloric acid) or no fluid (control) in 24 anesthetized and tracheotomized adult rabbits. The A-aDO2, the difference between alveolar and arterial oxygen tensions, was corrected for barometric pressure and carbon dioxide tension. Dynamic compliance was the ratio of the expired tidal volume to the peak inspiratory airway pressure, normalized to body weight. RESULTS: Baseline A-aDO2 and dynamic compliance were similar among the four groups. In the control rabbits, A-aDO2 remained unchanged throughout the four hours, whereas mean A-aDO2 increased 180 mm Hg in the soya-based group (P < 0.0025) and 350 and 275 mm Hg in the Enfalac and HBM groups respectively (P < 0.0002). The order of the A-aDO2 post-instillation was Enfalac approximately/= HBM > soya > control (P < 0.0002). Dynamic compliance decreased 10-12% in the control rabbits during the four post-instillation measurements compared with baseline (P < 0.033), decreased 20% in the soya-based group (P < 0.0002) and 40-50% in the Enfalac and HBM groups (P < 0.0002). CONCLUSION: The severity of the acute lung injury after intratracheal instillation of infant feeds in a volume of 0.8 ml x kg(-1) and at pH 1.8 in rabbits depends in part, on the type of feed: Enfalac approximately/= HBM > soya > control.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in preterm infants.

BACKGROUND: This section is under preparation and will be included in the next issue. OBJECTIVES: The n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids alpha linolenic acid and linoleic acid are the precursors of the n-3 and n-6 longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). Controversy exists over whether LCPUFA are essential nutrients for preterm infants who may not be able to synthesise sufficient amounts of LCPUFA to satisfy the needs of the developing brain and retina. The aim of this review is to assess whether supplementation of infant formula with LCPUFA is safe and of benefit to preterm infants. SEARCH STRATEGY: Trials were identified by MEDLINE and by checking reference lists of relevant articles and conference proceedings. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised trials of formula supplemented with LCPUFA and with clinical endpoints were reviewed. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Eight randomised trials were identified. Five were assessed as being of high quality and one is awaiting assessment. Problems with the remaining two included a change in assessment methodology mid-study (Memphis 1996) and assessment methodology that deviated from generally accepted international standards (Bologna 1996). MAIN RESULTS: Studies from Dallas (Uauy et al 1990, Birch et al 1992, Hoffman & Uauy 1992, Uauy et al 1994) and Memphis (Carlson et al 1991, Carlson et al 1992, Carlson et al 1993, Werkman & Carlson 1996) suggest that early visual development is better in formula-fed infants who receive a LCPUFA supplement compared with those fed standard formula. However, the effects were not long-term, with no differences detected between groups after 4 months of age. The Bologna group (Fadelli et al 1996) reported some differences in the visual evoked potential at 3 months post-term but their methodology was questionable making interpretation of the data difficult. In the largest study (the Mead Johnson study, Hansen et al 1997), no difference in visual acuity was demonstrated between LCPUFA supplemented and control infants at 2 and 4 months post-term. The Memphis studies used the Fagan Infantest (Fagan 1970) to measure infant development and demonstrated lower novelty preferences (possibly predictive of lower intelligence) in preterm infants supplemented with LCPUFA. However, the supplemented infants had more looks at the novel stimulus and each look was of shorter duration which may represent more rapid visual information processing. Normalised weight (expressed as SD from the mean for age) was lower in preterm infants who were fed supplemented formula in the Memphis studies. No difference in growth between supplemented and control infants was documented in the Dallas, Bologna, Alberta (Clandinin et al 1997) and Wyeth (Vanderhoof et al 1997) studies while the Mead Johnson study documented higher weights in supplemented infants compared with controls at two months post-term. The Dallas study documented little effect of LCPUFA supplements on bleeding time and membrane fragility. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: No long-term benefit has been demonstrated for preterm infants receiving formula supplemented with LCPUFA. There is some evidence that n-3 LCPUFA supplementation of formula increases the early rate of visual maturation in preterm infants. Supplementation of formula with n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA does not impair the growth of preterm infants.

Dietary Supplements↗
PubMed2001

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and T-cell function: implications for the neonate.

Infant survival depends on the ability to respond effectively and appropriately to environmental challenges. Infants are born with a degree of immunological immaturity that renders them susceptible to infection and abnormal dietary responses (allergies). T-lymphocyte function is poorly developed at birth. The reduced ability of infants to respond to mitogens may be the result of the low number of CD45RO+ (memory/antigen-primed) T cells in the infant or the limited ability to produce cytokines [particularly interferon-y, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10. There have been many important changes in optimizing breast milk substitutes for infants; however, few have been directed at replacing factors in breast milk that convey immune benefits. Recent research has been directed at the neurological, retinal, and membrane benefits of adding 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid; AA) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid; DHA) to infant formula. In adults and animals, feeding DHA affects T-cell function. However, the effect of these lipids on the development and function of the infant's immune system is not known. We recently reported the effect of adding DHA + AA to a standard infant formula on several functional indices of immune development. Compared with standard formula, feeding a formula containing DHA + AA increased the proportion of antigen mature (CD45RO+) CD4+ cells, improved IL-10 production, and reduced IL-2 production to levels not different from those of human milk-fed infants. This review will briefly describe T-cell development and the potential immune effect of feeding long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to the neonate.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Fortified milk and supplements of oral vitamin D. Comparison of the effect of two doses of vitamin D (500 and 1,000 UI/d) during the first trimester of life].

BACKGROUND: Administration of oral vitamin D supplements has been the usual strategy used in France for the prevention of rickets. But this strategy needs reevaluation since the fortification of infant formulas with vitamin D is authorized in this country. We report the effects of oral daily supplements of vitamin D on the calcium metabolism and vitamin D status of infants receiving or not fortified milk during the first trimester of life. POPULATION AND METHODS: Circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D) were measured: 1) in 64 infants aged 1 to 4 months, seen as outpatients between February and October, given oral vitamin D2 (theoretically 1,000 IU/d) and fed infant formulas, fortified or not with vitamin D; 2) in healthy neonates born to unsupplemented (n = 48) or supplemented vitamin D mothers (n = 22), between April and July, followed from birth (n = 70) to 3 months of age (n = 52), fed fortified milk, and given either 500 or 1,000 IU/D of vitamin D2. Serum calcium, phosphate, intact parathyroid hormone levels and alkaline phosphatase activities were simultaneously measured in this second study. RESULTS: In the first study, the infants who had been seen during the summer and fed fortified milk had 25-(OH)D levels higher than those seen during the winter and fed the unfortified formulas (37.0 +/- 11.2 ng/mL vs 29.1 +/- 9.7 ng/mL, P = 0.013). But when daily supplements of vitamin D2 were strictly controlled (second study), all infants fed the fortified milk had 25-(OH)D levels within the adult range (10 to 37 ng/mL) at 1 and 3 months of age, whatever their vitamin D status at birth and although these infants were seen during the summer. No difference was found between infants given 500 or 1,000 IU/d as regards their mean serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase activities. In addition, the percentage of infants with calcemia above 2.60 mM/L was even lower with the 1,000 IU/d vitamin D dosage than with the 500 IU/d dosage. CONCLUSIONS: Daily supplements of vitamin D2 (500 to 1,000 IU/d) during the first trimester of life do not appear to induce a significant vitamin D overload when fortified milk is given to the infants. These supplementations may thus be maintained, especially when neonates are at risk of vitamin D deficiency.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2↗
PubMed1995

The effect of hypo-allergenic formulas in infants at risk of allergic disease.

Development of atopic disease seems to depend on both genetic factors and exposure to several environmental factors. At present ther is evidence that the mode of early infant feeding influences the development of food allergy, whereas daily exposure to inhalant allergens and daily exposure to tobacco smoke is found to be associated with an increased risk of recurrent wheezing/asthma and inhalant allergy. In infants with atopic predisposition (first-degree relatives), exclusively breastfeeding > or = four months is found associated with a significant reduction of the cumulative prevalence of cow's milk allergy/intolerance (CMA/CMI) during the first 1-2 years of age. When breastmilk is insufficient or lacking a substitute formula is needed. Several recent prospective studies show a preventative effect of extensively hydrolysed formula (eHF) in combination with avoidance of cow's milk proteins and solid foods during > or = 4 months in high-risk infants on the cumulative prevalence of food allergy and atopic dermatitis during the first 2-4 years of life. Partially hydrolysed formulas (pHF) may be effective in allergy prevention, but due to drawbacks of study design and lack of documentation pHF cannot be recommended at present. The results of studies comparing the preventive effect of eHF and pHF are awaited. The protective effect on the development of cow's milk allergy is a real prevention and not only a postponement of the onset of symptoms. No studies have demonstrated a preventive effect of dietary measures as regards asthma/inhalant allergy, at present until the age of four years. As no studies concerning the preventive effect of avoidance of milk and other foods after the age of 4-6 months of life have been performed, recommendation of preventive elimination diets beyond this age is empirically based. In order to reduce the costs, to minimize the risk of stigmatisation and the risk of malnutrition it is important to avoid unnecessary restrictive and prolonged diets. A diet period of 4-6 months seems sufficient in most infants. At present eHF are recommended for avoidance of cow's milk. Some high risk infants may benefit from maternal diet during lactation, but there is no documented beneficial effect of maternal diet during pregnancy.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Artificial feeding practice in nursery: a new policy and maternal response].

While a single-bottle method is what mothers actually do in preparation of infant formula in their own home, in the hospital, each nursery makes its own rules about preparing formula. Early in 1988 a "self-service", artificial feeding practice was initiated in this 600-bed general hospital. Mothers who intended to bottle-feed were asked to purchase the powdered formula at their own expense. At feeding time, mothers prepare one bottle of formula at a time, and feed the infant immediately. Each mother's technique of formula preparation was observed by the nurses, and practical instructions were given if needed. Particular errors and hazards in the reconstitution of formula were emphasized with posters hung on the nursery wall and by the pamphlets distributed to the mothers. These practices avoid distribution of formula samples at the hospital, and provide repeated practice for mothers during their hospitalization. To explore the attitudes of mothers toward this new feeding practice, a questionnaire survey of 483 consecutive mothers who gave birth to healthy newborns was carried out. While 61.3% of the mothers thought that it was acceptable to purchase infant formula themselves, 85.1% thought preparing the formula themselves in hospital was acceptable. Furthermore, only 1.2% of the mothers said that this new practice was a great deal of trouble. Most mothers said that on-the-spot teaching by nurses was very helpful. Regarding overall attitudes, 5.4% and 2.1%, respectively, will not or may not return for the next delivery. After controlling for several socio-educational variables, only previous experience with bottle-feeding was associated with pro-and-con responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1999

n-3 and n-6 fatty acid enrichment by dietary fish oil and phospholipid sources in brain cortical areas and nonneural tissues of formula-fed piglets.

Sufficient availability of both n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) is required for optimal structural and functional development in infancy. The question has been raised as to whether infant formulae would benefit from enrichment with 20 and 22 carbon fatty acids. To address this issue, we determined the effect of fish oil and phospholipid (LCPUFA) sources on the fatty acid composition of brain cortical areas and nonneural tissues of newborn piglets fed artificially for 2 wk. They were fed sow milk, a control formula, or the formula enriched with n-3 fatty acids from a low-20:5n-3 fish oil added at a high or a low concentration, or the formula enriched with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids from either egg yolk- or pig brain-phospholipids. Both the fish oil- and the phospholipid-enriched formula produced significantly higher plasma phospholipid 22:6n-3 concentrations than did the control formula. The 22:6n-3 levels in the brain, hepatic, and intestinal phospholipids were significantly correlated with plasma values, whereas cardiac 22:6n-3 content appeared to follow a saturable dose-response. Feeding sow milk resulted in a much higher 20:4n-6 content in nonneural tissues than did feeding formula. Supplementation with egg phospholipid increased the 20:4n-6 content in the heart, red blood cells, plasma, and intestine in comparison to the control formula, while pig brain phospholipids exerted this effect in the heart only. The addition of 4.5% fish oil in the formula was associated with a decline in 20:4n-6 in the cortex, cerebellum, heart, liver, and plasma phospholipids, whereas using this source at 1.5% limited the decline to the cerebellum, liver, and plasma. Whatever the dietary treatment, the phosphatidylethanolamine 20:4n-6 level was 10-20% higher in the brain temporal lobe than in the parietal, frontal, and occipital lobes in the temporal lobe by administering the formula enriched with egg or brain phospholipids. In conclusion, feeding egg phospholipids to neonatal pigs increased both the 22:6n-3 content in the brain and the 20:4n-6 content in the temporal lobe cortex. This source also increased the 22:6n-3 levels in nonneural tissues with only minor alterations of 20:4n-6. These data support the notion that infant formulae should be supplemented with both 22:6n-3 and 20:4n-6 rather than with 22:6n-3 alone.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Severe cow's milk protein allergy in a Chinese neonate.

Cow's milk protein allergy is a growing problem in developed countries. We report the case of a Chinese infant, born at term, who presented on day 28 with severe growth failure, chronic diarrhoea, and metabolic acidosis. Investigations supported a diagnosis of cow's milk protein allergy. This was confirmed by withdrawing and reintroducing the relevant infant formula under controlled clinical conditions. Both acidosis and diarrhoea were seen to resolve, and 'catch-up' growth was evident after introduction of an elemental infant formula. Early recognition of this problem leads to a rapid 'cure', as seen in this case. However, later presentation with other atopic conditions has been reported.

Acidosis↗
PubMed2000

Lead in calcium supplements.

Intercalibrated measurements of lead in calcium supplements indicate the importance of rigorous analytical techniques to accurately quantify contaminant exposures in complex matrices. Without such techniques, measurements of lead concentrations in calcium supplements may be either erroneously low, by as much as 50%, or below the detection limit needed for new public health criteria. In this study, we determined the lead content of 136 brands of supplements that were purchased in 1996. The calcium in the products was derived from natural sources (bonemeal, dolomite, or oyster shell) or was synthesized and/or refined (chelated and nonchelated calcium). The dried products were acid digested and analyzed for lead by high resolution-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The method's limit of quantitation averaged 0.06 microg/g, with a coefficient of variation of 1.7% and a 90-100% lead recovery of a bonemeal standard reference material. Two-thirds of those calcium supplements failed to meet the 1999 California criteria for acceptable lead levels (1.5 microg/daily dose of calcium) in consumer products. The nonchelated synthesized and/or refined calcium products, specifically antacids and infant formulas, had the lowest lead concentrations, ranging from nondetectable to 2.9 microg Pb/g calcium, and had the largest proportion of brands meeting the new criteria (85% of the antacids and 100% of the infant formulas).

Antacids↗
PubMed2005

Infant feeding patterns in the Finnish type I diabetes prediction and prevention nutrition study cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate infant feeding patterns during the first 2 y and their relation to sociodemographic factors. DESIGN: A population-based cohort study. SETTING: Oulu and Tampere University Hospital district areas 1996-1999, Finland. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All newborn infants (n=675) with increased genetic risk for type I diabetes were invited to the study in 1996-1997. Of these, 429 (64%) completed the dietary follow-up form by the time they reached 2 y of age. RESULTS: The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding (BF) was 1.8 months (range 0-6 months) and that of total BF 7.0 months (0.3-25 months). Among the infants 20% were exclusively breastfed at least 4 months (recommendation 4-6 months). Infants were introduced to infant formula at the median age of 1.8 months (range 0-25 months) and other supplementary foods at the median age of 3.5 months (1-6 months). Infant's ponderal index at birth was inversely associated with the duration of total BF. The age of introduction of supplementary foods correlated positively with the duration of total BF. Longer parental education and increased maternal age were associated with a longer duration of BF and older age at introduction of supplementary foods. Infant formula and other supplementary foods were added earlier to the diet of the boys than that of the girls. CONCLUSION: Duration of breastfeeding in Finland is shorter than recommended. Compliance with the current recommendations on the timing of introduction of first supplementary food and dairy products is relatively poor. The diet during infancy seems to be conspicuously influenced by the duration of parental education, maternal age and the sex of the infant.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Corn syrup sugars: in vitro and in vivo digestibility and clinical tolerance in acute diarrhea of infancy.

We evaluated the in vitro and in vivo digestibility and clinical tolerance of three corn syrup sugars (DE10, 15, 24) and one infant formula containing corn syrup sugar as the sole carbohydrate source (DE24). In vitro studies were conducted using human duodenal fluid and jejunal mucosa with normal enzyme activities. In vivo studies included intragastric perfusion studies and tolerance tests using the corn syrup sugars and a clinical formula trial in 32 infants with acute diarrhea. Results of the in vitro studies showed that each of the corn syrup sugars was well hydrolyzed by duodenal fluid and by mixtures of duodenal fluids and mucosal homogenates. Similarly, in vivo studies revealed significant hydrolysis in the proximal intestine, as measured during the perfusion studies, and adequate absorption, as indicated by a rise in serum glucose concentration during tolerance tests. Only patients who had a marginal serum glucose rise after a glucose meal had a blunted rise after a corn syrup feeding. More than 85% of the infants beginning the clinical trial tolerated the formula well and gained weight at or above the expected rate for age during the study interval. These data indicate that, except with severe mucosal injury and secondary monosaccharide intolerance, glucose polymers of the dextrose equivalents tested are suitable carbohydrate sources for infants recovering from acute diarrhea.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗