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PubMed2002

A computational model-based validation of Guyton's analysis of cardiac output and venous return curves.

Guyton developed a popular approach for understanding the factors responsible for cardiac output (CO) regulation in which 1) the heart-lung unit and systemic circulation are independently characterized via CO and venous return (VR) curves, and 2) average CO and right atrial pressure (RAP) of the intact circulation are predicted by graphically intersecting the curves. However, this approach is virtually impossible to verify experimentally. We theoretically evaluated the approach with respect to a nonlinear, computational model of the pulsatile heart and circulation. We developed two sets of open circulation models to generate CO and VR curves, differing by the manner in which average RAP was varied. One set applied constant RAPs, while the other set applied pulsatile RAPs. Accurate prediction of intact, average CO and RAP was achieved only by intersecting the CO and VR curves generated with pulsatile RAPs because of the pulsatility and nonlinearity (e.g., systemic venous collapse) of the intact model. The CO and VR curves generated with pulsatile RAPs were also practically independent. This theoretical study therefore supports the validity of Guyton's graphical analysis.

Atrial Function, Right↗

PubMed2004

The insula: anatomic study and MR imaging display at 1.5 T.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The insula is important for gustatory sensation, motor speech control, vestibular function, and sympathetic control of cardiovascular tone. The purpose of this study was to test two hypotheses: 1) gross anatomic study of the insula will disclose reproducible patterns of insular structure, and 2) analysis of MR appearance will enable physicians to recognize these patterns on imaging studies. METHODS: Gross insular anatomy was determined in 16 normal human cadaveric hemispheres. The 1.5-T MR images of 300 insulae were analyzed to determine the gyral and sulcal patterns displayed; their relationship to the Heschl gyrus, to the overlying opercula, and to the vertical planes perpendicular to the Talairach-Tournoux baseline at the anterior commissure (VAC) and posterior commissure (VPC); their continuity into the orbitofrontal cortex; and appropriate landmarks for the anterior border, apex, and posterior border of the insula. RESULTS: MR images displayed the central sulcus of the insula (97%); the anterior (99%), middle (78%), and posterior (98%) short insular gyri that converge to the apex (100%) anteriorly; and the anterior (99%) and posterior (58%) long insular gyri posteriorly. The middle short gyrus was often hypoplastic (33%). The anterior intersections of the internal and external capsules typically delimit the anterior insular border (87%). VAC intersects the anterior insula (99%), usually at the precentral sulcus. The Heschl gyrus circumscribes the posteroinferior insula (100%). VPC demarcates the posterior insular border (94%). CONCLUSION: The two hypotheses were proved correct. The insula shows reproducible patterns of gross anatomy that are demonstrable on routine clinical MR images obtained at 1.5 T.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Alternative control volume geometries for measuring regurgitant flow through a valve.

Control-volume (CV) methods applied to magnetic resonance velocity-encoded cine images of the convergent proximal flow field of a regurgitant valve have been shown to measure reverse blood flow volume accurately. Spatial and temporal averaging are known to affect accuracy, but the effects of slice thickness and orientation relative to the flow field have not been systematically studied, nor have CV configurations requiring fewer scans been explored. Further, surface area calculations at the intersection of CV walls are a previously unrecognized source of error. Using a computational fluid dynamics model of steady flow through an orifice, we evaluated five different CV configurations in terms of accuracy, time costs, and clinical potential. CVs incorporating a basal wall were affected by blurring of axial velocity gradients near the orifice, and voxel grid alignment relative to the orifice was the most significant source of inaccuracy. Errors in surface area calculations at plane intersections produced deviations of 7-20%, depending on configuration. A CV formed by slices parallel to the orifice plane was deemed clinically unusable, while a cylindrical CV yielded good accuracy in simulated tests and showed potential for practical implementation based on scan time, ease of view selection, and visualization of the flow field.

Blood Flow Velocity↗

PubMed2005

Effect of thin-section diffusion-weighted MR imaging on stroke diagnosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging has limited spatial resolution, especially in the z direction. We decreased the section thickness of DW imaging to 3 mm to determine if this change improves the depiction of small infarcts and if it affects stroke diagnosis. METHODS: We studied conventional (5-mm section thickness, 1-mm intersection gap) and thin-section (3-mm section thickness, no intersection gap) DW imaging data in 49 patients with symptoms of acute cerebral ischemia. Two radiologists who were not aware of the clinical findings reviewed all images and diagnosed the stroke subtype according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) method. Accuracies of stroke diagnosis with an experienced neuroradiologist and with a second-year radiology resident were compared. To quantify lesion conspicuity, contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) were measured. The CNR of thin-section DW imaging was then divided by the CNR of conventional DW imaging to yield the relative CNR (rCNR). RESULTS: The experienced neuroradiologist made the correct final diagnoses in 78% of cases with conventional DW imaging, improving to 100% with thin-section DW imaging. The resident made the correct diagnoses in 71% of cases with conventional DW imaging, improving to 94% with thin-section DW imaging. Lesion conspicuity was improved on thin-section DW imaging (rCNR = 1.47 +/- 0.63), especially for supratentorial lesions (rCNR = 1.51 +/- 0.63). CONCLUSION: Compared with conventional DW imaging, thin-section DW imaging permitted better lesion conspicuity and more precise stroke diagnosis.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Engendering health disparities.

How is gender implicated in our exploration of health disparities in Canada? Set against the backdrop of federal government policy, this review paper examines the ways in which gender intersects with other health determinants to produce disparate health outcomes. An overview of salient issues including the impact of gender roles, environmental exposures, gender violence, workplace hazards, economic disparities, the costs of poverty, social marginalization and racism, aging, health conditions, interactions with health services, and health behaviours are considered. This review suggests health is detrimentally affected by gender roles and statuses as they intersect with economic disparities, cultural, sexual, physical and historical marginalization as well as the strains of domestic and paid labour. These conditions result in an unfair health burden borne in particular by women whose access to health determinants is--in various degrees--limited. While progress has certainly been made on some fronts, the persistence of health disparities among diverse populations of women and men suggests a postponement of the vision of a just society with health for all that was articulated in the Federal Plan on Gender Equality. Commitment, creativity and collaboration from stakeholders ranging from various levels of government, communities, academics, non-governmental agencies and health professionals will be required to reduce and eliminate health disparities between and among all members of our society.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Novel doppler assessment of intracoronary volumetric flow reserve: validation against PET in patients with or without flow-dependent vasodilation.

UNLABELLED: Volumetric blood flow (Q) determination requires simultaneous assessment of mean blood flow velocity and vessel cross-sectional area. At present, no method provides both values. Intracoronary Doppler-based assessment of coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) relies on average peak velocity (APV). Because this does not account for changes in velocity profile or vessel area usually occurring with flow-dependent vasodilation, results can be misleading. The aim of this clinical study was to validate against the current gold standard (measurement of myocardial perfusion reserve [MPR] by PET) a new, Doppler-based method for calculating coronary Q and coronary flow reserve (CFR). METHODS: Doppler-based intracoronary Q was measured with a proprietary guidewire device in a nonstenotic coronary artery at baseline and during adenosine-induced hyperemic flow (140 mug/kg/min intravenously during 7 min). Three gate positions were assessed, of which 2 were lying within the vessel and 1 was intersecting the vessel. The zeroth (M(0)) and the first (M(1)) Doppler moments of the intersecting gate were used to calculate mean blood flow velocity (M(1)/M(0)) and vessel area (M(0)), and M(0) of the 2 proximal gates was used to correct for scattering and attenuation. CFR was calculated as hyperemic/resting flow with Q and compared with APV-derived CFVR and with the corresponding segmental MPR obtained with (15)O-labeled water and PET. RESULTS: Q (CFR, 2.60 +/- 1.07) correlated well with PET (MPR, 2.58 +/- 1.11) (r = 0.832, P < 0.005; Bland-Altman limits, -1.42 to 1.09), whereas CFVR did not (r = 0.09, P = not statistically significant; Bland-Altman limits, -3.36 to 2.24). However, in vessels without dilation, there was no difference between CFR, CFVR, and MPR. CONCLUSION: This procedure for intracoronary Q measurement using the proprietary Doppler guidewire system, which accounts for both changes in flow profile and changes in vessel area, allows invasive, accurate assessment of CFR even in the presence of flow-dependent vasodilation.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Classification of maxillary dental arches by correlation and principal component analyses].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the morphology of dental arches. METHODS: 62 (male: 36, female: 26) paired casts having normal dentitions and occlusion were selected from 396 (age: 18 to 26 years old; male: 257, female: 139) sets of dental study models. The maxillary dentitions were preliminarily classified as square, round-square, round and round V-shaped arches based on the conventional morphological descriptions. Midpoints of the incisor edge (I1(R), I1(L), I2(R), &I2(L)), summits of the cuspids (C(R) & C(L)), buccal cusps of the premolars (P1(R), P1(L), P2(R), & P2(L)), mesial buccal cusps of the first and second molars (M1(R), M1(L), M2(R), & M2(L)), and the midpoint (A) of line I1(R)-I1(L) were designated as reference points. From A, let a vertical line intersected line M2(R)-M2(L) at reference point B. The line A-B intersected CR-CL at reference point E. The following items were evaluated: (1) the protrusion of the cuspids by 1. angle I2(R)-C(R)-P1(R) (angle R) + angle I2(L)-C(L)-P1(L) (angle L); (2) the curvature of the anterior teeth by 2. A-B/C(R)-C(L), 3. 180 degrees-angle C(R)-A-C(L), and 4. A-E/C(R)-C(L); (3) the length to width ratio of the dental arch by 5. A-B/M2(R)-M2(L); (4) the degree of roundness of the maxillary arch by estimation of 6. (rtheta(5)-rtheta(4))(R)+(rtheta(5)-rtheta(4))(L); and (5) an item 7. for the differentiation of type I and type II round-square arches by relating the bilateral contour and position of break line P1-P2-M1-M2 (i) to line P1-M2 (ii). The data of items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were further standardized and summarized into three essential principal components: (1) the curvature of the anterior teeth, (2) the curvilinear contour of the dental arch, and (3) the length-to-width ratio of the dental arch. RESULTS: (1) 60% of the maxillary dentitions were round-square arches which showed no prominent principal component; (2) square maxillary arches distinctly showed a small 1. angle R+angle L; (3) round arches were characteristic by small 6 (rtheta(5)-rtheta(4))(R)+(rtheta(5)-rtheta(4))(L) values; and (4) round V-shaped arches had large 2, 3 and 4 values. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that parameters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were summarized into three principal components (first principal component, second principal component and third principal component). Through three principal component analysis, we can quickly evaluate the morphology of the dental arches clinically. This methods is simple and of validity. And we can also obtain the characteristics of maxillary dental arches.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Perceptual countermeasures to speeding.

An on-road evaluation of two perceptual countermeasure treatments (an enhanced curve post treatment and peripheral transverse edgelines on the approach to an intersection) was conducted over one year to indicate potential for reducing travel speed. Measures included speed and deceleration profiles, braking, and lateral placement observations taken from video recordings at each site. Data were collected before treatment, immediately after treatment, and 12 months after treatment. The results obtained were quite variable across sites and treatments. At curves, speed effects were mixed with both speed reductions and increases observed immediately after and 12-months later. Braking results tended to support travel speed findings and some improvement in lateral placement were also observed at these locations. At intersections, the results were more stable where speed reductions were more common both immediately after treatment as well as longer-term. There were no differences in braking and lateral placement at these straight-road locations. The findings seem to have been unduly influenced to some degree by misadventure and wear and tear at these sites. It is argued that while the effectiveness of these treatments may be site specific to some degree, they do offer a low-cost solution to reducing travel speed at hazardous locations.

Acceleration↗

PubMed2005

[Types and systems of symmetry and their multiplicity in the adenovirus protein coat. I. Symmetry networks and general symmetry motives].

Each of the more than 1500 polypeptide molecules of 7 different types building up the adenovirus capsid--probably even those of their amino acids--are in symmetrical location. Every kind of polypeptide forms also a separately symmetrical network in the capsid distributed according to their functions in the inner and outer side and inside of the facets and edges, but always in compliance with the icosahedral symmetry. Therefore, each different polypeptide also means a general symmetry motif in the capsid in its own symmetry network. Hexons can be considered as general symmetry motifs in some special association that is because of their environmental position four kinds of hexon types can be found, which are on every facet, next to one another, like three identical groups of four hexons according to the three-fold rotational symmetry. Two polypeptides of a peripentonal hexon of each group of four hexons orient towards the penton and the third toward the other penton located further on the same edge. There are two versions of the arrangement of the group of four hexons: the hexons surround either a polypeptide IX or a polypeptide IIIa. The two versions of group of four hexons on 20 facets symmetrically recurring 60 times as general hexon symmetry motifs form the capsid in combination with the network of other polypeptides. Ideally, the surface of the hexon trimer shows three-fold rotational and three-fold reflexional symmetries. In the arrangement of the hexons in the facets the translational, rotational, horizontal and vertical reflexional symmetry and the combination of these, as well as the glide reflexion and the anti-symmetry can be found. Each hexon has six nearest neighbours and every hexon takes part in the construction of three hexon rows. Every facet and every vertex made up of five facets has an anti-symmetrical pair located on the opposite side of the capsid. Every triangular facet participates in forming three vertices and every facet has three nearest neighbouring facets. In the facets, the polypeptide subunits of the polypeptide IX centered group of four hexons have identical counter-clockwise orientation but the orientation of the neighbouring facets is always opposite compared to each other. On the five-fold symmetry axis, any facet can be "turned on" to the adjacent facet or "rotated" to all the others and will take the symmetry and orientation of the facet it got turned on or rotated to. Thus, every facet together with the polypeptides attached to it shows a twenty-fold symmetry and multiplicity. Another type of symmetry and multiplicity in the capsid is that perpendicular to the 6 five-fold rotation axes a geodetic (equatorial) ribbon like motif (superfieces) altogether six made up of 10-10 triangular facets and bent ten-times with an angle of 36 degrees. A triangular facet participates in forming three ribbon-like motifs, which intersect with each other on the given facet but the same three motifs intersect only on the anti-symmetrically located facet.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2005

[The analysis of error sources for SAM and its improvement algorithms].

Based on the analysis of the error sources for spectral anglemapping (SAM), several key elements are pointed out, i.e. the change of wave band location, the change of the attribution ratio, the random change of attribution, and the whole translation of wave band. After the above-mentioned four error sources are analyzed, the authors present several improvement algorithms, viz. calculating the spectral angle with grouping, normalization and intersection. The grouping method can resolve the pseudo-similar problem, because it considers both spectral global features and local features. Calculating spectral angle with normalization restrains those random errors in original data by normalizing the spectral vectors. The intersection method can eliminate the error elicited by the whole wave translation. Therefore, it can be employed to correctly identify spectral class. Experiments show that those improvement algorithms are effective and can be used to process spectral data with errors.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2006

[Symmetry types, systems and multiplicity of the structure of adenovirus capsid. II. Rotational facet-groups of five-, three- and two-fold symmetry axes].

The icosahedral adenovirus capsid has three rotational axes of different types. The six five-fold, ten three-fold and the fifteen two-fold axes have two superficial points each, altogether 62. The axes determine the number and location of the identical rotational facet groups and that during the different rotational phases which other regular facets and with what multiplicity shall be covered by them. The number of rotational facets of the five-, three- and two-fold rotational symmetry axes is 4, 6.66 and 10, respectively. In all the three cases, there are two kinds of possible arrangements of the facets. During the rotation - when the facets of the facet group placed on one by one to the neighbouring identical facet groups - at the five-fold axes, the facets of the rotational facet group get into cover position 12 times with all the 20 regular capsid facets, 20 times at the three-fold axes, and 30 times at the two-fold axes in a way that a different facet combination (facet hit) falls to every facet, and the original symmetry is not disturbed. After all, this means 240, 400 and 600 facet combinations, i.e. multiplicity in case of five-, three- and two-fold symmetry axes respectively, and these numbers correspond with that of the theoretically possible variations. The same results can be calculated by multiplying the number of real rotations of the capsid bringing the body into itself i.e. the number 60 with the number of facets contributing to the five-, three- and two-fold rotational phases. The other way of the determination of multiplicity takes into account that all the facet groups of the capsid rotate simultaneously during all the rotational phases, and this multiplies the number of multiplicity with the number of the rotational types five-, three- and two-fold which result in one and the same multiplicity number in the case of five-, three- and two-fold symmetry, alike 1200. Perpendicular to the five-fold symmetry axes with the line of intersection drawn horizontally in the middle along the 6 geodetic ribbon like motifs a regular decagonal intersection forms and the capsid can be cut into two equal parts, in which the polypeptides show a 72 degree rotation from each other, but with a proper rotation the polypeptides get into a congruent position, which means 300 or 600 specific facet combinations. The capsid similar to the icosahedron has also 15 virtual mirror planes which divide the capsid into two, identically arranged halves, forming six right angle triangles on each facet, altogether 120 smaller rectangular so-called Mobius-triangles on the surface. In the three-fold symmetry axis of the facets, these triangles in two separate groups of three can be rotated symmetrically with 120 degrees according to the orientation of the polypeptide subunits in a way that the hexon and other polypeptides too nearly cover each other. Consequently, the adenovirus capsid is a symmetrically arranged body in which several various symmetry types and symmetry systems can be found and their structural symmetry elements exist simultaneously and covering each other. The icosahedral symmetry types and systems are valid and functional simultaneously and in parallel with great multiplicity, but the existence of more than 1500 elements in several depth levels, their order of location and distribution make the symmetry of the capsid richer and more complex.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2006

Informatics and public health at CDC.

Since CDC acquired its first mainframe computer in 1964, the use of information technology in public health practice has grown steadily and, during the past 2 decades, dramatically. Public health informatics (PHI) arrived on the scene during the 1990s after medical informatics (intersecting information technology, medicine, and health care) and bioinformatics (intersecting mathematics, statistics, computer science, and molecular biology). Similarly, PHI merged the disciplines of information science and computer science to public health practice, research, and learning. Using strategies and standards, practitioners employ PHI tools and training to maximize health impacts at local, state, and national levels. They develop and deploy information technology solutions that provide accurate, timely, and secure information to guide public health action.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗

PubMed1991

[Segmental distributions of sensory neurons of the "ganshu", "pishu", "liangmen", "qimen" points and the gallbladder].

One hundred guinea pigs were used. The 10% HRP 50-60 microliters solution was injected into the acupoints of "Gansu", "Pisu", "Liangmen" and "Qimen" of every animal. Moreover, the 10% HRP 80-100 solution was injected into the gallbladder of the another animals too. Under the microscope, observed the segmental distributions of sensory neurons of the four acupoints and the gallbladder. It could be found much clearly that HRP labelled cells were appearing in the spinal ganglions. The above experimental studies showed that there are mutual intersect 5-7 segments between the gallbladder and the "Gansu", "Pisu", "Liangmen" and "Qimen" four acupoints. It is probable that the mutual intersect is the neuroanatomic foundation of acupuncture and moxibustion to inhibit the formation of bilirubin gallstones.

Acupuncture Points↗

PubMed1991

Use of a computerized system for evaluation of equine spermatozoal motility.

Three ejaculates from each of 3 stallions were used to evaluate a computerized system (Hamilton-Thorn motility analyzer; HTMA) for measuring equine spermatozoal motility. Variance components (ejaculate-within-stallion, chamber-within-ejaculate, and microscopic field-within-chamber) were determined for each stallion after diluting ejaculates to 25 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml with a skim milk-glucose seminal extender. The HTMA was compared with frame-by-frame playback videomicrography (VIDEO) for determining: percentage of spermatozoal motility and spermatozoal number in microscopic fields; curvilinear velocity and straight-line velocity of individual spermatozoa for 5 track types; and repeatability of those velocity measurements. The effect of spermatozoal number per microscopic field on incidence of intersecting spermatozoa and the outcome of intersecting spermatozoa also were evaluated. Greatest variability in motility measures was generally attributed to the microscopic field-within-chamber component. The HTMA was highly correlated with VIDEO for estimation of spermatozoal numbers per microscopic field (r = 0.99; P less than 0.001) and motility (r = 0.97; P less than 0.001); however over the entire range of spermatozoal numbers, the HTMA yielded higher spermatozoal numbers per microscopic field (P less than 0.05) and higher motility (P less than 0.05) than did VIDEO. The HTMA- and VIDEO-derived measurements of curvilinear and straight-line velocities were highly correlated for all spermatozoal track types, but both measures were higher (P less than 0.05) by use of the HTMA than by use of VIDEO for most track types. For 3 of 5 track types, measurements of curvilinear and straight-line velocities were less variable (P less than 0.05), using the HTMA, rather than VIDEO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Influence of aging and the loss of teeth on some variations of TMJ].

Many authors consider that the contours and dimensions of TMJ continue to be reshaped and remodeled even after the period of growth and development is complete, in response to changing mechanical stresses under influence of aging, abrasion and the loss of the teeth. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find out if aging and the loss of teeth make any influence on TMJ. The sample consisted of 80 dry skulls and their mandibles. The following parameters were measured: 1A (AB) the distance from the lateral ending of petrotympanic fissure to the intersection of petrotympanic and petrosquamosus fissure, 1B (BC) the distances from the intersection of petrotympanic and petrosquamosus fissure to the most prominent part of the articular eminence, 1C (AC) the distance from the lateral ending of petrotympanic fissure to the most prominent part of articular eminence and 2 (h) the depth of the mandibular fossa. Measured values were analysed in connection with sex, age, the different percentage of the remaining teeth and the left or the right side. There was no significant difference at the probability level of 95%, nor for the left and the right side, neither for the different age groups, sex and the different percentage of the remaining teeth (p greater than 0.05). Still, it is obscure the existence and the changes in TMJ when the growth is completed. It is necessary to study this problem on the bigger sample and the new methods as CT and artroscopy could be helpful.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[Dysplasia of the femoral trochlea].

Dysplasia of the trochlea was studied on a strict profile image of the knee. 1305 radiographs were analysed corresponding to several patello-femoral conditions (major and subjective patello-femoral osteoarthritis) and to control subjects. Two criteria are defined: the depth and the eminence of the trochlea. The depth was often minimal in instabilities that give a radiological characteristic image of intersection between the trochlear end line and the lateral condyle. This picture had a great diagnostic value for patellar instability. The eminence represented the owerhang of the trochlear end line in relation to the anterior cortex of the femur. By measuring it, it was possible to establish a statistically significant variability of the degree of instability on one hand, between instabilities, patellar syndromes and controles on the other hand. The intersection sign and the trochlear eminence in isolated patello-femoral osteoarthritis allows the direct filiation between dysplasia of the trochlea and osteoarthritis to be confirmed. Taking into account the size of the eminence, the hollowing out type trochleoplasties appears more fiable than raising of the lateral edge.

Bone Diseases, Developmental↗

PubMed1990

[The coxal end of the femur. An architecture following strict rules].

In order to combine the dynamic hip screw with a plate that anchors the greater trochanter, detailed measurements of the greater trochanter are necessary and its relation to the femoral head and neck must be studied. The hips in 200 X-ray films in the AP view were measured. The radiographs were obtained from 46 males and 87 females (69.2 +/- 16.9 years old) without hip disease. Concerning the neck shaft angle, no selection was done. The axis of the femoral head and neck was drawn; a second horizontal line passed through the apex of the lesser trochanter. Both lines intersected the lateral cortex of the femur. The distance between those two intersections was measured: d = 0.41 +/- 0.28 cm. In the next step, 74 human femora were obtained from 21 females and 17 males (79.9 +/- 9.0 years old). A special gauge was fixed at the lateral site of the femur. Using this gauge, the size and shape of the greater trochanter were measured: (1) the apex of the greater trochanter lay exactly on the line, which was determined by the lateral cortex of the femoral shaft (+/- 0.4 cm); (2) the maximum lateral extension of the greater trochanter was measured half-way from the lesser trochanter niveau to the apex of the greater trochanter (minor-major distance: 6.09 +/- 0.82 cm; minor-lateral maximum distance: 3.03 +/- 0.59 cm); (3) the maximum lateral extension of the greater trochanter measured 11.4 +/- 3 mm.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

[Torsion of the metacarpals II to V. Functional and clinical significance].

Torsion of the metacarpals II to V was measured in 50 pairs of human hand skeletons. The in-situ position of the metacarpals was reconstructed and the influence of the torsion of the morphological radioulnar head axes analysed. It is shown that during flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joint these morphological radioulnar axes serve as functional axes. Because of the specific position of the radioulnar axes through the metacarpal heads, the hand can be divided into three functional units: the thumb; the index and middle fingers; the fourth and fifth fingers. Within such a functional unit, lines perpendicular to the aforementioned radioulnar axes converge. In contrast to earlier investigations, these lines do not intersect at one common point. There are two separate intersections: one for the metacarpals II and III and another for the metacarpals IV and V. The torsion of right and left metacarpals shows significant differences. The lines perpendicular to the radioulnar metacarpal head axes in left hands generally show a more radial deviation, whereas in right hands they run more parallel to the metacarpals' longitudinal axes. This investigation shows that the precision grip of the right hand and the power grip of the left is supported by the morphology of the metacarpal bones. Finally, the clinical significance of our results is pointed out.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗