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PubMed1985

If the cap fits....

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Equipment Design↗
PubMed1979

SPH-4 helmet damage and head injury correlation.

Human tolerance to head impact was assessed by correlating the force levels required to duplicate damage seen in 14 SPH-4 aviator helmets retrieved from U.S. Army helicopter crashes with resulting head injury. Head injury occurred at peak acceleration levels far below 400 G, which is the value currently used by the U.S. Army as the pass-fail criterion in evaluating the impact attenuation performance of prospective aircrew helmets. Concussive head injuries occurred below Severity Index values of 1500 and below Head Injury Criterion values of 1000. These are considered concussive threshold values by the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment and by the Department of Transportation, respectively. Because peak transmitted force was the best estimator of the Abbreviated Injury Scale values assigned to the 14 cases, it may be a more effective criterion to use in the evaluation of helmet impact attenuation performance than is peak G, Severity Index, or Head Injury Criterion.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1979

[New sorbents for industrial gas marks with a visual reading of their depletion].

The current status of problems, referrable to the use of industrial gas masks, is reviewed, with special reference to the type of sorbent to be used, the pathways of gas mask modernization in respect of the sorbents used, and the modern trends in adsorption cartridge manufacturing; decrease of weight, alleviated construction, adjustment to serve definite toxico-chemical agent, use of ion-exchange resins and hemosorbents. Aspects are discussed for producing sorbents, permitting visual registration of filter mass exhaustion, i.e. sorbents wtih alternating color in the process of sorption, with the purpose of increasing gas mask security and efficiency. The physico-chemical parameters of reference hemosorbent samples with alternating color in the process of sorption were compared with those of widely used sorbents - active carbon (specially processed and crude) and ion-exchange resins: relative dynamics, aktivity protection time, weight, mass activity, etc. Inferences are drawn from which one may see, that these new hemosorbents are highly perspektive, and their industrial acceptance is justifiable.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1979

Aircrew helmet protection against potential cerebral concussion in low-magnitude impacts.

The response of the Gentex DH-151 (contact type) and Gentex 411 (suspension type) aircrew helmets to low-magnitude impacts, such as those sometimes encountered during cockpit buffeting, in ejection, and in parachute landings, was studied to augment the data base on helmet performance. The helmets, mounted on a Hodgson headform, were dropped on the crown and rear at impact velocities up to 4.97 m/s. Acceleration time histories were tape recorded and digitized and Gadd Severity Indices (GSI), among others, were calculated from the resultant acceleration curve. Both helmets kept the GSI below predicted concussion thresholds at 4.97 m/s and were considered to perform well on initial impacts. On second impacts, the GSI rose considerably because the shell and liner of the DH-151 cracked and the suspension of the "141" stretched during the first blow. Improvement of the multiple impact performance of both helmets appears desirable, although the suspension helmet performed slightly better than the contact helmet with respect to the criterion used.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1979

Football helmets and neurotrauma--an epidemiological overview of three seasons.

During the 1975, 1976, and 1977 football seasons, the National Athletic Injury/Illness Reporting System (NAIRS) obtained records of the nature and severity of injuries and illnesses experienced by an annual average of 5361 high school and college athletes. Associated circumstances, including type and brand of helmets being worn by the injured and non-injured, also were obtained. From these data, and against specified epidemiologic criteria for significance, the possibility that particular helmets were associated unduly with cerebral and spinal neurotrauma was examined. The results revealed that (1) one permanent severe neurological injury (cervical spinal cord) was experienced, the mechanism of which was unrelated to helmet design; (2) cerebral concussions were infrequent (one significant concussion per 10,000 athlete exposures) and of a consistent rate from year to year; and (3) no particular helmet was associated with a disproportionate number of concussions or cervical spine fractures within those experienced. Continuing surveillance with multivariate analysis of possible causal relationships among all factors associated with these injuries is in progress.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1979

Effects of selected test variables on the evaluation of football helmet performance.

The most important variables in helmet test methods (headform, impact surface, velocity) were studied by systematically changing the test variables and measuring the effect of these changes on the output responses (peak acceleration and severity index) of helmeted headforms. The degree of correlation between variables was also measured. The metal headform yielded consistently higher results than the humanoid headform but the differences between the two were much greater during impacts at the back site. Also, correlation between humanoid and metal headforms was significantly higher for top impacts than for rear impacts. These discrepancies between top and rear impacts were attributed to difficulties in the neck mounting system with the humanoid headform which causes inordinate bending during impacts. The soft impact surface yielded lower responses than the hard surface for both headforms, correlations between soft and hard surfaces were high in all cases. A small change in impact velocity (4.5 to 5 m/sec) resulted in a substantially higher output response. Correlation between velocities were much lower for the back impact site than the top.

Craniocerebral Trauma↗