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PubMed2003

[Reference values of arterial pressure depending on age, assessed by 24-hour ambulatory monitoring].

UNLABELLED: 24-hour blood pressure monitoring has been ever more widely used in children. However, percentile ranks for healthy children have not been prepared yet. The aim of the study was to define percentile ranks of blood pressure measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in healthy children aged 7-17 years depending on sex in children from the Province of Podlasie. The examinations were carried out in a group of 540 children: group I-girls--265, group II boys--275, who were divided into subgroups according to age. Blood pressure was measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitors: BR-102 f. Schiller, Poland LTD and Quiet Tycos, USA according to the principles in force. The results showed that mean systolic blood pressure (RRs) increased with age from 103.2 to 117.7 mm Hg in girls and from 98.8 to 125.6 mm Hg in boys. The differences were statistically significant (p > 0.05). Diastolic blood pressure (RRr) increased less (p > 0.05). Mean systolic blood pressure at night was 9-10% and diastolic pressure 10-11% lower, irrespective of sex. The range of normal blood pressure values (5-95 centile) was established. In group I in the youngest girls the range of RRs was 89-110 mmHg, that of RRr was from 51 to 75 mm Hg while in group II in the youngest boys RRs range was from 95 to 108 mm Hg and RRr--from 52 to 73 mm Hg. In group I and II in the oldest girls and boys the values were higher. The percentile ranks (5-95) were prepared for systolic and diastolic blood pressure based on blood pressure monitoring during 24-hours and separately during activity (day) and resting time (night). CONCLUSIONS: 1. Systolic blood pressure in children aged 7-17 years increases with age more than diastolic blood pressure. 2. Percentile ranks for healthy children aged 7-17 years depending on age, sex and daily time period were established.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[Reference values in immunodiagnosis: the approach using the Senieur protocol].

In an attempt to standardize the normal values for immunological tests it is necessary to establish strict admission criteria. The EURAGE Concerted Action Programme on Ageing of the European Community described the SENIEUR protocol with criteria for immunological studies in man, based on clinical and laboratory information. Our results on humoral and cellular components of immunity in dependence of age, according to SENIEUR protocol admission criteria are presented.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Plasma chemistry reference values in hybrid falcons in relation to their species of origin.

Twenty-one blood chemistry parameters were determined in 127 peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), 79 gyr-peregrine hybrids and 166 gyr-saker hybrids. These parameters, together with those previously established in 53 gyr falcons (Falco rusticolus) and 234 saker falcons (Falco cherrug), were compared. There were statistically significant differences in 15 of the parameters between the saker and peregrine falcons; the saker and gyr falcons; the saker and gyr-saker hybrids; the peregrine and gyr falcons; and the peregrine and gyr-peregrine hybrids, but not between the gyr falcons and the gyr-saker falcon hybrids.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

[Assay of total serum bile acids. Reference values in children].

Serum total bile acids were measured using an enzyme micromethod involving 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Sterognost 3 Fluorometry) without prior extraction. The test specimen was 50 microliters of serum, with reading by spectrofluorometry. The degree of accuracy assessed at several concentration levels was acceptable for values greater than 5 mumol/l. The calibration function was linear between 0 and 80 mumol/l. Lower limit of detection was 0.88 mumol/l. Results given by this method were compared with those obtained using the Schwarz technique involving extraction of bile acids and their enzyme estimation. The correlation between the two methods was satisfactory. Absence of interference by bilirubin was confirmed. Total bile acids were measured in the serum of fasting children, aged from 1 day to 4 years. High values were seen at birth (m = 8.33 mumol/l, SD = 3.46, n = 10) as well as during the first month of life. Serum total bile acid concentration decreased up to the age of 10 months (m = 2.13 mumol/l, SD = 1.91, n = 31). After one year, they increased progressively, reaching at the age of 4 values similar to those in the adult (m = 3.80 mumol/l, SD = 2.17, n = 30). Particularly high values were found in children with delayed growth or in premature infants (m = 19.66 mumol/l, SD = 10.4, n = 15). Serum total bile acid levels were lower in umbilical cord blood and in the newborn. The increase in serum bile acids found in the newborn may be due to slight cholestasis or to a reduction in the hepatic clearance, showing the special type of hepatic function in the young child.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗

PubMed1990

Normal controls and biological reference values in child psychiatry: defining normal.

About half of adults volunteering as normal control research subjects may be rejected because of significant psychopathology, but no parallel study has been done to date for pediatric subjects. Of 152 applicants (ages 6 to 18) for participation as paid normal controls, 44% were found ineligible and at least 31.8% of the child volunteers had probable or certain psychiatric disorders. Successive screenings, including rating scales and structured interviews, were necessary to obtain controls meeting a defined standard of psychiatric health. Careful scrutiny of child volunteers in biological psychiatric research is needed to assure meaningful comparisons.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Blood biochemical reference values for farmed red deer.

The activities and concentrations of 30 whole blood and plasma constituents including enzymes, substrates, electrolytes and vitamins were determined in samples from 91 clinically healthy farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds ranging in age from one to 15 years. The hinds were randomly selected from a herd maintained on a mixture of reseeded and permanent hill pasture at an experimental research station in north east Scotland. The results were analysed statistically and the calculated means, standard errors and tolerance intervals provide a basis for diagnostic clinical chemistry in red deer. The data are compared with data from earlier reports on blood biochemistry in deer and other livestock species.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Measurement of thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity in human blood samples based on high-performance liquid chromatography: reference values in erythrocytes from children.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring 6-thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT; EC 2.1.1.67) activity is especially important when patients are treated with 6-thiopurine drugs, since severe bone marrow toxicity may be induced if patients have deficient TPMT activity. METHODS: We have developed a method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the measurement of TPMT activity in various cell types: erythrocytes (RBC), human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pMNC) and human malignant lymphoblasts (Molt-F4). The enzymatic activity is measured by the amount of 6-methylmercaptopurine formed, using 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) as substrate and S-adenosylmethionine as co-substrate. RESULTS: The K(m) values calculated for 6MP were 0.54 (RBC), 0.85 (pMNC) and 0.65 (Molt-F4 cells) mmol/L. The K(m) values for S-adenosylmethionine were 11.9 (RBC), 16.4 (pMNC) and 6.65 (Molt-F4 cells) micro mol/L. The assay variation was 8.2-17%. TPMT activity was determined in a control group of 103 children and young adults (44 female, 59 male). The values observed were (mean +/- standard deviation): female children and young adults, 15.1 +/- 4.8 pmol/10(7) cells per h (n = 44); male children and young adults, 15.8 +/- 6.4 pmol/10(7) cells per h (n = 59). No gender or age differences were found. CONCLUSION: The HPLC-based method enables the rapid screening of TPMT activities in large groups of patients treated with 6-thiopurines.

Bone Marrow↗

PubMed1987

Relative and absolute numbers of human lymphocyte subpopulations. A comparison of immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometric methodologies with special reference to precision and reference values.

Lymphocyte subpopulations were determined in blood samples from blood donors (40 women and 45 men) using immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometric methodologies. The study demonstrates the value of both methods for the enumeration of lymphocyte subpopulations. The advantages of employing an automated flow cytometer system are better precision and speed. The automated systems require a large initial technical and financial burden and are therefore probably destined to be reserved for the larger laboratory. There is a need for an adequate lymphocyte standard which shows little variation between aliquots and can be used for interlaboratory comparisons.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Reference values for the concentrations of triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyrotropin in the blood serum of euthyroid children. Method: luminescence-enhanced enzyme immunoassay].

Concentrations of triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyrotropin were determined using the luminescence enhanced enzyme immunoassay method in blood serum of 343 (male = 197, female = 146) euthyroid children. Beyond the newborn age no significant difference was found for the thyrotropin concentration. Compilation of the values resulted in a physiological thyrotropin concentration of 1.73 +/- 0.81 (1s) microU/ml for infants, children and juveniles. In opposition to these results the thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentration showed an age-specific dependence. The thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations (means +/- 1s) decreased continuously from the infant age (TT4: 182.1 +/- 37.7 ng/ml, 234.9 +/- 48.6 nmol/l, TT3: 1.77 +/- 0.57 ng/ml, 2.73 +/- 0.88 nmol/l) to the juvenile age (TT4: 77.9 +/- 14.3 ng/ml, 100.5 +/- 18.4 nmol/l, TT3: 1.25 +/- 0.31 ng/ml, 1.93 +/- 0.48 nmol/l). The luminescence enhanced enzyme immunoassay technique is suitable for use in the routine thyroid laboratory.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Cord blood levels of potentially neurotoxic pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls, lead and cadmium) in the areas of Prague (Czech Republic) and Katowice (Poland). Comparison with reference values in The Netherlands. The Czech/Polish/Dutch/German Research Team.

In a preliminary study the levels of four non-planar polychlorinated biphenyls congeners (118, 138, 153 and 180), and of the toxic metals lead and cadmium, and their antagonist selenium and zinc were measured in cord blood from apparently healthy neonates from the region of Prague and Upper Silezia (Katowice). These "background" levels were compared with similar values from neonates in the Netherlands. It was found that the levels of three PCB congeners (138, 153 and 180) were significantly higher in the Prague samples than in the Netherlands; but in the Katowice group they were significantly lower. In Upper Silezia (Katowice) the values of the metals lead and cadmium, and in Prague those of cadmium and selenium were significantly higher than in the Netherlands. The importance of these findings is discussed. It is argued that neurotoxic effects of perinatal exposure can be expected to be more prominent in Central Europe than in Western European countries. A more thorough study is indicated and will be undertaken by a joint Czech/Polish/Dutch/German research group.

Cadmium↗

PubMed1998

Reference values for height and weight in Prader-Willi syndrome based on 315 patients.

UNLABELLED: The spontaneous growth of 315 patients (109 girls and 208 boys) with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) was analysed in a mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional manner. 33 patients were seen in the department between 1970 and 1994; height and weight of 76 patients from Germany were evaluated by means of a questionnaire with detailed measuring instructions, and 206 definite cases were added from the literature. Mean ( SD) length of newborn babies with PWS was 50.2+/-2.8 cm (145 boys) and 48.9 3.3 cm (79 girls). Mean weight at birth was 2945 570 g in boys and 2782+/-594 g in girls. During the 1st year, the children's growth was nearly normal, thereafter short stature was present in approximately 50% of PWS patients. Between 3 and 13 years of age, the 50th percentile for height in PWS is roughly identical with the 3rd percentile in healthy controls. Body weight was normal for all boys and girls during the first 2 years. Thereafter, a rapid weight gain occurred; after an age of 10 years weight-for-height index in nearly all patients exceeded the normal range. The extent of pubertal growth was reduced for the group. Mean adult height was 161.6+/-8.1 cm (23 males) and 150.2+/-5.5 cm (21 females). Head circumference for age was normal for boys and girls. CONCLUSION: Reference data on spontaneous development of growth and weight gain of children with Prader-Willi syndrome are described allowing a better counselling of patients and parents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

[Evaluation of the usefulness of a serodiagnosis kit, the determiner TBGL antibody for tuberculosis: setting reference value].

The determiner TBGL antibody developed by Kyowa-Medex co., ltd. is a new serodiagnostic kit for tuberculosis. To set cut-off point suitable for the kit, TBGL antibody titer of serum from healthy subjects were analyzed in relation to age, sex, previous and family history on tuberculosis. Based on results of healthy subjects, cut-off point was set by using several analytical methods. We propose 2U/ml as a cut-off point for screening of patients with tuberculosis considering the diagnostic efficiency by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis and 4U/ml for diagnosis of tuberculosis, which was determined by parametric method considering its specificity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Spinal-evoked potentials and spinal conduction velocity of the cat: reference values.

Spinal conduction velocities of the fastest afferent fibers of the spinal cord were calculated from the onset latencies of averaged evoked responses elicited by stimulation of the tibial nerve sensory afferent fibers and were recorded at various sites on the spinal cord. Locations for stimulation and recording electrodes were identified. Waveforms, mean amplitudes, and duration of the evoked spinal potentials were described. The mean conduction velocity of the spinal cord afferents at T12-T13 was 74.25 m/s with a SD of +/- 9.81 m/s. The mean conduction velocity of the spinal cord afferents, determined at the cisterna magna, was 80.66 m/s with a SD of +/- 11.50 m/s. This is a slight increase over the spinal conduction velocity at T12-T13 (P = 0.05).

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Metal and metalloid multi-elementary ICP-MS validation in whole blood, plasma, urine and hair. Reference values.

Four multi-elementary metal and metalloid quantification methods using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were developed and validated in human whole blood, plasma, urine and hair by means of a single preparation procedure for each sample. The ICP-MS measurements were performed using a Thermo Elemental X7CCT series and PlasmaLab software without a dynamic reaction cell. With this procedure 27-32 elements can be simultaneously quantified in biological matrices: Li, Be, B, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Ba, W, Pt, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, U. Whole blood, plasma and urine samples (0.4 ml each) were diluted with purified water, acid, triton X100 and butanol. Rhodium was used as internal standard. The urine sample results were corrected for enzymatic creatinine determination. Twenty-five milligrams hair samples were acid mineralized after a decontamination procedure and diluted as previously described for biological fluids. To be validated, each element had to show linearity with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.99. The intra-assay and inter-assay inaccuracy, measured as the variation coefficient, were below 5 and 10% respectively. Global performance was assessed by a quality control program. Our laboratory is a registered participant of the Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (Sainte-Foy, Canada) inter-laboratory comparison program for whole blood, urine, and beard hair of non-occupationally exposed individuals spiked with selected elements. In our study multi-element metal and metalloid analysis was assessed for 27 elements in whole blood, 27 elements in plasma, 30 elements in urine and 32 elements in hair, from 0 to 25, or 250 to 1000 ng/ml, depending on the element. Quantification limits ranged from 0.002 ng/ml (U) to 8.1 ng/ml (Al) for whole blood, from 0.002 ng/ml (U) to 7.7 ng/ml (Al) for plasma, from 0.001 ng/ml (U) to 2.2 ng/ml (Se) for urine, and from 0.2 pg/mg (Tl) to 0.5 ng/mg (B) for hair. Normal values were determined in whole blood (n=100), plasma (n=100), urine (n=100), and hair (n=45) of healthy volunteers, leading to approximately 10,000 analyses. All results are presented and discussed. Clinical toxicology and forensic toxicology applications are also reported. ICP-MS has made significant advances in the field of clinical biology, particularly in toxicological analysis. This is due to the use of extremely effective equipment that permits better clinical and forensic toxicological analysis of metal and metalloid status of each individual patient.

Aged↗

PubMed1976

[Enzyme activities in serum of rabbits and rats-reference values and circadian alterations. Serum enzymes and factors that influence their activity,I (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].

The activities of aspartate transminase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine transminase (EC 2.6.1.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) leucine arylamidase (EC 3.4.1.1), aldolase (EC 4.1.2), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.38) and cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) were measured in serum of male rabbits and albino Wistar rats in dlplicate by means of microliter techniques. Furthermore, the diurnal alterations of enzyme activity were established in 8--10 animals of both species. Aspartate transaminase activity in the serum of rats was found to be significantly higher than in the serum of humans and rabbits, and essentially lower alkaline phosphatase values were obtained from the serum of rabbits in comparison with those found for the serum of humans and rats. Relatively high acid phosphatase and aldolase values as well as a very low cholinesterase activity were found in the serum of rabbits and rats. The mean malate dehydrogenase-activity was found to be twice as high as the mean lactate dehydrogenase, which is the contrary of the situation found in human serum. No significant diural alterations of the examined enzyme activities were established. The differences found between the animal and the human enzyme activities in serum are explained by species-determined peculiarities of metabolism or specific enzyme configuration.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed1992

Reference values of tests for the assessment of mutagenic activity.

The determination of mutagenic activity in biological media aims at detecting the exposure to mutagenic chemicals, or to chemicals transformed by the organism into mutagenic metabolites. Mutagenic activity is detected by various short-term tests which rely upon the interaction of the chemical with the DNA of, bacteria, Drosophila or mammalian cells. The urinary fluctuation test has been particularly useful in determining mutagenic activity in the urine of subjects exposed to low concentrations of suspected genotoxic chemicals. The assay procedure itself is relatively simple, the data, however, should be carefully evaluated in relation to the attributes of the donor, bearing in mind the confounding variables related to life-style, diet, occupation and drug intake.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Reference values of chromium urine in the population residing in Lombardy].

The accurate determination of Cr in normal human urine still presents a considerable challenge, connected to its very low content, supposedly about 1 ppb. The analytical data obtaining from many Authors varying between 0.3 microgram/day and 150 micrograms/day. The question now arises which data picture the true Cr content of normal human urine. To this purpose we have determined the content of total urinary chromium in 310 healthy individuals (170 male, 140 female) resident in Lombardy (Italy). A mean urinary Cr concentration of 0.59 +/- 0.26 ppb was obtained. The levels of urinary chromium tended to be higher in males than in females and to decrease with age.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

M-mode echocardiographic reference values in cats in the first three months of life.

Thirty-five young cats were studied by echocardiography from the 2nd to 12th weeks of life to analyze correlation between body weight, body surface area, age and heart rate with fourteen echocardiographic parameters. There was a positive linear correlation (r = 0.49-0.78) between the independent variables (body weight, body surface area, age) and left ventricular wall thickness and diameter, aortic diameter and left atrial diameter, whereas there was a negative correlation (r = -0.39 and r = -0.43) between the heart rate and left ventricular diameter during systole and diastole. No linear dependence of the fractional shortening, ejection fraction, percentage thickening of the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall, LA/AO ratio, and the ratio IVSED/LVWED to the independent variables was observed.

Aging↗