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Results for “Simulation Training”

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PubMedDate not supplied

Temporary amnesia induced by cold anesthesia and hypoxia in Drosophila.

Memory consolidation in Drosophila was investigated using cold anesthesia- and hypoxia-induced amnesia. Individual flies were operantly trained to avoid the specific flight orientations with respect to the landmarks surrounding them when paired with heat reinforcement at a flight simulator. Cold anesthesia, introduced immediately after training, exerted a significantly diminishing effect on memory between 15 and 150 min after training. Hypoxia delivered immediately after training had a significantly diminishing effect on memory between 30 and 150 min after training. In addition, cold anesthesia disrupted memory only when introduced within the first 20 min, while hypoxia worked only when delivered within the first 2 min after training. When interpreted in the context of a four-phase model of memory consolidation, the results suggest that 1) cold anesthesia disrupts both short-term memory (STM) and anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM), 2) hypoxia disrupts ARM specifically, 3) both of them leave long-term memory (LTM) intact, and 4) LTM may be independent of availability of STM and ARM in flies.

Amnesia↗

PubMed1999

Parasympathetic modulation of sinoatrial node pacemaker activity in rabbit heart: a unifying model.

We have extended our compartmental model [Am. J. Physiol. 266 (Cell Physiol. 35): C832-C852, 1994] of the single rabbit sinoatrial node (SAN) cell so that it can simulate cellular responses to bath applications of ACh and isoprenaline as well as the effects of neuronally released ACh. The model employs three different types of muscarinic receptors to explain the variety of responses observed in mammalian cardiac pacemaking cells subjected to vagal stimulation. The response of greatest interest is the ACh-sensitive change in cycle length that is not accompanied by a change in action potential duration or repolarization or hyperpolarization of the maximum diastolic potential. In this case, an ACh-sensitive K+ current is not involved. Membrane hyperpolarization occurs in response to much higher levels of vagal stimulation, and this response is also mimicked by the model. Here, an ACh-sensitive K+ current is involved. The well-known phase-resetting response of the SAN cell to single and periodically applied vagal bursts of impulses is also simulated in the presence and absence of the beta-agonist isoprenaline. Finally, the responses of the SAN cell to longer continuous trains of periodic vagal stimulation are simulated, and this can result in the complete cessation of pacemaking. Therefore, this model is 1) applicable over the full range of intensity and pattern of vagal input and 2) can offer biophysically based explanations for many of the phenomena associated with the autonomic control of cardiac pacemaking.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1997

Physiological response of 5/1 intermittent aerobic exercise and its relationship to 5 km endurance performance.

A great number of specialists and coaches believe that conventional laboratory measurements lack specificity and that more practical testing should be instituted. The majority of studies have addressed this issue by looking at the relationship between physiological variables and time trials (TT). However, few have examined the pertinence of standardized aerobic interval training (AIT) programs to a simulated race performance or time trial. We studied 23 athletes (runners and multi-sport) to determine if their performance on the track during regular strenuous intermittent workouts would be associated with the 5000 m TT. The 3 interval track workouts each totalling 4800 m with a work to rest ratio of about 5 to 1, consisted of either 12 x 400 m (15 s rest), 6 x 800 m (30 s rest) or 3 x 1600 m (60 s rest) and performed at maximal cruising speed (maxCS). Correlation coefficients between the 400, 800, 1600 m workouts and 5000 m TT were not significantly higher (0.90, 0.95, 0.93) than those for VO2max (0.84) or maximal aerobic speed (0.85). When considering only the work interval, the mean %HRmax for the AIT and TT were accomplished respectively at 97.5 and 97.3 for the runners and 95.9 and 95.7 for the multi-sport athletes. In conclusion, our results indicate that the AIT programs performed with brief rest periods during normal training periods are as capable of predicting 5000 m race performance as are laboratory measurements. Also, within the limit of this study, the 6 x 800 m (30 s rest) AIT workout seems to be a very efficient and specific manner to simulate a competitive endurance performance.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Transformation of sensory signals into commands for saccadic eye movements: a neural network study.

A biological plausible neural network which simulated the input-output transformation performed by primates during saccadic eye movements is constructed using a selective attention module and multi-layered neural networks with improved back propagation and a competitive learning algorithm. Simulation results show that the trained model can make fine saccades directed by the target. Representations and processing mechanisms in the saccade system are investigated. The features of most hidden units resemble those that have been observed in physiological recordings of neurons in primates visual cortex. The hidden layer even developed structures similar to those of area 7a.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2004

Dynamic simulation of FES-cycling: influence of individual parameters.

Cycling by means of functional electrical simulation (FES) is an attractive training method for spinal cord injured (SCI) subjects. FES-cycling performance is influenced by a number of parameters like seating position, physiological parameters, conditions of surface stimulation, and pedaling rate. The objective of this paper was the determination of the influence of the most important parameters on optimal muscle stimulation patterns and power output of FES-cycling on a noncircular pedal path. The rider-cycle system was modeled as a planar articulated rigid body linkage on which the muscle forces are applied via joint moments and implemented into a forward dynamic simulation of FES-cycling. For model validation, the generated drive torques that are predicted by the simulation were compared to measurements with an individual paraplegic subject. Then, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the influences of the most important parameters for surface stimulation of gluteus maximus, quadriceps, hamstrings, and peroneus reflex. The results show how optimal stimulation patterns and the expected mean active power output can be estimated based on measured individual parameters and adjusted geometry and stimulation parameters for a particular SCI-subject. This can considerably improve FES-cycling performance and relieve the patients by shortening the time that is necessary for experimental adaptation of the stimulation patterns.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Interactions between exposure to hypoxia and the training-induced autonomic adaptations in a "live high-train low" session.

The autonomic and cardiovascular adaptations to hypoxia are opposite to those resulting from aerobic training. We investigated (1) whether exposure to hypoxia in a live high-train low (LHTL) session limits the autonomic and cardiovascular adaptations to training, and (2) whether such interactions remain 15 days after the end of the LHTL. Eighteen national swimmers trained for 13 days at 1,200 m, living (16 h day(-1)) either at 1,200 m (live low-train low, LLTL) or at a simulated height of 2,500-3,000 m (LHTL). Subjects were investigated at 1,200 m before and at the end of the training session, and after the following 15 days of sea-level training. Cardiovascular parameters and the autonomic control assessed by spectral analysis of R-R and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) variability were obtained in the resting supine position and in response to an orthostatic test. At the end of the 13-day training, resting heart rate (HR) and sympathetic modulation on heart decreased in LLTL (-10.1% and -25.4%, P<0.01, respectively) but not in LHTL (-5.8, -15.5%, respectively). Total peripheral resistance (TPR) and DBP became higher in LHTL than in LLTL (P<0.05). Stroke index decreased in both groups during the tilt test, counteracted by an increase in HR and sympathetic modulation to the heart and vasculature, and a decrease in vagal modulation to the heart. After the following 15-day sea-level training, differences in TPR and DBP between groups disappeared. During an LHTL session, adaptations to hypoxia interacted with the autonomic and cardiovascular adaptations to training. However, these interactions did not limit the adaptations to the following sea-level training.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Skill improvement during emergency response to terrorism training.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the individual and team skills acquired from an interactive training program to prepare emergency personnel to respond to terrorist acts. METHODS: We developed a 16-hour, two-day, multimedia- and simulation-enhanced course that places learners in realistic situations using the equipment required to respond to various chemical, biologic, radiologic, and explosive acts of terrorism. Small-group sessions and drills were conducted. Errors in skill performance were corrected immediately, and then skills were repeated to achieve mastery. Participants included emergency medical technicians, paramedics, nurses, and physicians. Team performance was assessed over four successive scenarios using a 100-mm visual analog scale. Individual learner skill acquisition was assessed with precourse and postcourse evaluation of selected skills in a randomized sampling of consenting learners. RESULTS: Nearly all teams achieved mastery of the required skills by the second assessment rotation. Individual learners demonstrated significant gains in the ability to emergently don personal protective equipment and administer a nerve agent antidote kit. CONCLUSIONS: An interactive, simulation-enhanced curriculum of terrorism response training for emergency responders can produce significant, quantifiable individual and team skill gain. Future studies should further address performance benchmarks for these newly acquired skills.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Determination of face validity for the Simbionix LAP mentor virtual reality training module.

This study determines the expert and referent face validity of LAP Mentor, the first procedural virtual-reality (VR) trainer. After a hands-on introduction to the simulator a questionnaire was administered to 49 participants (21 expert laparoscopists and 28 novices). There was a consensus on LAP Mentor being a valid training model for basic skills training and the procedural training of laparoscopic cholecystectomies. As 88% of respondents saw training on this simulator as effective and 96% experienced this training as fun it will likely be accepted in the surgical curriculum by both experts and trainees. Further validation of the system is required to determine whether its performance concurs with these favourable expectations.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed2003

[Educational effects on radiological technology students of programs using a simulated aged person and hemiplegia patient].

A practical training program that enabled students to experience an aged person and hemiplegia patient was developed as part of the "Practice Program in Medical Imaging Technology," to help the students understand how to support patients in the X-ray examination setting. Eighty-three third-year radiological technology students participated in the program. During the hour-long course, they experienced a simulated program that contained various checkpoints. The students pointed out the difficulty patients had in going up and down stairs (51.8%) and their feelings of uneasiness and fear of blindness (36.1%). As a result of this practical training program, the students increased their understanding of how to support patients slated for X-ray examinations. However, certain problems became clear, such as students' insufficient experience and lack of practical guidance in supporting aged patients and those with hemiplegia at the time of X-ray examinations. This information will helpful for improving similar training programs to be held in the future.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Real-time simulation of tissue deformation for the nasal endoscopy simulator (NES).

Endonasal sinus surgery requires a great amount of training before it can be adequately performed. The complicated anatomy involved, the proximity of relevant structures, and the variability of the anatomy due to inborn or iatrogenic variations make several complications possible. Today, cadaver dissections are the "gold standard" for surgical training. To overcome the drawbacks of traditional training methods, the Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics is currently developing a highly interactive medical simulation system for nasal endoscopy and endonasal sinus surgery, in cooperation with the Mainz University Hospital. For the simulation of a rhinoscopic procedure, not only are the realization of the 3D interaction and the geometric representation of the anatomical structures necessary, but also a real-time simulation of the deformation behavior constrained by the instrument collisions. The challenge is to close the gap between a maximal degree of realism and the required real-time conditions.

Cadaver↗

PubMed1986

Fatigue in isometric contraction in a single muscle fibre: a compartmental calcium ion flow model.

Fatigue in muscle is a complex biological phenomenon which has so far eluded a definite explanation. Many biochemical and physiological models have been suggested in the literature to account for the decrement in the ability of muscle to sustain a given level of force for a long time. Some of these models have been critically analysed in this paper and are shown to be not able to explain all the experimental observations. A new compartmental model based on the intracellular calcium ion movement in muscle is proposed to study the mechanical responses of a muscle fibre. Computer simulation is performed to obtain model responses in isometric contraction to an impulse and a train of stimuli of long duration. The simulated curves have been compared with experimentally observed mechanical responses of the semitendinosus muscle fibre of Rana pipiens. The comparison of computed and observed responses indicates that the proposed calcium ion model indeed accounts very well for the muscle fatigue.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Virtual environments. Surgical simulation in otolaryngology.

Advanced technology in the form of computer-generated surgical simulation has tremendous potential as an adjunctive training aid to residents in training and experienced surgeons. This article explores the state-of-the-art in surgical simulation for otolaryngologists and future directions in this area.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed2002

A laboratory evaluation of an auditory display designed to enhance intraoperative monitoring.

UNLABELLED: Encouraged by the popularity of the pulse oximeter pulse-tone, we developed and tested an auditory display of six physiologic variables. The display consisted of a cardiovascular sound triggered by every heartbeat (conveying heart rate) and a respiratory sound triggered by every breath (conveying respiratory rate). Attributes of the cardiovascular sound were modulated to convey hemoglobin saturation and blood pressure, and those of the respiratory sound were modulated to denote end-tidal CO(2) and tidal volume. Three display formats (auditory, visual, and combined) were compared. Fourteen anesthesia residents monitored dynamic displays of 6 variables to detect and identify 6 predefined events during 21 trials. An event occurred during each trial and the subject's task was to detect when it started and then identify the type of event. Subjects detected every event. They detected events more rapidly with the combined display (10.4 s) than with the visual (12.8 s) or auditory (13.0 s) displays. Subjects correctly identified events least often with the auditory display (60% versus visual 88% and combined 80%). They correctly identified events more quickly with the combined display than with the visual display. We conclude that, with little training, clinicians can successfully detect and identify simulated clinical events using an auditory display of six variables. IMPLICATIONS: We developed and tested an auditory display of multivariable clinical data. With little training, clinicians successfully used the display to detect and diagnose simulated critical events. This suggests that a multivariable auditory display could enhance intraoperative monitoring.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Simulating prosopagnosia through a lesion of lateral connections in a feed-forward neural network.

We show that particular features of prosopagnosic impairment can be simulated by a connectionist model trained with an unsupervised learning procedure. In particular we describe a Kohonen's neural network which is able to correctly recognize and categorize a series of digitized pictures of faces when learning is characterized by certain parameter values, but which shows a prosopagnosic behavior when lateral connections are lesioned. We discuss the relationship between this result and some neurophysiological hypotheses about prosopagnosia.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1998

SONOSim3D: a multimedia system for sonography simulation and education with an extensible case database.

This paper addresses the problem of sonography education and training. A method and software package for ultrasound simulation are presented. The latter is based on standard PC technology and allows graphical interaction with a virtual patient and transducer. The most essential component is an extensible case database with various cases from different clinical disciplines. A case consists mainly of a 3D image dataset, sonographically acquired from a patient or a healthy subject. It represents an anatomical region which may be investigated. Furthermore, a method for the geometric registration of the data volume of a new case with the model of the virtual patient is described. This enables the arbitrary extension of the case database.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1994

Virtual reality and laparoscopic surgery.

The nature of laparoscopic surgery makes it likely to benefit from current and future developments in virtual reality and telepresence technology. High-definition screens, three-dimensional sensory feedback and remote dextrous manipulation will be the next major developments in laparoscopic surgery. Simulators may be used in surgical training and in the evaluation of surgical capability.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1997

Efficient Training of Recurrent Neural Network with Time Delays.

Training recurrent neural networks to perform certain tasks is known to be difficult. The possibility of adding synaptic delays to the network properties makes the training task more difficult. However, the disadvantage of tough training procedure is diminished by the improved network performance. During our research of training neural networks with time delays we encountered a robust method for accomplishing the training task. The method is based on adaptive simulated annealing algorithm (ASA) which was found to be superior to other training algorithms. It requires no tuning and is fast enough to enable training to be held on low end platforms such as personal computers. The implementation of the algorithm is presented over a set of typical benchmark tests of training recurrent neural networks with time delays. Copyright 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1993

Consumer assessment of interview skills in a family practice certification examination.

BACKGROUND: In New Zealand, the family practice certification examination includes an assessment that uses simulated patients. In 1990, for the first time, consumers participated in evaluating the performance of examinees in the simulated-patient section of the examination. METHODS: The consumer examiners and medically trained examiners observed the candidates during interactions with simulated patients. The consumers, medical examiners, and simulated patients independently scored the candidates' performances. One hundred and nine examination candidates participated in two simulations each, and the scoring behavior of each rater was compared. RESULTS: Consumer and medical examiners showed significant differences in their scoring behaviors, disagreeing on whether the candidate should pass or fail in 7.8% of interviews. In comparing the scores given by consumers, medical examiners, and the simulated patients, low inter-observer correlations were noted. CONCLUSION: Medical personnel, consumer observers, and simulated patients all provide a different perspective on the communication skills of physicians.

Certification↗