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PubMed1996

Sex differences in neuroanatomical and clinical correlations in schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate sex differences in relationships between brain and behavior in schizophrenia. METHOD: Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and whole brain volumes were obtained from magnetic resonance images of 91 patients with schizophrenia (54 men and 37 women) and 114 healthy comparison subjects (62 men and 52 women). Four independent symptom scales, based on the following symptom clusters, were derived from clinical data: negative, disorganization, Schneiderian hallucinations-delusions, and suspicion-hostility. Regression analyses incorporating the four clinical scales and neuroanatomical volumes were performed to investigate possible interactions between brain region and sex. RESULTS: Significant interactive effects of sex and frontal lobe volume were found in regression analyses of the disorganization and suspicion-hostility symptom scales. In men, higher frontal lobe volume was associated with milder severity of disorganization but was not correlated with severity of suspicion-hostility. In women, higher frontal lobe volume was associated with more severe disorganization as well as more severe suspicion-hostility. No associations were found between brain volume and severity of negative or Schneiderian symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Differences between male and female patients were observed in the relationships between frontal lobe volume and two of the four clinical dimensions examined. These findings suggest that aspects of the neuropathological basis for some symptoms of schizophrenia may be sexually dimorphic.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

A study of homicide: the validity of predictive test factors.

This study is a retrospective comparison of the psychological test findings within four groups, including 61 murderers, 42 assaulters, 71 perpetrators of theft, and 24 unemployed non-criminal controls. Psychological test findings did not discriminate very well among these groups. Some purported hostility scales, such as the Elizur Hostility Scale, the DeVos Hostility Scale, and Megargee's Overcontrolled-Hostility Scale, did not discriminate at all. The 16 Personality-Factor Questionnaire was particularly unhelpful, rating all four groups as having above-average emotional stability, One must conclude that individual psychological test factors are of little value in predicting violent behaviour. Further research is being undertaken to separate the murder group into motivational sub-categories.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Effects of sex and type of humor on humor appreciation.

Examined humor appreciation of cartoons as a function of sex of subject and type of humor. Four broad types of humor were presented: sexual-exploitative, sexual-nonexploitative, nonsexual-hostile, and nonsexual-nonhostile. Sexual-nonexploitative humor was rated as funnier than the other three types but nonsexual-nonhostile humor was given a more positive overall rating than the other types. Relative to males, females gave greater ratings of hostility to the cartoons and rated them less positively. Correlational analyses further suggested that females were not as affected as males by variations in sexuality, exploitation, and hostility. For males, greater ratings of sexuality were associated with greater funniness ratings while the reverse was true for greater ratings of hostility. Possible interpretations of these data were discussed.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

The relationship of internalized racism to body fat distribution and insulin resistance among African adolescent youth.

This study examined the relationship of internalized racism (INR) and hostility to body fat distribution and insulin resistance in black adolescent children age 14-16 years on the Caribbean island of Barbados. Questionnaire data on psychosocial variables and anthropometric measurements, together with a fasting blood sample, were obtained from 53 low-birthweight and 119 normal-birthweight adolescents. Insulin resistance was calculated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Spearman correlation analyses showed that both INR (r = 0.244) and hostility (r = 0.204) were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with waist circumference in girls but not boys. Among girls, age- and birthweight-adjusted mean levels of BMI and waist circumference were greater for those with high levels of INR and hostility compared to those with low levels of both variables. In multiple logistic regression analyses, a high INR remained independently associated [odds ratio = 3.30 (95% CI = 1.30-8.36); p = 0.012] with having an elevated HOMA value in models that included age, income, birthweight, hostility, physical activity and family history of diabetes. The results of the current study show that the positive relationship between INR and metabolic health risk seen in African-Caribbean adults also exists in African Caribbean adolescent youth independent of birthweight.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Neuropsychiatric abnormalities in primary Sjögren's syndrome.

Neuropsychiatric abnormalities were searched for in 52 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). 40 patients were evaluated with a detailed neurologic history and physical examination and determination of terminal latencies and nerve conduction velocities of all limbs. Nineteen of them, plus another 12 primary SS patients were evaluated for hostility structure and psychiatric symptoms, using the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ) and the Symptoms Check List-90R (SCL-90R) respectively and the results were compared with those of 33 healthy women and 41 cancer patients. Three patients had face numbness and/or hypesthesia indicating trigeminal involvement. Ten had mild sensory or mixed neuropathy of the glove-stocking type. None of our patients volunteered peripheral nervous system (PNS) symptoms nor did we detect central nervous system (CNS) involvement in any of them. One patient with purpura, glomerulonephritis and cryoglobulinemia presented with severe mononeuritis multiplex. High levels of introverted hostility were reported by SS patients in relation to the other two groups. In addition, higher scores on paranoid ideation, somatization and obsessive compulsiveness were found in SS patients compared to the rest but no correlation was found between psychiatric symptomatology and neurologic abnormalities. It is suggested that PNS disease is relatively common and benign in most primary SS patients, psychiatric disorders, sometimes serious, are also common, but CNS involvement must be rather rare.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

The medical examiner in war.

Loss of human life is one of the tragic costs of war. While combat deaths are expected, non-combat deaths during a military operation often come as a surprise to military planners and the public. During operation Desert Storm, all United States deaths related to the Gulf War were classified according to circumstances as either hostile or non-hostile. We reviewed all deaths classified as non-hostile during Operation Desert Storm, from January 16, 1991 through April 17, 1991. These deaths were compared with the death recorded for all Armed Forces personnel during a recent year (fiscal year 1989) in which there was no hostile activity. The emphasis is on cause and manner of death. Representative cases are briefly discussed.

Accidents↗

PubMed1993

An attributional intervention to reduce peer-directed aggression among African-American boys.

An attributional intervention was designed to reduce aggressive males' tendency to attribute hostile intentions to peers following ambiguously caused peer provocations. African-American elementary school boys (N = 101), aggressive and nonaggressive, were randomly assigned to the attributional intervention, an attention training program, or a no-treatment control group. Data were collected on subjects' attributions about hypothetical and laboratory simulations of peer provocation, disciplinary referrals to the school office, and teacher ratings of aggressive behavior. Aggressive subjects in the attributional intervention were less likely to presume hostile intent by peers in hypothetical and laboratory simulations of ambiguous provocation. They were also less likely to endorse hostile retaliation on judgment measures and to engage in verbally hostile behaviors in the laboratory task. Further, intervention subjects were rated as less aggressive by their teachers following the treatment. Both the benefits of attributional change and its limitations in the African-American population are discussed.

Achievement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Viewing of horror and violence videos by adolescence. A study of speech samples of video consumers with the Gottschalk-Gleser Speech Content analysis].

In 1990 pupils of different schools in Württemberg were interviewed about their television and video consumption. It turned out that a high percentage of mainly male pupils of Hauptschulen (upper division of elementary schools) and special schools excessively and regularly consumed films which were on the index (X-rated) or seized depicting horror and violence. Subsequent to the inquiry through questionnaires and different personality tests, speech samples of 51 test persons were recorded on tape. 5 speech samples had to be excluded from further investigation since they contained less than 70 words. The transcribed and anonymized records were examined according to the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis of verbal behavior, and two groups of so-called seldom lookers (n = 22) and frequent lookers (n = 24) were compared to each other. The frequent lookers significantly often reported about film contents which presumably means that their imagination is more restricted and less productive than that of the other group. In addition, this group of frequent lookers had significantly higher scores concerning death anxiety and guilt anxiety. With regard to hostility affects, their scores were also significantly raised concerning outward-overt hostility, outward-covert hostility, and ambivalent hostility. Probably the group of frequent lookers comprised more test persons with relationship disorders, with borderline risks, dissocial personality features, and problems to cope with their aggressiveness. So they show on the one hand a raised affinity to watch such films, but simultaneously unconscious and conscious learning processes take place which stimulate further aggressive fantasies (and possibly also actions).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Correlations among maternal rejection, dropping out of school, and drug use in adolescents: a pilot study.

Rejection and hostility scores of mothers whose sons had dropped out of school and of mothers whose sons were in good standing academically formed non-overlapping distributions. All mothers of drop-outs had higher hostility and rejection scores than mothers whose sons were doing well academically. Scores of mothers whose sons were still in school, but who were experiencing academic problems, fell midway between these two groups and were significantly different from both. Maternal rejection and hostility also correlated significantly with drug use. Possible causal linkages among these phenomena and clinical and preventive implications were discussed briefly.

Achievement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pre-existing diabetics: relationship between glycemic control and emotional status in pregnancy.

Due to the paucity of information regarding the emotional status of pregnant diabetic women, we sought to determine the impact of pre-existing diabetes on the relation between the level of glycemic control and emotional well-being during pregnancy. English-speaking women with pre-existing diabetes mellitus (N = 100) and nondiabetic controls (N = 132) were compared for maternal characteristics and test results on the Profile of Mood States-Bipolar form. It is a 72-item, self-administered Likert scale measuring six bipolar subjective mood states representing both positive and negative aspects. Patients were stratified according to level of glycemic control. The number of glucose determinations were categorized as: mild and severe hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, and normoglycemia. An Average Mood Disturbance score was calculated to measure the level of association between the total psychological profile and categories of glucose determinations. In two of the six subscales (hostility and anxiety) of the Profile of Mood States, significantly lower scores indicating greater hostility and anxiety were found in the diabetic group. The level of glycemic control was not adversely associated with the emotional state of pre-existing diabetic pregnant women. The psychological profile was not associated with the severity of the disease as reflected by the diabetes classification. Pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes display greater anxiety and hostility in comparison to nondiabetic women with no association to level of glycemic control. This issue should be addressed in the medical and psychosocial health assessment of these women.

Affect↗

PubMed1976

Internal-external locus of control and guilt.

This study examined the relationship between internal-external locus of control and guilt. Ss were 65 male and 137 college undergraduates who completed the Rotter I-E scale and the Mosher Hostility and Morality-Conscience Guilt Scales. Results demonstrated that internals reported a higher degree of hostility guilt than externals. Also, females expressed greater hostility and morality-conscience guilt than males.

Conscience↗

PubMed1991

Predicting schizophrenia outcome with self-report measures of family interaction.

This study is based on 18 patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia who currently were living with one or both parents. Patients and parents completed several questionnaire, including the Parental Bonding Index (PBI), the Family Environment Scale (FES), the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ), and the Brief Symptoms Inventory. Observer ratings of patients' symptoms also were made. Outcome was predicted best by patients' ratings of mothers on the PBI and by mothers' scores on the HDHQ Criticism of Others scale. Other significant outcome predictors were the number of previous admissions to hospital, patients' scores on the HDHQ Projected Hostility scale and the FES Expressiveness scale, and fathers' scores on the FES Achievement-Orientation scale.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Child-rearing attitudes and cardiovascular risk among children: moderating influence of parental socioeconomic status.

BACKGROUND: We examined associations of parental socioeconomic status (SES) and hostile maternal child-rearing attitudes with the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) precursors in children. METHODS: The participants were 210 randomly selected healthy boys and girls who participated in the epidemiological Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study and who were 3, 6, and 9 years of age at the three study phases. Hostile maternal child-rearing attitudes were self-rated by the mothers. SES consisted of the years of education of the parents and family income. The IRS comprised serum insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and body mass index. RESULTS: Among boys, low parental SES and strict maternal discipline were associated with heightened somatic risk. Among girls, parental SES moderated the association between maternal child-rearing attitudes and somatic risk so that belonging to a high-SES family seemed to protect the girls against the adverse health effects of hostile mothering. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the psychosocial environment is differentially related to girls' and boys' somatic risk. It is concluded that belonging to high social class may buffer against childhood stress, while belonging to low social class may enhance vulnerability to stressors in childhood.

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed1986

Situational social problem-solving skills and self-esteem of aggressive and nonaggressive boys.

This study was designed to assess specific social problem-solving, perceived competence, and self-esteem characteristics of 20 aggressive and 18 nonaggressive boys. Significant behavioral differences existed between the groups. The problem-solving measure provided for qualitative assessment of specific problem solutions that children consider, varying according to the interpersonal context of conflicts with peers, teachers, and parents and to the level of others' intent in conflicts (ambiguous frustration and hostile provocation). In univariate analyses, aggressive children had poorer self-esteem, generated fewer verbal assertion solutions in peer conflicts and during hostile frustration, and employed more direct action solutions with teachers and during hostile frustration. Discriminant analyses significantly differentiated the two groups. Findings indicated that future research should consider the relative distribution of specific kinds of problem situations that children produce, and that situational factors in social problem-solving skills should be addressed.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1991

Types of aggressiveness and catecholamine response in essential hypertensives and healthy controls.

Relationships between plasma catecholamine responses, and levels and types of aggression in hyper- and normotensives were investigated by analyses of data obtained in a large psychophysiological experiment on 97 hypertensives (EH) and 98 normotensives (CO) each. Subjects were divided according to levels (high vs low) and types (repressed vs manifest) of aggressiveness according to self rating questionnaire scores. Their plasma catecholamine responses to defined stressors indicating sympathetic arousability were compared by four factor analyses of covariance adjusting for age. Repressed aggression was significantly more frequent among male EH, whereas manifest aggression was significantly more frequent among the male COs. High as compared to low hostility was associated with significantly elevated values of plasma epinephrine in EH but not in CO. The immediate norepinephrine stress response was blunted but showed a delayed increase during the subsequent period of rest in high aggressives of both the EH and CO group, a pattern particularly pronounced in repressed aggressive hypertensives. Neither cardiovascular reactions nor speed of performance were observed to be substantially different in subjects of repressed and of manifest hostility. It was concluded that aggression in general is characterized by a delayed norepinephrine stress response and that an association with high epinephrine is typical for aggressiveness in hypertensives. Repressed hostility, however, does not produce a sympathomedullary pattern substantially different from that of manifest aggression thus casting doubt on the physiological significance of repression claimed by Alexander.

Aggression↗

PubMed1996

The relationship of Type A behavior and its components to all-cause mortality in an elderly subgroup of men from the Western Collaborative Group Study.

This study examined prospectively the relationship of Type A behavior and its components to all-cause mortality in 1,118 men (age 60 to 86) who participated in a 27-year follow-up examination of the Western Collaborative Group Study. Global Type A/B behavior was assessed in these subjects using a modified version of the Structured Interview. Additional psychological data that related to this construct were obtained from self-report questionnaires. The relationship of these data, controlling for other biological risk factors, to 6-year all-cause mortality was investigated by means of a tree-structured survival analysis (TSSA). Using age, Type A behavior, Cook-Medley hostility, ever smoking, and cancer status at follow-up, TSSA identified 6 subgroups that differed in survival rates and associated risk factor profiles. The most favorable survival was experienced by 2 subgroups, one composed of older Type A subjects who scored the lowest on anger-hostility and depression, the other consisting entirely of Type B subjects who had never smoked. The worst survival was experienced by subjects with diagnosed cancer at the 27-year follow-up, and intermediate survival rates were experienced by 3 subgroups that differed markedly on age, smoking, Type A/B behavior, and Cook-Medley hostility. The present study is the first to characterize Type A's with favorable and unfavorable survival rates among the elderly.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Social information processing in mild mentally retarded children.

This study examined the social information processing (SIP) skills of mild mentally retarded (MR) children using Dodge's model. Six sets of pictures depicting provocation situations were used to elicit measures of accuracy of interpretation to accidental and hostile cues, attribution of ambiguous cues, and hostile and nonhostile behavior responses to all three types of cues. MR children were compared to nonretarded groups matched for chronological age (CA-matched) and mental age (MA-matched) on these variables. Compared to both nonretarded groups, the MR group was less accurate in interpretation of accidental cues and more hostile in their responses to the ambiguous cues. The latter finding remained even after partialing out externalizing behavior problems. The results are discussed in terms of factors associated with SIP skills, and the assessment and treatment of MR children.

Aggression↗

PubMed2003

Can personality traits predict pathological responses to audiovisual stimulation?

The "Pockemon shock" is the most famous accident in the history of the broadcasting industry in Japan. Based on the experiences of this unfortunate accident from famous animation program "Pocket Monster", this study focused on the psychology and psychosomatics of the patients. A head-mounted display was used as the three-dimensional image presentation device and "Descent", a free software shooting game, was used as the software. Ten healthy adult male volunteers were used in this experiment after obtaining their informed consent. The oxygen metabolic change in the anterior lobe of the brain was measured by near infrared spectroscopy and recorded on an electrocardiogram. The mental scaling tendency of the object was analyzed using the type A behavior pattern and the hostility scaling. The Cook and Medley hostility (HO) scale from the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) was also used in this experiment. From this scaling methodology, the paranoid scale, cynicism scale, lie scale, social support quality and social support quantity were calculated. All measured time series data were kept in the normal range, and no fatal arrhythmia or epilepsy were observed during experiments. In some cases, the brain oxygen metabolism may completely differ for the objects of Type A and Type B behavior patterns. On the whole, correlation did not become significant in type A scaling and hostility scaling. In a comparison of the percent changes of the HF in HRV with lie scaling, significant negative correlation was observed. The social support quantity was calculated from Cook and Medley, and significant negative correlations were observed with percent changes of LF/HF in HRV. The lie scale and social support quantity are opposite scaling. The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system have an opposite function also. Therefore, our results showed an interesting phenomenon, when considering the relationship between the autonomic function and the pathophysiological reaction to the audiovisual stimulations. As for the photo sensitive epilepsy, it was reported to be only 5-10% for all patients. Therefore, 90% or more of the cause could not be determined in patients who started a morbid response. The results in this study suggest that the autonomic function was connected to the mental tendency of the objects. By examining such directivity, it is expected that subjects, which show morbid reaction to an audiovisual stimulation, can be screened beforehand.

Acoustic Stimulation↗