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PubMed2002

Coping with the stress of parental depression: parents' reports of children's coping, emotional, and behavioral problems.

Examined children's coping and involuntary responses to the stress of living with a depressed parent in relation to their symptoms of anxiety/depression and aggression. Sixty-six clinically depressed adults rated their children's (ages 7 to 17 years old; N = 101) coping and involuntary responses to parental stressors and anxiety/depressive and aggressive behavior symptoms. Based on parent report, children of depressed parents had high rates of symptoms of anxiety/depression and aggression, were exposed to moderate levels of parental stressors (parental intrusiveness, parental withdrawal), and responded to the stress of living with a depressed parent in ways that were associated with symptoms of psychopathology. Children's use of secondary control coping (e.g., positive thinking, acceptance, distraction) was associated with fewer anxiety/depression and aggression symptoms. In contrast, involuntary engagement responses (e.g., rumination, intrusive thoughts) were associated with more anxiety/depression and aggression symptoms. Path analyses revealed that a model in which secondary control coping and involuntary engagement stress responses mediated the relation between family stressors and child symptoms provided the best fit with the data. Implications of these findings for developing interventions for children to reduce the risk of psychopathology are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence of behavioral problems in school going children.

The study was conducted on 957 school children using Rutter B scale which was to be completed by the class teachers in Ludhiana, India. One hundred and forty-one children (14.6%) scored more than 9 points and were included in the second part of the study. An equal number of sex matched children scoring less than 9 points served as controls. Both these groups were called for an interview with a child psychiatrist along with their parents. Only 117 and 124 children turned up and were included in the analysis. Based on the screening instrument results and parental interview, 45.6% of the children were estimated to have behavioural problems, of which 36.5% had significant problems. It was noticed that neither the screening instrument nor the interview was able to detect all the problems. Scholastic under-achievement was found to be associated with maximum problems. Scholastic under-achievement can be a useful starting point of identifying children with behavioural problems. Close cooperation between school teachers, parents, and health care providers is essential to ensure healthy development of children.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Overflow movements and behavior problems: scoring and using a modification of Fogs' test.

This study attempted to produce a simple, scorable test of neurological function and to see whether, in the absence of obvious central nervous system disease, the neurological impairments so defined were related to psychiatric disorders. 138 children aged between seven and 11 years from four schools undertook a standardised test based on the Fogs' test. Those who performed poorly on the test had a higher frequency of behaviour problems, motor inco-ordination and adverse perinatal events. Children with any kind of behaviour problem had more difficulty with the test than those without, but hyperactive children did worse than antisocial children. The strength of the statistical association between behaviour problems and functional neurological impairment varied with the social circumstances of the children. Neurological impairment was found more frequently among behaviour-problem children from suburban schools than those from inner-city schools. It appears that a degree of dysfunction lying between brain damage and normal variation places children at higher risk for the development of behaviour problems. Such dysfunction, together with psychosocial disadvantage, may be important aetiological factors in behaviour disorders during childhood.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1997

Management of geriatric behavior problems.

Agitation has many causes, and we have no way of classifying it that dictates the choice of the right agents or methods of treatment. It is also difficult to judge the effectiveness of any method. Because agitation is an intermittent phenomenon one can seldom be certain if improvement or worsening is merely incidental to the form of treatment instituted. The complexity of behavior disturbances demands an approach that enlists the cooperation of all involved in the care of the patient, and the use of a broad range of remedies. With regard to prevention, we should help people anticipate infirmity and even dementia. If good health is not taken for granted, this encourages that the present be used more purposefully. More than ever before in history, it is important to plan for the last stages of life. A greater percentage of people can expect to live into the years of frailty than ever before. It may not seem like an attractive thing to do, but a periodic mental review of one's future may be prudent. The consequences of a lack of foresight are seen in too many elderly. A small dose of reality now can result in a better old age.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Behavioral problems and scholastic adjustment among Bedouin-Arab children from polygamous and monogamous marital family structures: some developmental considerations.

Families in the Bedouin-Arab community in Israel are characterized by monogamous and polygamous marriages. Such diversity in family structure occurs in other parts of the world, yet scant empirical evidence exists to refute or to support the claim that polygamous family structure can be a risk factor for children's school maladjustment and negative developmental outcomes. The purpose of the current study was to test this claim. Participants were 255 3rd-grade children from the Negev Bedouin community in Israel. One hundred fifty-three children came from monogamous families that were characterized by 1 wife (i.e., 1-wife families), and 102 children came from polygamous families consisting of 2 wives (i.e., 2-wife families). Teachers completed the Teacher's Report Form of the Child Behavior Checklist (T. M. Achenback, 1991b). A series of logistic regression analyses, after adjusting for maternal education level, revealed that 2-wife children tended to have higher levels of externalizing problems in general and higher levels of attention problems in particular than did their 1-wife counterparts. Also, 2-wife children had higher rates of school absenteeism and lower levels of overall academic achievement than did 1-wife children. Implications for the Bedouin society are discussed.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1982

Psychosocial aspects of constitutional short stature: social competence, behavior problems, self-esteem, and family functioning.

To determine the psychosocial effects of short stature, we administered a battery of psychologic tests to 24 children (ages 6 to 12 years) with constitutional short stature. Their results were compared to those of a group of 23 healthy children with normal stature matched for age, IQ, sex, and socioeconomic status. The short children had significantly higher scores on parental ratings of behavioral difficulties, especially somatic complaints, social withdrawal, and schizoidal tendencies. There were also indications of impaired self-concept as expressed by feelings of unpopularity and dissatisfaction. Parental responses suggested a tendency to set less clear limits on behavior, but not necessarily toward overprotectiveness. Parents of short children also gave responses indicating poorer communication and cooperation among family members. In contrast to recent studies of growth hormone-deficient children, in which no maladjustment surfaced, these results indicate that children with constitutional delay have characteristic behavioral difficulties.

Body Height↗
PubMed1995

Borderline personality disorder. Interpersonal and behavioral problems that sabotage treatment success.

Patients with borderline personality disorder may be the most psychologically challenging patients a primary care physician ever encounters. Early diagnosis is important to avoid interpersonal enmeshment and personalization in dealings with these patients, who often appear intact initially. The acronym PISIA is useful in recalling the major characteristics of the disorder: psychotic episodes, impulsivity, superficially intact social adaptation, interpersonal-relationship problems, and affective disorders. Specific techniques (eg, setting limits, separating medical and psychological issues, consulting a psychiatrist to determine a psychotropic drug regimen) promote effective treatment of these difficult patients.

Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Predictors of outcome for children with behavior problems served in public mental health.

This study investigated whether pervasiveness of problems across settings predicted successful reduction of impairment in school, home, and interactions with others after controlling for other variables that may be stronger predictors. The data of 4,434 youths between the ages of 7 and 17 years in public mental health services in Michigan were examined employing logistic regressions, with 4 sets of predictors, as follows: demographic characteristics, risk factors, therapist's perception of impairment in the youth's caregiving environment, and pervasiveness of the youth's problems. The results indicated that pervasiveness of problems was the strongest predictor of poor outcomes for each domain. In addition, impaired caregiving environment, previous hospitalization for psychiatric or substance use problems, and placement out-of-home were also negatively associated with successful outcome. The implications of the findings for practice and research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Etiologies of associations between childhood sleep and behavioral problems in a large twin sample.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the etiologies of covariation of childhood sleep problems and other behavioral/emotional problems in young children. METHOD: The parents of more than 6,000 twin pairs provided information on their twins' anxiety, conduct, and hyperactivity at ages 3, 4, and 7 by completing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Information on sleep problems was obtained at age 3/4. RESULTS: Phenotypic correlations in preschool years between sleep problems and anxiety, conduct, and hyperactivity ranged from 0.17 to 0.22. These correlations were largely due to shared environmental factors (0.72-0.96) and less to heredity (0.05-0.26) and nonshared environment (0.00-0.06). Sleep problems at age 3/4 years predicted at age 7 years anxiety (beta =.12, p <.001), conduct problems (beta =.09, p <.001), and hyperactivity (beta =.07, p <.001), after accounting for stability of these problems. These predictive associations were also mainly mediated by shared environment (0.16-0.91), although genetic (0.02-0.84) and nonshared environmental (-0.03-0.09) factors were also influential. CONCLUSIONS: The modest associations between early sleep problems and later behavioral/emotional problems are largely accounted for by common psychosocial risk factors. Further research on which specific risks may mediate these connections is needed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Were adolescent sexual offenders children with sexual behavior problems?

This article compares responses of three groups of incarcerated adolescents who admitted to sexual offending in an anonymous survey project on measures of trauma, sexual offending, the relationship between trauma and perpetration, and adjudication status. The first group admitted to sexual offending before the age of 12 only (n = 48), the second after the age of 12 only (n = 130), and the third before and after the age of 12 (n = 65). More than 46% of the sexually aggressive adolescents began their deviant behaviors before the age of 12. Level and complexity of perpetration acts were more severe for the continuous offenders than for the other groups. Victimization and perpetration were significantly correlated for all three groups. This study supports a social learning hypothesis for the development of sexual offending by adolescents. Implications for research and clinical practice are drawn.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Screening for developmental and behavioral problems.

Early detection of developmental and behavioral/mental health problems is greatly facilitated when quality instruments are deployed. This article describes how to identify accurate measures and presents standards for screening tests. Included is a table delineating accurate tools for primary care: typically those relying on information from parents (e.g., PEDS, ASQ, PSC, etc.) as well as measures useful in settings where providers have more time and skill at eliciting behaviors from children (e.g., Brigance screens). Screening measures should be used in the context of developmental surveillance; the longitudinal process of incorporating professional observations into decision-making about children's developmental needs.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Bidirectional effects of expressed emotion and behavior problems and symptoms in adolescents and adults with autism.

Expressed emotion measures the emotional climate of the family and is predictive of symptom levels in a range of medical and psychiatric conditions. This study extends the investigation of the effects of expressed emotion to families of individuals with autism. A sample of 149 mothers co-residing with their adolescent or adult child with autism over an 18-month period was drawn from a large multiwave longitudinal study. High expressed emotion was related to increased levels of maladaptive behavior and more severe symptoms of autism over time. Also, characteristics of the son or daughter influenced levels of maternal expressed emotion over time. Although autism is a complex genetic disorder, the effect of the family environment in shaping the behavioral phenotype should not be underestimated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Parent reports of child behavior problems: bias in participation.

This paper compares the characteristics of 274 children whose parents agreed to provide information about their children's functioning in research with children whose parents did not. Parents had provided permission for child participation in school-approved research. Measures included self-, peer, teacher, and parent ratings. Parents of minority children were less likely to participate than parents of nonminority children. Among nonminorities, children of parent participants were viewed as more socially skilled and liked by their peers; teachers rated them as having less attention problems, less depression, and better academic skills than children of nonparticipating parents. Among minorities, no differences emerged. Implications for research involving the use of parent ratings are discussed.

Achievement↗