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PubMed1984

Effects of spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism on serum thyroid hormone concentrations in the dog.

Serum thyroid hormone concentrations were evaluated in 124 dogs with untreated spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism either by measuring basal thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations (102 dogs) or by assessing the T4 response to exogenous thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) administration (22 dogs). Reduced basal serum concentrations of T4 and of T3 were found in 58 (57%) and 53 (52%), respectively, of the 102 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism; of these, 42 dogs had low values for both T4 and T3, 16 had decreased T4 concentrations alone, and 11 had only decreased T3 concentrations. In 20 dogs that had basal serum thyroid hormone concentrations determined before and after control of hyperadrenocorticism, mean concentrations of both T4 and T3 increased significantly (P less than 0.05). Serum T4 and T3 concentrations normalized in all but 1 of the 20 dogs. In the 22 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism given TSH, mean serum concentrations of T4 at both basal and post-TSH administration times were significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) compared with the results obtained in 18 normal dogs. Nevertheless, a significant increase (P less than 0.001) in mean T4 concentration occurred in these dogs; T4 concentrations after TSH was given were at least 2-fold greater than basal values. The T4 response to exogenous TSH was less in the 13 dogs with low basal T4 concentrations than in the 9 dogs that had resting T4 values within the normal range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenalectomy↗

PubMed1983

Nitrosonapthol test for screening of small intestinal diarrheal disease in the dog.

The nitrosonapthol test, which qualitatively measures urinary excretion of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and related compounds, was evaluated as a screening test for small intestinal disease in 60 dogs with chronic diarrhea. Test results were positive in 8 of 13 dogs with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, in 8 of 12 dogs with small intestinal malabsorption, in 2 of 17 dogs with colitis, and in all of 14 dogs with normal gut function and in which the specific cause of diarrhea was not determined. Test results were negative in 4 dogs with functional (stress-induced) diarrhea and in 25 clinically normal dogs. Thus, the test results were positive in 30 of 39 (77%) dogs with confirmed small intestinal or pancreatic disease or in which small intestinal disease was the most likely diagnosis, and in only 2 of 21 (9.5%) dogs with large intestinal disease (P less than 0.001). In human medicine, positive test results have been associated with bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. Accordingly, antibiotics were administered orally to 8 of the dogs with diarrhea of undetermined cause. In all treated dogs, antibiotic therapy resulted in improvement in fecal consistency, decreased frequency of defecation, and a change from a positive to a less strongly positive or negative reaction to the nitrosonapthol test. These findings suggested that the nitrosonapthol test is useful in the discrimination of small intestinal from large intestinal diarrhea and as a guide to the use of oral antibiotic therapy in dogs with chronic diarrhea of undetermined cause.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Parvovirus enteritis in vaccinated juvenile bush dogs.

Parvovirus enteritis developed in 10 of 17 vaccinated juvenile bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) from 4 litters in a 5-month period. Nine dogs died. The first outbreak involved 6 of 9 bush dogs from 2 litters. Each had been vaccinated with a killed feline-origin parvovirus vaccine at 11 and 14 weeks of age. The 6 affected dogs became ill at 29 weeks of age and died. The second outbreak involved a litter of 6 bush dogs. Each had been vaccinated every 2 weeks starting at 5 weeks of age. Two were isolated from the colony at 16 weeks of age for treatment of foot sores. Three of the 4 nonisolated dogs developed parvovirus enteritis at 20 weeks of age; 2 died at 6 and 8 days, respectively, after onset of signs. The 3rd outbreak involved a litter of 2 bush dogs. Both had been vaccinated every 2 to 3 weeks, starting at 6 weeks of age. One of these dogs became ill at 17 weeks and died 13 days later. A litter of 6 maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and a litter of 3 bush dogs were isolated from their parent colonies at 13 and 15 weeks of age, respectively. Each animal had been vaccinated weekly, beginning at 8 weeks of age, using an inactivated canine-origin parvovirus vaccine. None of the isolated animals developed the disease. Serologic testing during isolation did not reveal protective titers (greater than or equal to 1:80) against canine parvovirus in the bush dogs until they were 23 weeks old, whereas protective titers developed in the maned wolves when they were 14 to 18 weeks old. One hand-raised bush dog was vaccinated weekly, beginning at 8 weeks of age, and a protective titer developed by 21 weeks of age. It was concluded that the juvenile bush dogs went through a period during which maternal antibodies interfered with immunization, yet did not protect against the disease. When the pups were isolated from the colony during this period, then vaccinated repeatedly until protective titers developed, the disease was prevented.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Relation of antibody-coated urine bacteria to the site(s) of infection in experimental dogs.

Antibody-coated bacteria tests, using fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-canine immunoglobulin (Ig)G and anti-IgA, were conducted on 77 specimens of bladder urine obtained by antepubic cystocentesis from 25 dogs with urinary tract infections. Urine specimens from 3 dogs infected with Staphylococcus aureus were tested a total of 27 times, specimens from 10 dogs infected with Escherichia coli were tested 25 times, urine from 6 dogs infected with Proteus mirabilis was sampled and tested 18 times, urine from 3 dogs with Klebsiella pneumoniae was sampled and tested 4 times, and specimens from 3 dogs infected with P rettgeri, Enterobacter cloacae, or Streptococcus faecalis were tested once each. Specimens of urine from the renal pelves of each dogs were obtained by percutaneous nephropyelocentesis at the same time as the specimens of bladder urine. The results of bacterial cultures of these specimens were compared with the results of the corresponding antibody-coated bacteria tests. False-positive results (ie, evidence of antibody coating of bladder urine bacteria but no bacterial growth from corresponding renal pelvis urine specimens) were obtained in 13 of 22 (59%) tests of dogs infected with S aureus, 12 of 13 (92%) tests in dogs infected with P mirabiis, 5 of 18(28%) tests in dogs infected with E coli, and 1 of 4 (25%) tests in dogs infected with K pneumoniae. False-negative results (ie, bacterial growth from renal pelvis urine specimens but no evidence of antibody coating of bacteria in the corresponding specimen of bladder urine) occurred in 5 of 7 (71%) specimens infected with E coli, in 4 of 5 (80%) specimens infected with P mirabilis, and in 5 of 5 (100%) specimens infected with S aureus. It was concluded that the antibody-coated bacteria test does not provide accurate information to support the diagnosis of pyelonephritis in the dog.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Some effects of sarcoptic mange on dogs.

Sequential changes in pathology were examined for scabies-infested dogs to determine the effects of infestation with Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis. During 8 wk of infestation with S. scabiei, the progression of the disease was evaluated weekly by skin scrape, clinical examination, and blood analyses. At 8 wk, selected organs were microscopically examined for histopathology. All infested dogs developed an advanced level of scabies infestation by 8 wk. Of the 36 blood parameters evaluated, only values for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) deviated significantly from the normal ranges for dogs. However, infested dogs had significantly (P < 0.01) lower average hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations after 8 wk of infestation compared to their values prior to infestation or to the values for the control dogs. Red blood cell levels for infested dogs dropped significantly (P < 0.01) from preinfestation concentrations by week 8. Conversely, by 8 wk total white blood cell and neutrophil concentrations were significantly (P < 0.01) greater than uninfested controls. Also, whereas average eosinophil concentrations were not statistically different for infested dogs compared to controls, some individual infested dogs exhibited eosinophilia at 4-8 wk of infestation. The ESRs for infested dogs were significantly (P < 0.01) greater at week 6 and 8 than for experimental dogs prior to infestation or control dogs. All parameters except neutrophils had returned to preinfestation levels by 2 wk after treatment for scabies. Neutrophil concentrations were no longer significantly different by 4 wk posttreatment. There were no significant differences in serum enzyme, biochemical and electrolyte concentrations between infested and control dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine normal adrenal gland size by means of ultrasonography in dogs and to determine the value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) in dogs. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. ANIMALS: 62 dogs: 20 healthy dogs, 20 dogs with non-endocrine disease, and 22 dogs with untreated PDH. PROCEDURE: Length and maximum and minimum diameter of the adrenal glands were measured ultrasonographically. Multiple regression and correlation analyses were used to determine whether body weight, kidney length, aortic diameter, or age was related to adrenal gland size. Two-tailed t-tests and multiple linear regression analysis were used to compare values between groups. Sensitivity and specificity of using ultrasonographic measurement of adrenal gland size as a diagnostic test for PDH were determined. RESULTS: There was a significant linear relationship between adrenal gland length, but not maximum and minimum diameters, and body weight, aortic diameter, and kidney length in healthy dogs and in dogs with nonendocrine diseases. Length, maximum diameter, and minimum diameter of the right adrenal gland and maximum and minimum diameters of the left adrenal gland were significantly greater in dogs with PDH than in healthy dogs and dogs with nonendocrine diseases. As a diagnostic test for PDH, ultrasonographic measurement of maximum or minimum diameter of the left adrenal gland gave the best combination of sensitivity and specificity. For maximum diameter of the left adrenal gland, sensitivity was 77% and specificity was 80%. For minimum diameter of the left adrenal gland, sensitivity was 73% and specificity was 85%. CLINICAL IMPLICATION: Ultrasonography of the adrenal glands is a valuable diagnostic procedure in dogs suspected of having pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1994

Evaluation of prognostic factors for dogs with synovial sarcoma: 36 cases (1986-1991).

Medical records of 36 dogs with synovial sarcoma confirmed by microscopic examination of H&E-stained sections of tissue were selected for retrospective analysis from dogs admitted between 1986 and 1991 to participating institutions of the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group. Metastasis was evident at the time of diagnosis in 8 (22%) dogs, and 15 (41%) dogs ultimately developed metastatic tumors. Median survival time for all dogs, as determined by life-table analysis, was 17 months. For dogs that were subsequently treated and became tumor free, the median disease-free interval was 30 months. Nine dogs had previously had localized excision attempted, but all had recurrence of the tumor locally (median, 4.5 months). Of 29 dogs that underwent amputation, including the 9 with localized recurrence, 2 had tumor recurrence on the amputation stump. Most dogs had survival time and disease-free interval of > 36 months after amputation. Four dogs that had received chemotherapy for tumors of advanced clinical stages did not respond to treatment. One dog that had received locally applied radiotherapy after localized excision did not have evidence of tumor recurrence 2 years after radiotherapy. Clinical stage, histologic grade, and a positive result for tests that used cytokeratin immunohistochemical staining significantly (P < 0.05) influenced survival time and disease-free interval. Analysis of data for the study reported here suggested that histologic criteria can be an excellent predictor of dogs that are likely to have tumor recurrence after amputation and that would most likely benefit from aggressive treatment with adjuvants.

Amputation, Surgical↗

PubMed1995

Results of surgery and doxorubicin chemotherapy in dogs with osteosarcoma.

Thirty-five dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma were treated with 5 doses of doxorubicin (30 mg/m2 of body surface, i.v., every 2 weeks). Surgical excision of the primary tumor was performed 13 days after the second (n = 18) or third (n = 17) treatment, and the subsequent doxorubicin treatment was given the day following surgery. Resected tumors were evaluated histologically to determine response to preoperative chemotherapy (ie, percentage of the tumor that was necrotic). Survival data for the 35 dogs were compared with survival data for a historical control group, consisting of 162 dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma treated by amputation alone. Administration of doxorubicin at 2 week intervals was well tolerated. Three dogs were alive and did not have evidence of disease at the time of reporting. Of the remaining 32 dogs, 3 died or were euthanatized because of cardiomyopathy presumably caused by doxorubicin; 1 died suddenly 116 weeks after initiation of treatment; and the remaining 28 were euthanatized because of problems documented to be related to distant metastases. Thirteen dogs (40.6%) were euthanatized because of pulmonary metastases, 10 dogs (31.3%) were euthanatized because of bone metastases, and 5 dogs (15.6%) were euthanatized because of metastases in other sites. The proportion of dogs euthanatized because of bone metastases was significantly (P < 0.001) higher for the study group than for the control group. Median survival time for the 35 dogs that received doxorubicin was estimated to be 52.3 weeks, and 1- and 2-year survival rates were estimated to be 50.5 and 9.7%, respectively. Survival time was significantly (P < 0.0001) longer for these dogs than for control dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amputation, Surgical↗

PubMed1994

Evaluation of mitoxantrone for the treatment of lymphoma in dogs.

Mitoxantrone was administered to 74 dogs with lymphoma at a dosage of 5.0 mg/m2 of body surface, IV, every 3 weeks. Thirty-four dogs had failed to respond to prior treatment with chemotherapeutic agents, which included doxorubicin (33 dogs). The remaining 40 dogs had not received prior treatment. Complete remission was determined in 19 of 74 dogs (26%), 10 of which had not received prior treatment. The median duration of remission for these 10 dogs was 94 days (range, 49 to 440 days, with 2 dogs still alive at 370 and 440 days, respectively). Nine dogs that had received prior treatment had complete remission that lasted for a median of 126 days (range, 42 to 792 days, with 1 dog still alive at 792 days). The combined remission rate (complete remission plus partial remission) was 41%. Toxicosis was minimal, developing in only 9 dogs and requiring hospitalization of 2 dogs. We concluded that the complete remission rate ascertained when mitoxantrone was the only treatment administered was low, compared with treatments that involved other chemotherapeutic agents; however, the combined remission rate of 41% indicated that mitoxantrone may be beneficial in the treatment of lymphoma in dogs.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Primary parathyroid gland hyperplasia in dogs: six cases (1982-1991).

Persistent hypercalcemia attributable to parathyroid gland hyperplasia was identified in 6 dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical signs included polydipsia (n = 4), polyuria (n = 4), and signs caused by cystic calculi (n = 3). Abnormal clinical pathologic findings included hypercalcemia (mean, 13.6 mg/dl; range, 12.6 to 14.7 mg/dl; n = 6), hypophosphatemia (mean, 2.2 mg/dl; range, 1.4 to 2.9 mg/dl; n = 6), high serum alkaline phosphatase activity (mean, 222 IU/L; range, 161 to 286 IU/L; n = 3), and isosthenuria (mean, 1.012; range, 1.006 to 1.017; n = 6). Serum parathyroid hormone concentration was within the reference range or high (mean, 23 pmol/L; range, 7 to 119 pmol/L; reference range, 1.5 to 13 pmol/L) in all dogs. At surgery, the number of large parathyroid glands was variable, being limited to 1 gland in 3 dogs, 2 glands in 2 dogs, and 4 glands in 1 dog. All visibly large parathyroid glands were surgically removed from each dog. Serum calcium concentration decreased into or below the reference range within 72 hours of surgery in all dogs, confirming the diagnosis of primary parathyroid disease. Multiple nodules of adenomatous hyperplasia were identified in each dog. All 6 dogs were treated with vitamin D and calcium carbonate following surgery. The dog from which all 4 parathyroid glands were removed has remained eucalcemic for more than 1 year with vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D and calcium administration was discontinued within 4 to 12 weeks of surgery in the remaining 5 dogs. These dogs remained eucalcemic without vitamin D supplementation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1996

Serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) concentrations after chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in normal and tumor-bearing dogs.

Hematopoiesis is regulated by complex interactions of hematopoietic growth factors known as colony-stimulating factors and interleukins. We used sensitive bioassays to quantitate serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) concentrations in normal and tumor-bearing dogs following administration of myelosuppressive chemotherapy (vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide). Serum G-CSF and IL-1 increased during the neutrophil nadir in 13 of the 16 dogs. Serum G-CSF concentrations were significantly increased in normal and in tumor-bearing dogs on neutropenic compared to non-neutropenic days. Serum IL-1 concentrations increased significantly on neutropenic days in normal dogs but not in tumor-bearing dogs. A marked neutrophilia was observed in normal dogs, but not in tumor-bearing dogs, following the increases in serum G-CSF and IL-1 concentrations (days 7, 8, and 9, p < 0.05). Normal dogs produced significantly more G-CSF on neutropenic days compared to dogs with lymphoma. On non-neutropenic days, serum IL-1 concentrations were significantly increased in dogs with lymphoma and in dogs with nonlymphoid malignancies compared to normal dogs. These results suggest an important role for G-CSF and IL-1 in hematopoietic recovery after chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression and document an altered hematopoietic regulation in animals with malignancy compared to normal subjects.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Epidural administration of bupivacaine, morphine, or their combination for postoperative analgesia in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the analgesic effects of epidural administration of morphine (MOR), bupivacaine hydrochloride (BUP), their combination (COM), and 0.9% sterile NaCl solution (SAL) in dogs undergoing hind limb orthopedic surgeries. DESIGN: Blinded, randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS: 41 healthy dogs admitted for elective orthopedic surgeries involving the pelvis or hind limbs. PROCEDURE: Analgesic and control agents were administered postoperatively prior to recovery from isoflurane anesthesia. Ten dogs received MOR, 0.1 mg/kg of body weight; 10 received BUP, 0.5%, 1 ml/10-cm distance from the occipital protuberance to the lumbosacral space; 11 received COM; and 10 received SAL epidurally. Dogs were monitored for 24 hours after epidural injection for pain score, heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure, time to required administration of supplemental analgesic agent, total number of supplemental doses of analgesic agent required, and plasma concentrations of cortisol, MOR, and BUP. RESULTS: Pain scores were significantly lower in dogs in the COM and BUP groups than in dogs in the SAL group. Pain scores also were significantly lower in dogs in the COM group than in dogs in the MOR group. Time to required administration of supplemental analgesic agent was longer for dogs in the COM group than for dogs in the MOR and SAL groups. Total number of supplemental doses of analgesic agent required was lower for dogs in the BUP and COM groups than for dogs in the SAL group. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Postoperative epidural administration of COM or BUP alone provides longer-lasting analgesia, compared with MOR or SAL.

Acepromazine↗

PubMed1996

Evaluation of ivermectin and milbemycin oxime efficacy against Dirofilaria immitis infections of three and four months' duration in dogs.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of ivermectin (IVM) and milbemycin oxime (MBO) against induced heartworm infection, where monthly treatment is started 3 or 4 months after infection, and to monitor microfilaremia and antigenemia. ANIMALS: 21 heartworm-naive Beagles. PROCEDURES: Each of 21 dogs was given 50 infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis by SC inoculation. One group of 5 dogs served as nonmedicated controls, 2 groups of 5 dogs received IVM at 6 micrograms/kg of body weight or MBO at 500 micrograms/kg for 12 months beginning at postinfection (PI) month 4, and 2 groups of 3 dogs received IVM or MBO for 13 months beginning at PI month 3. Blood collected at intervals not > 1 month beginning at PI month 4 was examined for microfilariae and antigen. Dogs were euthanatized at PI month 16. RESULTS: Adult worm counts, relative to controls, were reduced in the 4-month treatment groups by 95.1 (P < 0.01) and 41.4% for IVM and MBO, respectively. The difference between the IVM and MBO groups was significant (P < 0.01). Live worms were found in all MBO-treated (range, 8 to 27) and control dogs (range, 12 to 39) and in 3 of 5 IVM-treated dogs (range, 2 to 4). In the 3-month treatment groups, worm counts were reduced by 97.7 (P < 0.01) and 96.8% (P < 0.01) for IVM and MBO, respectively. Microfilariae were seen in all control dogs and in only 2 of the 16 treated dogs. The antigen response of MBO-treated dogs in the 4-month treatment group was only slightly weaker than that for control dogs. In all other treated dogs, this response was delayed and weaker. CONCLUSION: Ivermectin is highly (> or = 95%) and significantly more effective than MBO against induced heart-worm infection when 1 year of monthly prophylactic dosing is started 4 months after infection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In some cases of owner compliance failure, monthly administration of IVM gives a high level of protection against young adult heartworms.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa infection in dogs.

Leptospirosis attributed to infection with serovar grippotyphosa was diagnosed in 11 dogs. In naturally and experimentally infected dogs, a stereotypic serologic response to infection with Leptospira serovar grippotyphosa was detected. Although the highest serum antibody titers developed against serovar grippotyphosa, most dogs also had lower titers against serovars bratislava and pomona. Acute renal failure was evident in 10 dogs. One dog died prior to initiation of treatment; the remaining 10 dogs were treated with antibiotics and fluids. Two dogs were euthanatized, 2 dogs recovered without clinical or biochemical evidence of residual renal dysfunction, and 6 dogs recovered but had varying degrees of renal insufficiency. Hepatic involvement appeared to be a minor component of the disease in these dogs. Our results indicate that Leptospira serovar grippotyphosa infection is an important problem in dogs and should be considered when evaluating a dog with renal failure.

Acute Kidney Injury↗

PubMed1996

Cisplatin treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs: 18 cases (1983-1993).

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cisplatin administered at a dosage of 60 mg/m2 of body surface area, IV, every 21 days, would induce remission of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of medical records. ANIMALS: 18 dogs with histologically confirmed transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. PROCEDURE: Clinical staging was performed by means of physical examination, contrast cystography or ultrasonography, and thoracic radiography prior to and 42 days after the initiation of cisplatin treatment. Dogs with clinical signs of tumor progression were reevaluated earlier than 42 days in some instances. Complete remission (CR) was defined as complete resolution of measurable tumor. Partial remission (PR) was defined as a > or = 50% reduction in tumor volume without development of new tumors. Stable disease was defined as < 50% change in tumor volume at 42 days without development of new lesions. Progressive disease (PD) was defined as > or = 50% increase in tumor volume or development of new tumors at any time. Dogs were reevaluated at 42-day intervals until they had a CR, developed PD, or developed unacceptable adverse effects. RESULTS: Three dogs had a PR, 4 had stable disease, and 9 had PD. Tumor response could not be assessed in 2 dogs: 1 dog developed grand mal seizures 3 hours after the first dose of cisplatin was given and was euthanatized; the other dog continued to have clinical signs of urinary tract obstruction and was euthanatized 8 days after the first dose of cisplatin. Four dogs developed renal azotemia that was suspected to be secondary to cisplatin nephrotoxicity. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The cisplatin dosage was higher than that reported in studies of dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Even with this higher dosage, none of the dogs had a CR, and only 3 of 18 had a PR. A more effective, less toxic treatment for transitional cell carcinoma in dogs is needed.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Endotoxemia associated with experimentally induced multiple portosystemic shunts in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To document presence of endotoxin in portal and systemic blood in a model of canine multiple portosystemic shunts (PSS), and compare values in clinically normal dogs, before and after vena caval banding. ANIMALS: 6 control dogs and 10 dogs with dimethylnitrosamine-induced multiple PSS that were subjected to vena caval banding. PROCEDURE: Dimethylnitrosamine was administered orally (2 mg/kg of body weight, twice weekly) to the 10 dogs in the diseased group until multiple PSS developed. Surgery was then performed on all 16 dogs (both groups), and shunts were confirmed in the diseased dogs. Blood was collected from the portal vein, hepatic vein, and caudal vena cava baseline endotoxin determination and aerobic and anaerobic blood culturing. Baseline pressure measurements were taken from the portal venous catheter; then vena caval banding was performed. Blood for endotoxin determinations was taken from all vessels 20, 40, 60, 120, 240, and 360 minutes after banding; portal pressure measurements were taken at the same time as sample acquisition. Blood for culturing was taken from the portal and hepatic venous catheters at 120, 240, and 360 minutes after banding. RESULTS: Dogs in the diseased group had significantly greater overall presence of endotoxin in the portal vein (P < or = 0.0002), hepatic vein (P < or = 0.0001), and caudal vena cava (P < or = 0.0004) than did control dogs. With respect to time, endotoxin presence was greater in the diseased group before banding (P < or = 0.0002), and at 20 (P < or = 0.0008), 40 (P < or = 0.002), 60 (P < or = 0.006), and 120 (P < or = 0.01) minutes after banding. CONCLUSIONS: Endotoxemia is more frequently present in catheterized dogs with dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic disease and multiple PSS, compared with clinically normal dogs. Additionally, portal pressure changes induced by vena caval banding did not affect endotoxemia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Endotoxemia may exist in dogs with hepatic disease and multiple PSS, and should be kept in mind when formulating treatment (particularly antimicrobial selection) for dogs with suspected endotoxemia.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether alterations in carbohydrate metabolism exist in dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies but without evidence of weight loss or cachexia. ANIMALS: 90 dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies and 18 control dogs. PROCEDURE: An intravenous glucose tolerance test was done in 90 dogs with previously untreated nonhematopoietic malignancies and in 18 clinically normal dogs. These dogs also had no evidence of unrelated diseases that would affect glucose metabolism. None of the dogs had evidence of cachexia. Samples were assayed for glucose, lactate, and insulin concentrations. This procedure was repeated for 45 of the tumor-bearing dogs from which all gross evidence of tumor was completely excised and evidence of diseases that would alter carbohydrate metabolism did not exist. RESULTS: The mean of all time points during the intravenous glucose tolerance test (ie, 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes) for lactate (12.9 +/- 6.7 mg/dl) and insulin (69.1 +/- 44.9 microU/ml) concentrations in untreated dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies were significantly higher than values for controls (lactate, 9.7 +/- 4.3 mg/dl; and insulin, 31.7 +/- 11.5 microU/ml). This increase in lactate and insulin values did not return to normal when the dogs were rendered free of all observable evidence of cancer after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Carbohydrate metabolism is altered in dogs with a variety of nonhematopoietic malignancies and these abnormalities do not abate when dogs are rendered free of gross evidence of malignant disease after surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism may result in decreased quality of life and may be associated with the paraneoplastic syndrome, cancer cachexia.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate values in dogs with epilepsy.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate changes in CSF concentrations of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in dogs with confirmed idiopathic epilepsy, and to evaluate them with regard to the clinical characteristics of the sample population and of the seizures. ANIMALS: 13 (8 male and 5 female) drug-naive dogs with an initial generalized seizure, 6 (4 male and 2 female) drug-naive dogs with an initial partial seizure, and 10 clinically normal (5 male and 5 female) control dogs. PROCEDURE: At least 24 hours after the last observed seizure, CSF was collected aseptically from the cisterna cerebellomedullaris, and a portion was immediately aliquoted into vials, placed on dry ice, then stored at -80 C. The CSF glutamate (GLU) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations were estimated by use of HPLC with electrochemical detection. Cerebellomedullary cisternal CSF glutamate and GABA values were analyzed in dogs with noninduced idiopathic epilepsy. Comparisons were determined for differences attributable to weight, sex, age at first seizure, seizure type, and total time of past seizure history. RESULTS: Mean (range) age at onset of the first seizure was 3.33 (0.1 to 11), 3.5 (0.1 to 11), and 3.25 (0.5 to 9) years for all dogs, dogs with initial partial seizure, and dogs with initial generalized seizure, respectively. Low GABA and high GLU values were found in the CSF of epileptic dogs, and were independent of time elapsed between the first observed seizure and CSF sample collection. The GABA value was inversely related to body weight in epileptic dogs, independent of age. Changes in GABA and GLU concentrations were not related to seizure type. CONCLUSIONS: Altered GABA and GLU values in CSF might be indicative of a state of chronic overexcitation in the brain of dogs with primary or idiopathic epilepsy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CSF GABA and GLU may serve as important markers in epileptic dogs for potential response to antiepileptic drugs.

Aging↗