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At least 1,387 records · Page 77Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Sudden behavioral change. Guide to initial evaluation.

Described is an approach to understanding sudden behavioral change that is based on a simplified conceptual model of the functional anatomy of the CNS. The model explores the behavioral correlates of three interrelated CNS functional axes: vertical, lateral, and horizontal.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Subclinical deficit in the memory of chronic alcoholics. Comparison between 2 learning tests].

Normal subjects and chronic alcoholics without clinical evidence of memory disorders have been compared on two tasks of verbal learning of a word list, one administered with the classical procedure and the other with the "selective reminding" technique developed by Bushke. Results showed that the selective reminding technique has the same discriminative power as the classical procedure: both brought out a remarkable learning deficit in chronic alcoholics. The selective reminding procedure is easier to administer and can distinguish between storage and retrieval deficits; it seems therefore preferable for diagnostic purposes. Practical criteria to distinguish a normal from pathologic performance on this test are suggested. Alcoholics were also inferior on Raven Progressive Matrices. The scope of the impairment produced by chronic alcohol consumption is wider than suggested by clinical observations and deserves careful assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[State of short-term memory in dyslexic children].

Thirty children from 7--8 years who were not able to master the technique of reading and 18 normal children from 5--6 year were studied. As a method special tasks were used, characterizing a short-time acoustico-speech and visual-space memory. In 86% of the children with dyslexia there was a drop in the range of acoustico-speech memory, in 63%--of the visual spacial, and in 57%--a combination of both. The author discusses the role of disturbed short-time memory in the pathogenesis of dyslexia.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1995

[A case of pure alexia whose writing ability with eyes closed was superior to that with eyes open].

We compared the writing ability between eyes open (looking at one's writing) and eyes closed (without looking) in a case of pure alexia. The patient is a 84-year-old right handed man who developed pure alexia following an infarction in the distribution of the left posterior cerebral artery. He showed right homonymous hemianopsia, slight memory disorder and slight anomia. He could not read any kinds of letters and words at all though he could categorize letters: Kana (phonograms), Kanji (morphograms) and Arabic numbers, and he could distinguish the real letters from false ones. He could achieve almost 60-70% of Kana and Kanji dictation, though it was not perfect. He was often confused and could not continue writing correct letters once interrupted. He wrote poorly when looking at what he was writing. So we compared the ability of dictation with his eyes closed, and that with his eyes open. We found the former way never caused confusion and got better results, which was statistically significant (Fisher's exact test (p < 0.05)). It seemed that his visual feedback of his own writing rather caused trouble in his writing. Thus we concluded that input (reading) process and output (writing) process work simultaneously and bi-directionally. Slight impairment of writing in pure alexia patients might be caused by the effect of impairment of input (reading) process, which is simultaneously connected with the output (writing) process.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Deficits of cognitive executive functions in patients with sleep apnea syndrome.

Impairment of cognitive executive functions previously has been suspected to occur in association with sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), as suggested by some neuropsychological studies. However, such functions have not been assessed directly. In the present study, 17 patients with SAS were evaluated with various focused frontal lobe-related tests in comparison with 17 normal controls. Such tasks explored attention, short-term memory spans, learning abilities, planning and programming capacities, categorizing activities and verbal fluency. Patients were found to have a significantly decreased ability to initiate new mental processes and to inhibit automatic ones, in conjunction with a tendency for preservative errors. They were also affected with deficits of verbal and visual learning abilities and had reduced memory spans. Such defects were further evaluated via logistic regression against two criteria of the severity of the disease: the number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep and the level of nocturnal hypoxemia. Memory deficits were rather related to the former, whereas typical frontal lobe-related abnormalities seemed rather consistent with the latter. These findings are discussed in light of data from the literature concerning cognitive impairments described for patients with isolated daytime sleepiness versus hypoxemia, as illustrated in other pathological or physiological circumstances.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Primary hyperparathyroidism in patients who have received radiation therapy and in patients who have not received radiation therapy.

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) occurs more frequently in persons who have been exposed to low-dose therapeutic radiation. Little information is available concerning whether or not the clinical, metabolic, and pathologic manifestations, as well as outcome, differ in these patients when compared with patients with sporadic HPT. STUDY DESIGN: Records from 438 unselected patients with primary HPT, who were treated from 1982 to 1993 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients prospectively received a standard questionnaire preoperatively and postoperatively concerning clinical manifestations and a history of radiation exposure. Forty-nine patients had a history of radiation exposure (rHPT), whereas 389 did not have sporadic HPT (sHPT). RESULTS: There was no difference in gender (36 women and 13 men versus 289 women and 100 men) or age (mean of 52 +/- 12 versus 57 +/- 16 years) in patients with rHPT or sHPT. Fatigue, neuropsychiatric disorders, memory loss, nocturia, and polyurea were more common in patients with sHPT (p < 0.05), whereas pain in joints was more common in patients with rHPT (63 versus 52 percent; p < 0.001). Serum calcium levels were similar (11.1 +/- 0.8 versus 11.2 +/- 0.8 mg per dL), but serum parathyroid hormone levels were higher in rHPT (448 +/- 14 percent of upper limit of normal versus 371 +/- 12 percent upper limit of normal). The parathyroid pathology was similar in the two groups (single adenoma 74 versus 72 percent, hyperplasia 14 versus 16 percent, and double adenoma 12 versus 12 percent in rHPT versus sHPT, respectively). Thyroid pathology was more common in the rHPT group (multinodular goiter 27 versus 7 percent and papillary thyroid carcinoma 14 versus 0.3 percent). Seven (1.8 percent) of patients not receiving radiation therapy treated by us had persistent HPT, but no patients receiving or not receiving radiation therapy had recurrent HPT during the follow-up period (six years). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who have HPT after radiation treatment have more thyroid neoplasms but are otherwise quite similar to other patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Elective memory deficiencies and restricted cortical lesions].

60 subjects with restricted cortical lesions, 7 with diffuse cortical disease, 7 with bilateral lesions of the hippocampo-mamillo-thalamic circuit and 36 normal subjects underwent immediate reproduction tests and training tests in the following three categories: audio-verbal, visuo-spatial, gestural. Subjects with lesions of the H.M.T. circuit had normal results in the three immediate reproduction tests and failed in the three training tests. Subjects with diffuse cortical lesions showed pathological results in all the tests. Subjects with restricted cortical lesions showed selective deficiencies in certain tests; there was no systematic connection between failure in the immediate reproduction test and failure in the corresponding training test. The results were analysed having regard to the location of the lesion but also to the symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Antidepressive agents and memory].

It is important that antidepressants, now increasingly used in ambulatory treatment of many patients, should not be detrimental to cognition and memory. It is difficult to assess these effects. One must make a distinction between the direct effects of antidepressants on cognition, related to their intrinsic properties, and indirect effects secondary to mood improvement. The tests used in studies essentially focus on psychomotricity and do not accurately evaluate the effects on cognition itself. Indeed, there are different kinds of memory which would require specific investigations. It has nevertheless been demonstrated that acute administration of sedative antidepressants with a marked anticholinergic component are detrimental to the memory processes. However, following prolonged administration, tolerance may develop within 1 to 3 weeks. Some antidepressants, however, especially serotonergics, do not cause any disturbances of memory. In depressed subjects, it seems that, overall, long-term antidepressant treatment improves cognitive functions. This effect is due to the combination of drug tolerance and of the indirect effects secondary to mood improvement. Elderly subjects appear to be more sensitive to the detrimental effects on memory and they develop drug tolerance more slowly. Lastly, two studies have reported that serotonin re-uptake inhibitors might have beneficial effects on memory disorders secondary to acute or chronic alcohol abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[A case of selective short-term memory disturbance due to a glioma in the left temporo-parietal lobe].

We report a patient with selective short-term memory disturbance caused by a glioma in the left temporal-parietal lobe. The patient was a 40-year-old right-handed housewife who complained of difficulty in memorizing series of numbers. She was working as a car dealer. She was well until 6 months prior to the present admission when she noted a difficulty in memorizing series of numbers such when telephone numbers and car registration numbers. She had to write them down as her customers told them to her. On admission, she was alert and oriented to all spheres. She was mentally sound without dementia. She did not show aphasia, apraxia, or agnosia, except for brief periods of seizures in which she became unable to speech. Neuropsychological examination revealed that she had difficulty in repeating and dictating series of numbers and meaningless kana words. However, she could easily pick up the correct series of numbers or kana words among multiple choices presented visually. Thus it was clear that her problem was not the disturbance of auditory input nor expression, but a selective impairment of short-term memory. She could memorize the same stimuli when visually presented. Therefore, her problem was thought to be a disturbance of auditory short-term memory of meaningless words. After resection of her tumor, she developed transient amnesic aphasia, which improved a year later. She was examined again in her memory function. In the task of visual stimuli, we presented her a card in which a series of numbers or a nonsense syllable was written for 5 seconds and asked her to remember them.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗