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PubMed2006

Association of psychopathic traits and symptomatology with violence in patients with schizophrenia.

The main aim of the current study is to investigate the association of psychopathic traits and symptomatology with violence in male patients with schizophrenia. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) were administered to 35 hospitalized male patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Based on their history of violence, the sample was divided into violent (N = 19) and nonviolent (N = 16) groups. Data were analyzed using parametric, nonparametric and regression analyses. The mean psychopathy and hostility (component of the BPRS) scores were significantly higher for the violent group. Only three patients (16%), all from the violent group, met the diagnostic cutoff for psychopathy (a PCL-R score > or = 30). Regression analyses suggest that both the hostility component of the BPRS and the behavioral component of the PCL-R (Factor 2) are significant predictors of violent behavior in male patients with schizophrenia. However, when the psychopathy scores are high, the probability for violence is already considerable and the level of hostility has only a slight effect. These findings suggest that improvement in illness condition may not reduce the likelihood for violence in male patients with a high psychopathic profile.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Psychological effects of forest environments on healthy adults: Shinrin-yoku (forest-air bathing, walking) as a possible method of stress reduction.

OBJECTIVES: Shinrin-yoku (walking and/or staying in forests in order to promote health) is a major form of relaxation in Japan; however, its effects have yet to be completely clarified. The aims of this study were: (1) to evaluate the psychological effects of shinrin-yoku in a large number of participants; and (2) to identify the factors related to these effects. METHODS: Four hundred and ninety-eight healthy volunteers took part in the study. Surveys were conducted twice in a forest on the same day (forest day) and twice on a control day. Outcome measures were evaluated using the Multiple Mood Scale-Short Form (hostility, depression, boredom, friendliness, wellbeing and liveliness) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory A-State Scale. Statistical analyses were conducted using analysis of variance and multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: Hostility (P<0.001) and depression (P<0.001) scores decreased significantly, and liveliness (P=0.001) scores increased significantly on the forest day compared with the control day. The main effect of environment was also observed with all outcomes except for hostility, and the forest environment was advantageous. Stress levels were shown to be related to the magnitude of the shinrin-yoku effect; the higher the stress level, the greater the effect. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that forest environments are advantageous with respect to acute emotions, especially among those experiencing chronic stress. Accordingly, shinrin-yoku may be employed as a stress reduction method, and forest environments can be viewed as therapeutic landscapes. Therefore, customary shinrin-yoku may help to decrease the risk of psychosocial stress-related diseases, and evaluation of the long-term effects of shinrin-yoku is warranted.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Effects of mental stress on flow-mediated brachial arterial dilation and influence of behavioral factors and hypercholesterolemia in subjects without cardiovascular disease.

Mental and emotional arousal are known to trigger coronary events. The relation between hypercholesterolemia, behavioral factors, and mental stress-induced alterations in endothelial function are not well defined. Flow-mediated brachial arterial vasodilation has been established as a measure of arterial endothelial function. High-resolution ultrasound was used to measure mental stress-mediated, flow-mediated, and the combination of mental stress- and flow-mediated brachial artery dilation in 38 subjects, 20 of whom had total cholesterol levels > or =200 mg/dl. Mental stress was provoked by anger recall and mental arithmetic and trait hostility were assessed using the Cook-Medley scale. Under mental stress, participants with hypercholesterolemia showed less vasodilation than participants without hypercholesterolemia, even after adjustment for age and the magnitude of blood pressure response to mental stress. Mental stress attenuated flow-mediated brachial arterial vasodilation. There was an inverse relation between hostile affect and percent change in brachial artery diameter after mental stress combined with hyperemia (r = -0.57, p <0.001). Thus, hypercholesterolemia is associated with impaired vasodilation in response to mental stress. Mental stress inhibits flow-mediated vasodilation in normal subjects and those with hypercholesterolemia. The magnitude of this inhibition is associated with hostility.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Psychological characteristics of aggressive drivers with and without intermittent explosive disorder.

We compared two groups of aggressive drivers, those who met criteria for Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) (n=10) and comparable aggressive drivers who did not meet IED criteria (n=20), to a group of non-aggressive driving controls (n=20) on measures of psychological distress, anger, hostility, and Type A behavior as well as measures of aggressive driving and driving anger and their driving records. There were few differences between the aggressive drivers with IED and those without IED. The IED positive aggressive drivers endorsed more assaultiveness and resentment as well as more impatience and showed trends to have more hostility and angry temperament. When all aggressive drivers were compared to controls, differences emerged on anxiety, hostility, and anger as well as on measure specific to aggressive driving (competitiveness) and driving anger (at slow drivers and traffic obstructions).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Physical health vulnerability in adult children from divorced and intact families.

OBJECTIVES: The current study evaluated family process variables associated with markers of physical health vulnerability. METHODS: Retrospective reports of parental caring, conflict, and divorce-specific factors were examined in reference to hostility, somatic symptoms, and illness reports in young adults from divorced (n=253) and intact (n=552) families. RESULTS: Contrary to expectations, participants from divorced and intact families were equivalent on all health-related measures. Within the intact group, parental conflict and low parental caring were associated with hostility, somatic symptoms, and illness reports. Within the divorce group, negative feelings about the divorce were associated with higher hostility, somatic complaints, and illness reports. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that parental divorce in itself does not increase long-term vulnerability to physical illness; rather it is the negativity of the experience that is associated with vulnerability. Although overall health markers did not differ, the family process variables associated with physical health risk differed for individuals from divorced versus intact families.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Cognitive, interpersonal, and behavioral predictors of patients' and spouses' depression.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the relationship between five theory-based variables and the severity of depression. The variables were self-concept, self and spouse ascribed hostility, spouses' level of depression, and involvement in home activities. METHODS: Based on DSM-IV criteria and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores, 75 wife-depressed couples and 59 husband-depressed couples were included in the study. In addition to the BDI, both spouses completed questionnaires relating to self-concept, self- and spouse ascribed hostility, and involvement in home activities. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses for male and female patients and spouses revealed that in the four groups self-concept was significantly related to the severity of depression. Irrespective of clinical status, involvement in home activities was significantly associated with the severity of depression of women. The relationship between spouse ascribed hostility and the level of depression of both spouses in husband-depressed couples approached significance so did the relationship between patient's and spouse's level of depression in wife-depressed couples. In husband-depressed couples the association between spouses' level of depression reached significance. CONCLUSIONS: The shared and gender-related predictors of severity of depression support an integrative theoretical approach to depression and offer practical implications.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

History of deliberate self-harm and its association with mood fluctuation.

BACKGROUND: It is known that mental illness is associated with increased suicide risk. It has been postulated that suicidality may be an independent clinical phenomenon and we investigate whether variability of mood may be a mediator of this. METHODS: Fifty-three psychiatric inpatients were assessed on the Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale, once weekly, over a 4-week period. The SCID II was administered to diagnose co-morbid personality disorder. Hostility was measured with the Hostility and Direction of Hostility questionnaire. A Fluctuation Index score was calculated to measure variability of mood. RESULTS: Unadjusted analyses suggested that patients with a history of deliberate self-harm showed greater variability in mood as measured by the fluctuation index (mean difference=13.4; 95% CI=4.3 to 22.6; P=0.005) though this relationship was no longer significant at the 5% level after adjustment (mean difference=13.4; 95% CI=-2.0 to 28.8; P=0.09). LIMITATIONS: There was a high initial dropout rate from the study and a small sample size. A prospective study would have more power in determining the effect of mood fluctuations. CONCLUSIONS: Mood fluctuation may be a useful indicator of risk of deliberate self-harm and attempted suicide.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Plasma interleukin-6 is associated with psychological coronary risk factors: moderation by use of multivitamin supplements.

The current study examined the relation of plasma IL-6 to anger, hostility, and severity of depressive symptoms as a function of multivitamin supplement use in 96 healthy, nonsmoking men (aged 18-46). Plasma IL-6 was independently associated with anger, hostility, and severity of depressive symptoms, as well as with a composite factor score, but only among nonusers. Among users, these associations were not significant. Multivitamin use was associated with lower plasma IL-6 levels, but only among men with high composite factor scores. Statistical adjustments for age, body mass index, resting diastolic blood pressure, fasting total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alcohol use, exercise frequency, and educational level did not alter these results. These data suggest that plasma IL-6 is elevated among healthy men characterized by a propensity for anger, a hostile disposition, and greater severity of depressive symptoms and that multivitamin supplements could ameliorate plasma IL-6 levels among these men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Changes in attribution and expressed emotion among the relatives of patients with schizophrenia.

The study investigated whether reductions in hostility and criticism in the relatives of psychiatric patients would be associated with changes in their beliefs about the causes of the patient's symptoms and negative behaviours. Twenty-six relatives of patients with schizophrenia were assessed both before and after taking part in interventions designed to reduce levels of expressed emotion. Over the course of the interventions there was a general reduction in relatives' criticism and hostility, a shift towards making more universal attributions for patients' negative behaviours and more use of attributions to illness. Reductions in criticism were not related to attributional change, but reductions in hostility were associated with shifts towards more universal and uncontrollable attributions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Parent-adolescent conflict in teenagers with ADHD and ODD.

Eighty-seven male teens (ages 12-18 years) with ADHD/ODD and their parents were compared to 32 male teens and their parents in a community control (CC) group on mother, father, and teen ratings of parent-teen conflict and communication quality, parental self-reports of psychological adjustment, and direct observations of parent-teen problem-solving interactions during a neutral and conflict discussion. Parents and teens in the ADHD/ODD group rated themselves as having significantly more issues involving parent-teen conflict, more anger during these conflict discussions, and more negative communication generally, and used more aggressive conflict tactics with each other than did parents and teens in the CC group. During a neutral discussion, only the ADHD/ODD teens demonstrated more negative behavior. During the conflict discussion, however, the mothers, fathers, and teens in the ADHD/ODD group displayed more negative behavior, and the mothers and teens showed less positive behavior than did participants in the CC group. Differences in conflicts related to sex of parent were evident on only a few measures. Both mother and father self-rated hostility contributed to the level of mother-teen conflict whereas father self-rated hostility and anxiety contributed to father-teen conflict beyond the contribution made by level of teen ODD and ADHD symptoms. Results replicated past studies of mother-child interactions in ADHD/ODD children, extended these results to teens with these disorders, showed that greater conflict also occurs in father-teen interactions, and found that degree of parental hostility, but not ADHD symptoms, further contributed to levels of parent-teen conflict beyond the contribution made by severity of teen ADHD and ODD symptoms.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Psychosocial correlates of incidence of attacks in children with Familial Mediterranean Fever.

This study tested the relationship between psychosocial factors and incidence of Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) attacks. Forty-five children with FMF were studied retrospectively. Parents assessed their child's hostility, perceived-control, illness-behavior encouragement (IBE), family dysfunction, and reported number of attacks during the last 12 months. Hostility was positively correlated with number of attacks, especially in children below age 10 and in girls. Family dysfunction was positively correlated with attacks in girls and in children at or above age 10. IBE was inversely correlated with attacks in older children. In children below age 10, number of siblings was positively correlated with attacks, and negatively correlated with attacks in the older group. Psychosocial factors explained 27% of the variability in attacks, after controlling for age and number of siblings, with hostility remaining the only significant predictor of attacks. These findings, if replicated in a prospective study, may guide interventions for preventing FMF attacks.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

The aggression questionnaire.

A new questionnaire on aggression was constructed. Replicated factor analyses yielded 4 scales: Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, Anger, and Hostility. Correlational analysis revealed that anger is the bridge between both physical and verbal aggression and hostility. The scales showed internal consistency and stability over time. Men scored slightly higher on Verbal Aggression and Hostility and much higher on Physical Aggression. There was no sex difference for Anger. The various scales correlated differently with various personality traits. Scale scores correlated with peer nominations of the various kinds of aggression. These findings suggest the need to assess not only overall aggression but also its individual components.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Personality measures as predictors of smoking initiation and cessation in the UNC Alumni Heart Study.

MMPI data collected from a sample of college men and women during 1964-1967 were used to predict smoking initiation and cessation over a 20-year follow-up period. People who subsequently began smoking were more rebellious, impulsive, sensation seeking, and hostile; were less likely to present a positive self-image; and were socially extraverted while in college. People who continued to smoke 20 years later were more hostile and sensation seeking. The personality variables that predicted smoking initiation and cessation were the same for men and women. Discussion centers on the potential role of hostility as a predictor of smoking cessation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Psychosocial predictors of natural killer cell mobilization during marital conflict.

This study examined how specific emotions relate to autonomic nervous and immune system parameters and whether cynical hostility moderates this relationship. Forty-one married couples participated in a 15-min discussion about a marital problem. Observers recorded spouses' emotional expressions during the discussion, and cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and immunologic parameters were assessed throughout the laboratory session. Among men high in cynical hostility, anger displayed during the conflict was associated with greater elevations in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cortisol, and increases in natural killer cell numbers and cytotoxicity. Among men low in cynical hostility, anger was associated with smaller increases in heart rate and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that models describing the impact of stress on physiology should be refined to reflect the joint contribution of situational and dispositional variables.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Constructive anger verbal behavior predicts blood pressure in a population-based sample.

The creation of an observational Constructive Anger Behavior-Verbal Style Scale (CAB-V) and its relation to resting blood pressure (BP) in an age- and sex-stratified, population-based sample is examined. Participants (N = 1,862) provided hypertension risk factor information, had resting BP assessed multiple times, and completed a videotaped interview, which was later coded for CAB-V and Hostile Style. High CAB-V scores remained a significant predictor of lower resting BP when controlling for the effects of standard hypertension risk factors (age, sex, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol use, smoking status, parental myocardial infarction history, education, and diabetic status) and psychosocial measures (anxiety, depression, hostility, social support, and Hostile Style). This relation also remained when excluding known hypertensive persons. Results suggest that constructive anger expression may have an independent beneficial association with resting BP.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Familial environment associated with type A behaviors and psychophysiological responses to stress in children.

This study tested two major hypotheses regarding the characteristics of family environments associated with children's Type A behaviors, anger frequency and expression, hostile outlook, hostility displayed during an interview, and cardiovascular responses to laboratory stressors. Two measures of family environment, Positive Affiliation and Authoritarianism, were derived by a factor analysis of the Family Environment Scale completed by parents. The sample consisted of 66 girls and 48 boys enrolled in Grades 2 through 12 from 114 families residing in a predominantly White, upper-middle-class suburb of Pittsburgh. Analyses largely supported the first hypothesis--that a less supportive and positively involved family climate would be associated with attributes of potential coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in children. Families scoring low on Positive Affiliation had children who were assessed as more angry and hostile on the basis of questionnaires and interview. Boys from these families had a more pronounced heart rate response to all laboratory stressors. The second hypothesis--that authoritarianism, in the absence of positive involvement and supportiveness in the family, would be associated with attributes of potential CHD risk in children--received support in regard to boys' heart rate responses to the serial-subtraction and mirror-image-tracing tasks. High Authoritarianism scores in combination with low Positive Affiliation scores in families predicted a heightened heart rate response in boys. Sex differences in the pattern of associations among family and child characteristics were also found. Results suggest that factors in the family environment may be important influences in children's development of characteristics that may, in adulthood, place them at risk for CHD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Attributional biases in aggressive children and their mothers.

To investigate if mothers and their aggressive children share the tendency to infer hostile motives from others' behavior in ambiguous social situations, 100 pairs of mothers and their clinic-referred or comparison children (50 boys and 50 girls) were asked to interpret hypothetical situations involving both overtly and relationally provocative scenarios. Results replicated previous findings of studies on social information processing of aggressive children and extended the findings to mothers of aggressive children. Findings were generally consistent with the hypothesis that mothers of aggressive children tend to view others' ambiguous actions as hostile, increasing the probability of responding with aggression and, in effect, modeling a hostile attributional bias for their children. Examinations of mothers' and their children's attributional and behavioral intentions suggested that mothers' and daughters' attributions and behavioral intentions were significantly correlated, whereas mothers' and sons' were not. Gender effects with regard to provocation type are also discussed.

Aggression↗

PubMed1986

The Multidimensional Anger Inventory.

Previous research suggests that anger has important social and health consequences, particularly cardiovascular health. The pathogenic aspects of anger have not been identified, however, in part because of a reliance on unidimensional measures of anger. The present article describes psychometric data for an inventory that is sensitive to the multidimensional nature of the anger construct. It was hypothesized that the newly developed Multidimensional Anger Inventory (MAI) would include scales reflective of the following dimensions of anger: frequency, duration, magnitude, mode of expression, hostile outlook, and range of anger-eliciting situations. The mode of expression dimension was expected to contain separate anger-in, anger-out, guilt, brood, and anger-discuss measures. The inventory was administered to two populations: male and female college students and male factory workers. Factor analyses of the MAI within the two samples showed that the frequency, duration, and magnitude dimensions clustered together to form an anger-arousal factor that accounted for 64% and 71% of the variance in the two samples, respectively. The range of anger-eliciting situations and hostile outlook emerged as separate dimensions, as hypothesized. Mode of anger expression was best described by two dimensions labeled anger-in and anger-out. Psychometric analyses of the scale showed that it possessed adequate test-retest reliability (r = 0.75) and high internal consistency (alpha = .84 and .89 for the two samples). The validity of the scale was supported by the expected pattern of relations with other inventories designed to assess anger or hostility. Comparisons of MAI scores between (college versus factory) and within (male versus female) populations were made.

Adult↗