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PubMed1997

Lüscher colour test in orthodontic patients. Practicability for compliance assessment?

The Lüscher colour test has been repeatedly recommended as a tool for the prediction of orthodontic treatment course and patient cooperation despite its scientific shortcomings. A series of studies involving patients aged 9 to 16 years undergoing treatment with removable appliances at various orthodontic practices and at one university clinic provided no evidence of systematic correlations between Lüscher test colour preferences and cooperation with appliance wear. There was only slight consistency in colour preferences in a re-test conducted a few months after baseline measurements. Statistical evaluation of specific hypotheses and exploratory analysis of the global potential of the test provided no support for generalizable and useful correlations between colour preferences and patient compliance. Therefore the Lüscher test cannot be generally recommended for the rating of patient compliance in the clinical orthodontic practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Screening of colour vision defects in diabetic patients.

The colour vision of 50 diabetic patients was examined with two screening tests, Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates part 2 (SPP 2) and Farnsworth Panel D 15 (Panel D 15) test and with two diagnostic tests, Nagel anomaloscope and Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. The performance of the diabetic patients in colour vision tests was compared to their performance in colour dependent urine and blood glucose tests. Fourteen of the patients failed the glucose tests, and they failed both of the screening tests as well. The diagnostic tests showed that all of them had a blue-yellow defect and 10 of them also had a red-green defect. The rest of the patients, 36, read the glucose tests correctly, but 17 of them failed the SPP 2 screening test, and 5 failed the Panel D 15 screening test. In diagnostic tests there were 15 patients with normal colour vision, one patient with a red-green defect, 13 patients with a blue-yellow defect, and 7 patients with both a red-green and a blue-yellow defect. The colour vision defect in diabetic patients is most often a blue-yellow defect or a combined blue-yellow and red-green defect. Therefore, the usual pseudoisochromatic plates, e.g. the Ishihara test, are not sufficient in screening because they screen only red-green defects. The screening tests should contain both a red-green and a blue-yellow part.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Changes in color differentiation using the 100-Hue Test. I. The total score on the test in relation to age].

The authors investigated colour differentiation, using the FM 100-hue test in healthy subjects without hypertension and diabetes and with a normal ophthalmological finding and normal functions. They examined 120 subjects, i.e. 240 eyes--120 male eyes and 120 female eyes in six decades from 21-80 years. The examination revealed a significant diminution of colour differentiation with advancing age but no difference in colour differentiation between men and women. The tests can be considered at the same time a basic orientation standard for evaluation of colour differentiation.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Anxiety induced by simulated public speaking and stroop color word test in healthy subjects: effects of different trait-anxiety levels.

1. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of two anxiety-inducing tests, simulated public speaking (SPS) and the stroop color word test (SCWT), in healthy subjects with different trait-anxiety levels. 2. The mean (+/- SD) trait-anxiety score of 524 university students, measured by Spielberger's state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI), was 40.8 +/- 8.9. Based on these scores, 26 students from our sample were divided into low (score less than 1 SD from the mean, N = 10), medium (score between -1 and +1 SD from the mean, N = 7) and high (score more than 1 SD from the mean, N = 9) trait anxiety. 3. Each subject was submitted to the SPS and SCWT tests in the same experimental session. The sequence of test presentation was randomized between subjects. No effect of test order presentation was found. 4. SPS induced significant increases in the anxiety factor of Norris' visual analogue mood scale (VAMS) in all groups, without difference between them. The SCWT, on the other hand, did not induce an increase in subjective anxiety in any group. In the high trait group, however, there was a general increase in anxiety feelings that was evident even before the test, and might have been caused by the presence of the experimenter. 5. The results suggest that SPS is a more effective anxiety-inducing test, and is not dependent on previous trait-anxiety levels.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

X-linked cone dystrophy.

A description is given of a new family with X-linked cone dystrophy. A survey is also given of the findings in X-linked cone dystrophy. When an eye specialist sees a male patient with myopia and reduced visual acuity, the cause of which is not clear from the fundus picture, an X-linked cone dystrophy should be considered. Electrophysiological examination, combined with detailed testing of colour vision, can provide an explanation of the poor vision which satisfies both the patient and the ophthalmologist.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Color vision in glaucoma].

This article is a general view of evaluated acquired color vision defects in the early stages of primary glaucoma and in patients at risk for glaucoma. The articles published until now indicates a decrease in color discriminating sensitivity in the short wavelength part of the visible spectrum in patients with glaucoma as well as in patients with ocular hypertension. It has been found a positive correlation between the blue-yellow color vision defects and the perimetric changes in the glaucomatous eyes. Blue-yellow color vision testing with the anomaloscope may serve as an additional test in the early diagnosis of glaucoma but the absence of dyschromatopsia does not exclude the disease.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1990

Normative data for the standard pseudoisochromatic plates--Part 2.

The Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates--Part 2 are designed as a screening test for acquired color vision deficiencies. In order to control for age-related changes in color vision, it is necessary to establish norms for this test. Results from this study suggest that, disregarding one figure on the first test plate, one or more blue-yellow errors indicate a blue-yellow color vision defect for patients between 20 and 60 years, whereas two or more blue-yellow errors are indicative of a blue-yellow color vision defect for patients under 20 years and over 60 years. For modified red-green test figures, one or more errors are suggestive of a red-green defect for patients under 60 years, whereas two or more errors indicate red-green vision defect for patients over 60 years. Asking patients to judge which figure is more distinct on each test plate is not useful in comparing responses between patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Visual acuity in color contrast on cathode ray tubes: role of luminance, hue, and saturation contrasts.

Three experiments were conducted on 90 flying personnel to determine the role of luminance, hue, and saturation contrasts on angular visual acuity measured on a CRT system. A Snellen E test object was displayed under various visual acuity conditions on a TV screen, in color contrast, using red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, purple, white, and black. The response system gives response times and quality. The three photocolorimetric parameters are classified through data processing. All other things being equal, the best visual acuity is obtained under a luminance contrast. Two groups of colors can be differentiated under a hue contrast. The first group (red, blue, purple) is better perceived than the second (green, cyan, yellow, white) whatever the other color in simultaneous contrast may be. Higher saturation enhances visual acuity. A curve of mean response time vs. test object sizes is established for the various color couples. The obtained results are of interest for aerospace ergonomics.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Chromatic computerized analysis is an early predictor of cardiovascular risk associated to hypercholesterolemia].

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Early detection of cardiovascular disease is a major goal of contemporary medicine in efforts to prevent coronary heart disease. The goal of this study was to look for a number of changes that could be detected in the neurons of the 19 Brodman area by means of chromatic computerized analysis (CCA) as a consequence of a neurobiological dysfunction, which induced a failure in the chromatic perception, which, in turn, expressed the existence of hypercholesterolemia through numeric qualification and therefore, a cardiovascular risk. PATIENTS AND METHOD: . We studied 208 patients (Group 1) (153 men and 55 women) with pre-study plasma cholesterol levels in excess of 200 mg/dl. The control group (Group 2) also consisted of 208 subjects (153 men and 55 women) but with a cholesterol level below 200 mg/dl. They were performed by CCA, previously ruling out any systemic or ophthalmological pathology. RESULTS: All global indexes were highly correlated in both groups. The direct relation between cholesterol levels and 19 area, reached a canonical correlation of 0.825 with a sensitivity of 90% and especifity of 93%. The results of the multiple regression taking total cholesterol as a dependent variable and the most significative parameter of CCA, as an independent variable was R = 0.89 (p < 0.001), with a test variability of 81%. CONCLUSIONS: This study determines a strong association between hypercholesterolemia and the visual areas of the cerebral cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Vision in aging and dementia.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine the extent of visual deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients relative to normal aging changes and to patients with other types of dementia. METHODS: Four groups of subjects were tested: patients with probable AD (N = 10), patients with other dementias (N = 10), age-matched controls (N = 11), and young controls (N = 10). Color vision was assessed with the L'Anthony D-15 desaturated color test, contrast sensitivity with the Pelli-Robson chart, and stereoacuity with the RAN-DOT test. RESULTS: Visual changes were found in AD patients that can be accounted for by age-related deficits (color vision), deficits found in other types of dementia (stereoacuity), and deficits specific to AD (low spatial frequency contrast sensitivity). CONCLUSION: We conclude that AD patients show a variety of visual deficits. With our tests, only deficits in contrast sensitivity were specific to AD.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Clinical inferences and decisions--II. Decision trees, receiver operator curves and subjective probability.

In patient management, clinical decisions follow a logical sequence which can be formally expressed as a decision tree in which the uncertainties associated with each alternative outcome may be made explicit using Bayes' theorem. Where test data is used in the formulation of a decision, the uncertainty associated with the information it conveys may be modified by changing the pass/fail criterion to alter the false positive and false negative error rate. Classical procedures based on information theory are described to illustrate how this may be achieved for any test. When hard data is not available to permit such an approach, the clinician must rely on his own past experience or that of a colleague. Several methods are available for quantifying such experience by estimating subjective probabilities associated with an action or test result. Two simple methods are described for deriving subjective probabilities for subsequent use within a Bayesian decision model.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed1977

Vision tests as predictors of learning disabilities.

Three relatively new screeening tests for visual problems are described. They are color matching, visual language field development, and the speed of the visual language field development, and the speed of the visual scan. The visual problems so measured were found to be associated with poor school achievement. In color matching, only blue was involved, not red or green, and proficiency was relatively undeveloped before age 10. Throughout, blue matching difficulty was associated with poor visual language field development, but not with slow scanning. Early screening with these tests offers possibilities for early detection of students with potential learning problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Critical issues in the use and analysis of the Lanthony Desaturate Color Vision test.

The Lanthony Desaturate Color Vision test (D-15d) has been used to demonstrate the incidence of acquired color vision defects resulting from toxic exposure. The D-15d is a sensitive test designed to grade color deficiencies, but results can be difficult to interpret beyond the qualitative level, and the high incidence of errors reported for controls in some toxicology studies raises questions about how to effectively use this test. This article reviews standard administration of the test, physical determinants of performance, classification of acquired color vision defects, and methods of analysis that have been used to quantify results. The basis for a new method of analysis is discussed, illustrating the source of some characteristic errors, and recommendations are made for test protocols to attempt to more closely identify the type of color vision loss with the goal of identifying the site of toxicological insult.

Color Perception↗
PubMed2004

A fast system for reporting the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue colour vision test.

We have developed a system for rapidly reporting the Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-hue test using a personal computer and a bar code scanner. The computer generated report duplicates the conventional manual report of the FM 100-hue test so is very familiar to ophthalmologists and optometrists. The new system has proved to be of great assistance both in saving time and in eliminating arithmetic errors in the scoring calculations. The scanner technique produces two reports, one for each eye, within 4 min of the patient completing the test. This compares with the 60 min required by the conventional manual reporting system. In addition, it also gives a statistical analysis of the results in accordance with Verriest norms. The program is very versatile and user friendly, achieving a standard not present in the other FM 100-hue computerised systems currently available. As a consequence it makes this valuable diagnostic test much more accessible to patients and clinicians.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

X linked progressive cone dystrophy with specific attention to carrier detection.

We investigated 111 members of a five generation family with X linked cone dystrophy. The patients showed the characteristic picture of cone dystrophy. Routine ophthalmological examination of the carrier women showed no abnormalities. However, with detailed colour vision testing we were able to detect 87% of all obligate carriers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The effect of reduced viewing time on colour vision in normal subjects and those with abnormal ocular conditions.

The effect of restricting viewing time to 3.75 ms in normal subjects is to produce a tritan-like colour response on the City University colour vision test. This response pattern is consistent and is repeatable for standard illuminant C at 600 lx. Supplementary tests suggest that the effect is due to a defect of the blue/yellow opponent system rather than a true tritan defect. The same test when repeated on subjects with amblyopia or retinal pathology provides different results which may aid in the differential diagnosis of some visual disorders.

Amblyopia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[New method of visual fields color division in diploptic treatment of strabismus].

A new method of color division of the visual fields based on polarized light interference is described. A new method for diploptic therapy of strabismus is developed, based on the above principle and possessing numerous advantages. The method was used in 38 patients with binocular disorders of various severity; binocular function improved in 18. The method is particularly effective in the patients with correct position of the eyes with bifoveal fusion on the synaptophore and parallel color test vision and in the patients with binocular vision and amblyobinopia.

Child↗