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PubMed2004

Evaluation of vinification lees as a general medium for lactobacillus strains.

Lactobacillus species present high nutritional requirements, so it is necessary to find new low-cost nutrient components for fermentation media. This work compares the utilization of vinification lees (an important residue of wineries) from red and white winemaking technology, distilled or not. An amount of 20 g of lees/L was used as the unique nutrient to obtain lactic acid from glucose using Lactobacillus strains with different properties: L. plantarum CECT-221, L. pentosus CECT-4023, L. casei CECT-5275, and L. coryniformis subsp. torquens CECT-25600. Only L. casei using distilled lees showed values (Pmax = 92.1 g/L and Y(P/S) = 1.05 g/g) similar to those obtained with the MRS broth. The UV spectra of white and red lees, distilled or not, allowed an interpretation of the different phenolic compounds present and their influence on the fermentation. Their detoxification by extraction with organic compounds and fermentation with L. pentosus was also considered. Time courses of glucose and lactic acid were modeled according to reported models to obtain more information about the process.

Culture Media↗

PubMed2005

Changes in plasma lipid and antioxidant activity in rats as a result of naringin and red grapefruit supplementation.

The aim of this investigation was to compare the influence of naringin versus red grapefruit juice on plasma lipid levels and plasma antioxidant activity in rats fed cholesterol-containing and cholesterol-free diets. The antioxidant activity of a correlated quantity of red grapefruit juice was higher than that of naringin. Forty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of 7 named control, naringin, grapefruit, Chol, Chol/naringin, and Chol/grapefruit. The rats of the control group were fed basal diet (BD) and 1-2 mL of distilled water. To the BD of the other five groups were added 0.46-0.92 mg of naringin dissolved in 1-2 mL of distilled water (naringin), 1-2 mL of red grapefruit juice (grapefruit), 1% of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC) and 1-2 mL of distilled water (Chol), 1% of NOC and 0.46-0.92 mg of naringin in 1-2 mL of water (Chol/naringin), and 1% of NOC and 1-2 mL of red grapefruit juice (Chol/grapefruit). After 30 days of different feeding, it was found that diets supplemented with red grapefruit juice and to a lesser degree with naringin improved the plasma lipid levels mainly in rats fed cholesterol and increased the plasma antioxidant activity. In conclusion, naringin is a powerful plasma lipid lowering and plasma antioxidant activity increasing flavonone. However, fresh red grapefruit is preferable than naringin: it more effectively influences plasma lipid levels and plasma antioxidant activity and, therefore, could be used as a valuable supplement for disease-preventing diets.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of fennel oil.

Ground fennel seeds were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide. Small-scale subsequent extractions of the same sample showed that the composition of volatile compounds was changed with the extension of extraction time and only principal volatile components (limonene, fenchone, methylchavicol, and anethole) were present in the last-extracted sample. Fennel oil was successfully fractionated into the essential oil rich and fatty oil rich products in pilot-scale apparatus using two separators in series. Designed experiments were carried out to map the effects of pressure and temperature in the first separator on the yields and compositions of the products. The minimum level of the total undesired components in both essential oil rich and fatty oil rich products appeared at a pressure of 80-84 bar and a temperature of 31-35 degrees C in the first separator. Supercritical CO(2) extraction of fennel seeds resulted in higher yield (10.0%) than steam distillation (3.0%), almost the same yield as hexane extraction (10.6%), and lower yield than alcohol extraction (15.4%). Analysis of the volatile compounds revealed the significant difference of the composition in distilled oil and oleoresins prepared by CO(2) and solvent extractions. Sensory evaluation showed that the CO(2) extraction product and distilled oil were more intense in odor and taste than alcohol and hexane extracts.

Allylbenzene Derivatives↗

PubMed1995

Analysis of butadiene, butadiene monoxide, and butadiene dioxide in blood by gas chromatography/gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy.

A new method was developed to quantify the levels of 1,3-butadiene (BD), butadiene monoxide (BDO), and butadiene diepoxide (BDO2) in blood. The method was based on vacuum distillation of tissues followed by analysis of the distillates using multidimensional GC/MS. Metabolites isolated from blood by vacuum distillation were condensed into a cold trap. After warming the traps to room temperature, BD and BDO were sampled from the trap vapor phase. BDO2 was extracted from the codistilled water phase using ethyl acetate. Samples were analyzed using a multidimensional GC system equipped with a custom-built interface. The method was validated by analysis of 0.75-mL aliquots of mouse blood spiked with 5.0, 3.4, and 0.55 nmol of BD, BDO, and BDO2, respectively. The recoveries of analytes were 96 +/- 18%, 125 +/- 15%, and 98 +/- 12%, respectively (mean +/- SD, n = 6). Kinetic studies indicated no loss of BDO and BDO2 in blood held at room temperature in closed containers for up to 1 h. The method was applied to blood samples from B6C3F1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by inhalation (nose-only) to 100 ppm BD for 4 h. Blood levels of BD and BDO in exposed rats were 4.1 +/- 1.0 and 0.10 +/- 0.06 microM, respectively (mean +/- SD, n = 6). Levels of BDO2 were below the limits of detection (0.01 nmol/mL). Blood levels of BD, BDO, and BDO2 in mice exposed to 100 ppm BD for 4 h were 2.9 +/- 1.3, 0.38 +/- 0.14, and 0.33 +/- 0.19 microM, respectively (mean +/- SD, n = 6).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Role of semiochemicals in mate location by parasitic sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis.

The role of olfaction and diffusible pheromones in mate location behavior of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, was assessed with Y-tube behavioral bioassays. The pheromone "emitting" animals were located in a chamber in one arm of a Y-tube arena, with artificial seawater flowing through both arms. Adult male sea lice displayed both activation and directional responses to seawater conditioned with preadult II virgin females, but were only activated by mated adult female conditioned water. Further, when males were given the choice of preadult II virgin females or mated adult females, a significant number of males chose the arm with the preadult II virgin females. Adult males showed activation responses when presented with water conditioned with adult males but were not attracted to them. When presented with adult males, preadult II virgin females showed only directional responses, but not activation responses. Preadult II virgin female conditioned water was extracted using solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocols pioneered for semiochemical isolation. Adult male sea lice showed significant directional responses to the preadult II virgin female SPE extract. Distillation under vacuum was performed on the extract to give a distillate comprising components with a molecular weight range and physical properties comparable to those of compounds utilized as volatile semiochemicals by terrestrial organisms and a residue comprising components with higher molecular weight range comparable to those utilized as involatile semiochemicals. Adult males were found to be both significantly activated and attracted to the distillate, but not to the residue. This research provides evidence that small, lipophilic organic molecules are used by sea lice as sex pheromone signals to locate a member of the opposite sex.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

In vitro evaluation of probiotics microorganisms adhesion to an artificial caries model.

OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study compared the adhesion of two probiotics microorganisms (Lactobacillus casei Shirota and Lactobacillus acidophilus) to an artificial caries model. METHOD: In total, 30 bovine teeth were longitudinally sectioned, excluding the lingual half surface. The specimens were covered with nail varnish, except for an area of 3 by 5 mm in dentin, suspended in an artificial caries solution promoted by Streptococcus mutans, and incubated at 37 degrees C. After 14 days, the specimens were separated equally into two groups and transferred to a brain heart infusion culture media containing L. acidophilus (group A) and L. casei Shirota (group S), at 37 degrees C. After 48 h, the exposed area of dentin was washed with 1 ml of distilled water and the caries dentin was removed and dispersed in 1 ml of saline solution. The samples of distilled water and caries dentin were diluted and inoculated in Rogosa selective Lactobacillus agar. The results in CFU/ml were analysed by the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between Groups A and S for the lactobacilli count in samples of distilled water (P = 0.237). CONCLUSIONS: The amount of L. acidophilus in the artificially caries dentin was significantly superior compared to L. casei Shirota (P = 0.047), suggesting an inferior adhesion potential for this microorganism.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Determination of benzoic and sorbic acids in packaged vegetable products. Comparative evaluation of methods.

Three analytical methods for determining sorbic and benzoic acids in various packaged vegetable products were evaluated, with special attention being paid to green olives. Two of these methods used a simple, isocratic, reversed-phase HPLC technique for separating and detecting the preservatives, but differed in the preparation of the sample (extraction with 60% methanol or steam distillation). The third method was based on separation by steam distillation and determination of the acids in the distillate by spectrophotometry. For the olives, while this method proved to be excellent (total error < 25%) for high concentrations (> 100 ppm), the HPLC methods were more efficient for the whole range of concentrations studied (5-500 ppm). Both HPLC methods had detection limits of approximately 1 ppm for the two preservatives. With other sample matrices (tomatoes, cucumbers, caperberries, silver-skinned onions and hot peppers), the three methods proved to be excellent for high concentrations of preservatives (500 ppm), but at low levels (20 ppm), the spectrophotometric method and the HPLC method with extraction by 60% methanol proved to be unacceptable (total error > 50%) in some cases.

Benzoates↗

PubMed1997

Effects of silicon, citrate and the fasting state on the intestinal absorption of aluminium in rats.

1. The effect of silicon (Si) contained in drinking water and solid food on the intestinal absorption of aluminium (Al) remains a matter of debate. The present study was designed to readdress this issue in the experimental animal, and to examine concomitantly the effects of citrate and the fasting state, respectively. 2. Three groups of young, non-fasted rats (n = 8 per group) were gavaged by solutions containing 3.8 ng of 26Al, 63 ng of 27Al, and either distilled water (< 0.1 mg/l Si) or commercial mineral water with a medium (6 mg/l) or high (14 mg/l) Si concentration. 3. Two other groups of eight non-fasted rats each received the same distilled water or high-Si gavage solution, respectively, together with a high citrate concentration (62 g/l). In each case the animals had free access to drinking water for 5 days before and 2 days after the gavage, containing the same Si concentration as in the gavage solution. A sixth group of eight rats was gavaged by low-Si, Al and distilled water in the fasted state. 4. The animals were killed 48 h after gavage, and blood, tissue and urine samples were collected for 26Al measurements by accelerator mass spectrometry. 5. We found that the fraction of absorbed 26Al retained in the skeleton (0.025-0.030%) was of the same order of magnitude as the fraction excreted in the 48 h urine (0.035-0.037%). High Si concentrations in the drinking water failed to depress the 26Al fraction absorbed, as estimated on the basis of skeletal accumulation and urinary excretion. 6. The administration of citrate-containing fluid enhanced 26Al absorption 5- to 10-fold (P < 0.005), but again the Si content of drinking water did not interfere. Finally, the intestinal absorption of 26Al was approximately 15 times higher in the fasted than in the non-fasted state. 7. In conclusion, the provision of large amounts of Si in the drinking water failed to modify physiological intestinal Al absorption under basal conditions or after its stimulation by citrate. However, a prolonged fast greatly enhanced Al absorption, compared with the non-fasted state.

Aluminum↗

PubMed2005

Waterline disinfectant effect on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of an iodine compound for disinfecting the waterlines in dental units has an effect on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to enamel. Forty molar teeth were divided randomly into two groups- group 1 control: twenty teeth were etched for 15 seconds with 35% phosphoric acid, washed with a distilled water spray for 10 seconds, stored in distilled water for 5 minutes, dried to a chalky white appearance, and the sealant applied to the etched surface; group 2 experimental: twenty teeth were etched for 15 seconds with 35% phosphoric acid and washed for 10 seconds with water containing iodine. The teeth were stored for five minutes in the iodinated water, dried to a chalky white appearance, and the sealant applied to the etched surface as in the control group. Precoated brackets were placed on all the teeth and light cured for 20 seconds. All teeth were debonded within 30 minutes from the initial time of bonding. The t-test results (t = 1.74) indicated that there were no significant (P = .09) differences in the shear bond strengths of the teeth that were washed and immersed in the iodine solution and the control group in which distilled water was used. The mean shear bond strengths for the two groups were 6.5 +/- 3.5 MPa and 4.7 +/- 3.1 MPa, respectively.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2000

Cleaning effectiveness of root canal irrigation with electrochemically activated anolyte and catholyte solutions: a pilot study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of electrochemically activated (ECA) anolyte and catholyte solutions to clean root canals during conventional root canal preparation. METHODOLOGY: Twenty extracted single-rooted human mature permanent teeth were allocated randomly into four groups of five teeth. The pulp chambers were accessed and the canals prepared by hand with conventional stainless steel endodontic instruments using a double-flared technique. One or other of the following irrigants was used during preparation: distilled water, 3% NaOCl, anolyte neutral cathodic (ANC) (300 mg L-1 of active chlorine), and a combination of anolyte neutral cathodic (ANC) (300 mg L-1 of active chlorine) and catholyte. The teeth were split longitudinally and the canal walls examined for debris and smear layer by scanning electron microscopy. SEM photomicrographs were taken separately in the coronal, middle and apical parts of canal at magnification of x800 to evaluate the debridement of extracellular matrix and at a magnification of x2500 to evaluate the presence of smear layer. RESULTS: Irrigation with distilled water did not remove debris in the apical part of canals and left a continuous and firm smear layer overlying compressed low-mineralized predentine. All chemically active irrigants demonstrated improved cleaning potential compared to distilled water. The quality of loose debris elimination was similar for NaOCl and the anolyte ANC solution. The combination of anolyte ANC and catholyte resulted in improved cleaning, particularly in the apical third of canals. The evaluation of smear layer demonstrated that none of the irrigants were effective in its total removal; however, chemically active irrigants affected its surface and thickness. Compared to NaOCl, the ECA solutions left a thinner smear layer with a smoother and more even surface. NaOCl enhanced the opening of tubules predominantly in the coronal and middle thirds of canals, whereas combination of ANC and catholyte resulted in more numerous open dentine tubules throughout the whole length of canals. CONCLUSIONS: Irrigation with electrochemically activated solutions cleaned root canal walls and may be an alternative to NaOCl in conventional root canal treatment. Further investigation of ECA solutions for root canal irrigation is warranted.

Chlorine↗

PubMed2002

Penetration of propylene glycol into dentine.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate penetration of propylene glycol into root dentine. METHODOLOGY: Safranin O in propylene glycol and in distilled water were introduced into root canals with and without artificial smear layer. Dye diffusion through dentinal tubules was determined spectrophotometrically. The time required for dye to exit through the apical foramen using propylene glycol and distilled water as vehicles was also determined. The extent and areas of dye penetration on the split surfaces of roots were assessed using Adobe Photoshop and NIH Image Software. RESULTS: Propylene glycol allowed dye to exit faster through the apical foramen. The area and depth of dye penetration with propylene glycol was significantly greater than with distilled water (P < 0.0001). Smear layer significantly delayed the penetration of dye. CONCLUSION: Propylene glycol delivered dye through the root canal system rapidly and more effectively indicating its potential use in delivering intracanal medicaments.

Coloring Agents↗

PubMed2002

Evaluation of smear layer removal by EDTAC and sodium hypochlorite with ultrasonic agitation.

AIM: To evaluate smear layer removal by different irrigating solutions under ultrasonic agitation. METHODOLOGY: Twenty recently extracted mandibular incisors with a single root canal were divided into four equal groups. Three groups were instrumented using the modified double-flared technique, the fourth remained unprepared. Each group was irrigated with either distilled water, 1.0% sodium hypochlorite alone or associated with 15% EDTAC between each file size. The final group was not instrumented but irrigated with 1.0% sodium hypochlorite and 15% EDTAC. A size 15 file energised by ultrasound was used with small amplitude filing movements against the canal walls in all groups. The teeth were split longitudinally and the roots measured to provide three sections of the same size (cervical, middle and apical). Samples were examined under the scanning electron microscope and assessed for the amount of smear layer by three independent and calibrated examiners. The scoring system ranged from 1 (no smear layer) to 4 (all areas covered by smear layer). Due to the non-parametric nature of the data, Friedman's test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Canal walls were covered with smear layer in the group irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite alone and the group irrigated with distilled water. Canals irrigated with 1.0% sodium hypochlorite associated with 15% EDTAC had less smear layer throughout the canal (P < 0.001). There were no statistical differences for the amount of smear layer found on the cervical, middle and apical thirds when each group was analysed separately. CONCLUSIONS: Under ultrasonic agitation, sodium hypochlorite associated with EDTAC removed the smear layer from root canal walls, whereas irrigation with distilled water or 1.0% sodium hypochlorite alone did not remove smear layer.

Dental Pulp Cavity↗

PubMed2002

The occurrence of malolactic fermentation in brandy base wine and its influence on brandy quality.

AIMS: In this study we determined the extent to which lactic acid bacteria (LAB) occurred in brandy base wines, their ability to catalyse the malolactic fermentation (MLF) and the effect of MLF on the quality of the base wine and the brandy distillate. METHODS AND RESULTS: Lactic acid bacteria were isolated and enumerated from grape juice, experimental and commercially produced brandy base wines. Spontaneous MLF occurred in approximately 50% of the commercial base wines. The occurrence of MLF had an influence on the quality of the base wines and the resulting distillates. In samples where MLF occurred there was a loss of fruitiness and in the intensity of aroma. Volatile compounds like iso-amyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethyl caproate, 2-phenethyl acetate and hexyl acetate decreased in samples having undergone MLF, while ethyl lactate, acetic acid and diethyl succinate increased in the same samples. CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous malolactic fermentation does occur in commercial brandy base wines and it has an influence on base wine and brandy quality. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study showed that MLF influences the quality of the base wine and the resulting distillate and with this in mind commercial base wine producers should be able to produce brandy of higher quality.

Fermentation↗

PubMed1997

Storage effect on dentine structure and on resultant composite bond strengths.

This study evaluates the effects of a food simulating solution (75 vol% ethanol/water) and an artificial saliva (Moi-Stir) on dentine structure and chemistry, using scanning electron microscopic examination and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) microscopic characterization. The effect on the bonding of composites to the conditioned dentine were evaluated by shear bond strength (SBS) tests. Three adhesive/composite systems were examined: Tenure/Marathon One, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose/Z100, and Optibond/Herculite XRV. Control specimens were stored in either distilled water or tested without storage. Dentine surface exposure to ethanol resulted in partial loss of the smear layer and of plugs, as well as possible perturbation of collagen. Dentine surfaces exposed to artificial saliva or to distilled water had no evidence of any change from normal appearance of the smear layer. The measured FTIR spectra for most specimens conditioned in these two liquids appeared to be similar to those obtained from fresh dentine. SBS data were analysed using ANOVA and the Tukey LSD test. The SBS value for the non-preconditioned control (23.0 +/- 3.7 MPa) or for the dentine preconditioned in distilled water (22.9 +/- 4.2 MPa) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that for dentine pre-conditioned in ethanol (20.0 +/- 3.5 MPa). The SBS (13.3 +/- 3.4 MPa) of all bonding systems was reduced by 40-50% (P < 0.001) when artificial saliva pre-conditioned dentine was used. The failure mode at the dentine-bonding agent interface for the artificial saliva group was adhesive in nature. This is in contrast to the complex cohesive fracture mode found in the control groups and in most ethanol conditioned groups. Dentine structure and chemistry, shear bond strength, and the subsequent debonded mode can be significantly affected by exposure to oral environment prior to conditioning.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMed2003

Physico-mechanical properties of a fast-set highly viscous GIC restorative.

UNLABELLED: The fast-setting reaction of 'fast-set' highly viscous glass-ionomer cements (GIC) may result in superior mechanical properties and good wear resistance as the material can theoretically achieve sufficient strength to resist masticatory loads within a shorter time. The aim of this study was to determine the hardness, strength (compressive and diametral tensile) and wear resistance of a 'fast-set' highly viscous GIC (Fuji IX GP Fast). Its regular set counterpart (Fuji IX GP) was used for comparison. The glass powders of the two cements were also characterized. Hardness testing [Vickers' hardness number (VHN)] was performed with a digital hardness tester (load=50 g; dwell time=30 s) and compressive/diametral tensile strength testing (MPa) was conducted based upon British Standards specification for GICs (BS6039, 1981). Wear testing was conducted using a reciprocal compression-sliding wear instrumentation at 20 MPa contact stress against SS304 counter-bodies with distilled water as lubricant. All specimens were immersed in distilled water at 37 degrees C and tested 24 h after start of mixing. Further mechanical tests (hardness and strength) were conducted with specimens stored for 1 week in distilled water at 37 degrees C. The glass powders were characterized using laser particle sizing, standard electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispressure X-ray (EDX) analysis. Results were analysed using multiple analysis of variance (manova) and independent samples t-test at significance level 0.05. No significant difference in hardness, compressive and diametral tensile strength was observed between Fuji IX GP and Fuji IX GP Fast at 1 day. There was also no significant difference in wear at all cyclic intervals. Although the difference in strength was not significant between the two cements at 1 week, Fuji IX GP Fast was significantly harder than Fuji IX GP. Particle size of both cements ranged from 0.3 to 200 microm. The mean particle sizes were, however, different and were 13.43 and 7.13 microm for Fuji IX GP and Fuji IX GP Fast, respectively. Fuji IX GP Fast offers no other advantage over Fuji IX GP with the exception of improved hardness. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Besides being harder, the fast-set highly viscous GIC restorative offers no other physico-mechanical advantage over its regular set counterpart.

Dental Restoration Wear↗

PubMed2002

Alternative treatment of psoriasis with balneotherapy using Leopoldine spa water.

BACKGROUND: Leopoldine spa water is a hypotonic water rich in sulphate that has been used occasionally for balneological treatments in psoriatics. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of this salso-sulphate water on the skin of subjects with psoriasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We selected 10 volunteer subjects (23-58 years old), who presented symmetrical, bilateral psoriasis involving at least 40% of the body surface. All the subjects were subjected to the following treatment schedule: (i) immersion of both arms in water twice a day [the right arm was immersed in Leopoldine spa water at its natural source temperature (27.2 degrees C) for 30 min, and the left arm was immersed in double-distilled water for 30 min at a constant temperature of 27 degrees C]; (ii) both arms were exposed to the sun for 60 min after each immersion; and (iii) vaseline containing moisturizing creams were applied liberally. The treatment was continued for 4 weeks and was well tolerated by all subjects. Response to treatment was assessed by means of the modified Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Six of the 10 subjects volunteered to undergo a cutaneous biopsy of lesional skin both before and 4 weeks after treatment to allow for assessment of modifications of the cutaneous infiltrate in the areas treated. RESULTS: At the end of 4 weeks the average pretreatment PASI score of the left arms was 5.72 (range 4-9.6) while the right arms had a mean PASI of 5.56 (range of 3.2-9). At the end of the study the average PASI score was 0.78 for the arms treated with Leopoldine spa water and 2.83 for the arms treated with double-distilled water. The mean PASI improvement score for the Leopoldine spa water treated arms was 85.9% while the double-distilled water treated arms showed a PASI improvement score of 50.5%. An immunohistological study showed significant differences between the cutaneous samples taken 4 weeks after treatment and those taken before treatment with Leopoldine spa water. There were significant decreases in the numbers of epidermal CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and CD1a+ Langerhans cells (microscopic field at x 22 objective), as well as a decrease in the epidermal keratinocyte expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-8 and the dermal expression of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: These data show the potential anti-inflammatory effects of Leopoldine mineral waters on human skin affected by psoriasis.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Parameters influencing the yield and composition of the essential oil from Cretan Vitex agnus-castus fruits.

Mature and immature fruits of a Cretan Vitex agnus-castus L. population were chosen to investigate different parameters such as comminution, maturity, distillation period and extraction method influencing the essential oil yield and composition. The effect of the comminution and the maturity of the plant material showed highly significant differences in yield and composition of the essential oils obtained, as well as the distillation duration from one to five hours and the method applied (hydrodistillation and simultaneous distillation extraction). The variation of 36 essential oil components due to the parameters applied was studied. The results showed that many different essential oil qualities can be obtained from the same plant material according to the parameters employed in its extraction. Entire fruits hydrodistilled for one hour yielded an oil much richer in monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds whereas the best combination to obtain an oil rich in less volatile compounds is by SDE of comminuted fruits for five hours. For mature fruits the main components varied as follows due to the parameters studied: sabinene 16.4-44.1%, 1,8-cineole 8.4-15.2%, beta-caryophyllene 2.1-5.0%, and trans-beta-farnesene 5.0-11.7%.

Oils, Volatile↗

PubMed1991

Identification and HPLC quantitation of the sulfides and dialk(en)yl thiosulfinates in commercial garlic products.

The content of dialk(en)yl thiosulfinates, including allicin, and their degradation products has been determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using the respective determined extinction coefficients, for a number of commercially available garlic products. Quantitation has been achieved for the thiosulfinates; diallyl, methyl allyl, and diethyl mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexasulfides; the vinyldithiins; and (E)- and (Z)-ajoene. The thiosulfinates were found to be released only from garlic cloves and garlic powder products. The vinyldithiins and ajoenes were found only in products containing garlic macerated in vegetable oil. The diallyl, methyl allyl, and dimethyl sulfide series were the exclusive constituents found in products containing the oil of steam-distilled garlic. Typical steam-distilled garlic oil products contained about the same amount of total sulfur compounds as total thiosulfinates released from freshly homogenized garlic cloves; however, oil-macerated products contained only 20% of that amount, while garlic powder products varied from 0 to 100%. Products containing garlic powder suspended in a a gel or garlic aged in aqueous alcohol did not contain detectable amounts of these non-ionic sulfur compounds. A comparison of several brands of each type of garlic product revealed a large range in content (4-fold for oil-macerates and 33-fold for steam-distilled garlic oils), indicating the importance of analysis before garlic products are used for clinical investigations or commercial distribution.

Alkenes↗