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At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Study on an epidemic caused by the vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation in Guizhou province, 2004].

OBJECTIVE: To study the circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPVs) that occurred in Zhenfeng county, Guizhou province in 2004 and to discover wild-poliovirus, vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPVs) and other vaccine-associated poliovirus which could cause clinical poliomyelitis. METHODS: Field epidemiological studies at the epidemic area and collecting acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) case and contact stool specimen for virus identification and nucleotide sequencing. Analysis on data related to annual reports on stool specimens surveillance which involved AFP case and contacts in the resent years in Zhenfeng county. RESULTS: Type-I VDPVs had been isolated from 2 AFP cases and 3 contact stool specimen in Wanlan village of Zhenfeng. After the first cVDPVs case was identified, there were 3 cases identified of having other vaccine-associated poliovirus of type-I or type-II in the 5 case of AFP that met the criteria of clinical poliomyelitis. The result of virological surveillance on polio showed that the EV isolation rate (55.1%) of Zhenfeng county was higher than the rate from the whole province of the same year (23.2%). The poliovirus (PV) isolation rate (36.8%) was obviously higher in 2004 than in the previous years. In the 16 PVs strains, the type-I accounted for 43.8% which was significantly higher than the average level (18.3%) from the whole province. CONCLUSIONS: Data indicated that the type-I VDPVs had been circulating (cVDPVs) in Zhenfeng county in Guizhou province. Clinical poliomyelitis was caused by non-VDPVs. The increased PV infection and the decreasing rate of vaccination in the general population were responsible for the epidemic of type-I cVDPVs at this time. Monitoring and evaluation on the rate of routine immunization program and prediction of the trend of epidemic should be strenthened.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Infectious and inflammatory disorders of the circulatory system as risk factors for stroke in Saudi children.

OBJECTIVE: To report on the role of infectious and inflammatory disorders as risk factors for stroke in a prospective and retrospective cohort of Saudi children. METHODS: Children, who presented with stroke, were evaluated at the Division of Pediatric Neurology or admitted to King Khalid University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the periods July 1992 to February 2001 (retrospective study) and February 2001 to March 2003 (prospective study). Investigations for suspected cases included hemostatic assays, microbiological and serological tests. Neuroimaging included cranial CT, MRI, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), magnetic resonance venography (MRV) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain scan. RESULTS: Of the 104 Saudi children with stroke, seen during the combined study periods of 10 years and 7 months, infectious and inflammatory disorders of the circulatory system were the identified risk factor in 18 (17.3%). Five children had stroke following acute bacterial meningitis at ages ranging between 5-21 months. The causative organism was identified in 3 of them and consisted of Haemophilus influenzae (in a 5-month-old girl), Streptococcus pneumoniae (in a 21-month-old girl complicated by subdural empyema and sinovenous thrombosis), and Staphylococcus aureus in a 6-month-old boy who had an underlying chronic granulomatous disease. Unspecified meningitis/meningoencephalitis affected 4 patients, whereas 3 children had an underlying congenital infection as a cause for their stroke. Two of the latter 3 children were diagnosed to have congenital toxoplasmosis, and the third had congenital rubella syndrome. Two girls had stroke following septicemia at ages of one and 2 months. Neurobrucellosis caused stroke in 2 boys at the ages of 4 1/2 and 4 years. In both patients, neuroimaging revealed lacunar and other infarcts involving mainly the deep cerebral nuclei, secondary to occlusion of small penetrating end arteries. Two patients presented with cerebrovascular disease following systemic lupus erythematosus. These were a 12-year-old girl and a 5-year-old boy. CONCLUSIONS: Several of the infectious diseases that caused stroke in this cohort of Saudi children are potentially preventable through childhood immunization programs or other maternity health programs. In particular, immunogenic conjugate vaccines against the 3 most common organisms causing acute bacterial meningitis (Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis and defined serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae) are needed to protect the young (<2 years) who are mostly affected.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2006

[Adjustment of the hepatitis-B vaccination scheme for newborns born to hepatitis-B virus carriers as of 1 January 2006].

Timely administration of hepatitis-B immunoglobulin postpartum combined with hepatitis-B vaccination will prevent the majority of vertical hepatitis-B virus transmissions. As of January 2006, the Dutch hepatitis-B vaccination scheme for newborns born to HBsAg positive mothers has been modified. Previously, the first vaccination was given at the age of 2 months. Newborns will now receive their first hepatitis-B vaccination preferably immediately following the administration of hepatitis-B immunoglobulin, within 2 hours after birth, or otherwise within 48 hours after birth. Booster vaccinations are scheduled at the ages of 2, 4 and 11 months, which are standard vaccination times in the Dutch national vaccination programme. The vaccination scheme for the other target-group of infants at increased risk of hepatitis-B virus infection has remained unchanged. As before, these infants will be vaccinated at 2, 4 and 11 months. It is also intended to measure the efficacy of vaccination by determining the anti-HBs antibodies 6 weeks after the last vaccination, at the age of 13 to 14 months. With this modification of the vaccination scheme, the Minister of Health follows the advice of the Health Council of the Netherlands. The goal is to increase the efficacy of hepatitis-B prevention in newborns born to HBsAg positive mothers.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Adolescent immunization: challenges and opportunities.

Immunization is one of the greatest public health achievements of the past century. Vaccines are responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox, the elimination of polio in the western hemisphere, and most recently the elimination of rubella as a public health threat in the United States. Childhood vaccination rates are at an all-time high, but immunization falls off dramatically during adolescence (ages 11-19). With increased attention being paid to adolescent health and the new vaccines available for adolescents, efforts to increase adolescent immunization rates are moving to the forefront. Improving adolescent immunization rates requires advocacy on the part of all health professionals. School nurses, whose mission is to enhance the well-being of adolescents, are in a unique position to work with students, parents, and local health professionals to improve the adolescent immunization rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Hepatitis B immunisation status among health care workers in two Kuala Lumpur hospitals.

Health care workers (HCW) are at higher risk of acquiring blood borne infections such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus from patients. To minimise exposure, Universal Precautions Policy guidelines were introduced. This study looked into one of the aspects of hepatitis B prevention among HCW in the Malaysian context. The objective of this study was to assess hepatitis B vaccine coverage among HCW. A cross sectional study involving pre-tested questionnaires was undertaken from February 2001 to August 2001. Hospital staff in Hospital Kuala Lumpur and Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia as well as undergraduate students undergoing clinical attachments were randomly chosen. A total of 625 subjects were enrolled. Only 58.4% had taken a complete hepatitis B vaccination. However, 82.2% have taken at least one dose of the hepatitis B vaccine and were supposed to complete the schedule in due course. Not all HCW were protected against hepatitis B. Preventing hepatitis B in HCW should be one of the priorities of the hospital management as it is definitely cheaper than managing chronic hepatitis B cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Adolescent vaccination.

Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) has taken an important step towards adolescent vaccination. In the present article, the author has briefly described the needs for adolescent immunisation along with the IAP vaccination schedule for adolescents, in details.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical and epidemiologic assessment of a group of patients suffering from mumps, hospitalized in a 23 years period].

Authors present the results of the evaluation of some epidemiological and clinical parameters, on a sample of 2101 inpatients suffering from mumps, hospitalized in the Clinic of Infectious Diseases Iaşi, between 1981-2003. The annual hospitalization average was of 5.7%. Authors highlight a high incidence of mumps in males (68.1%), urban area (67.8%), and winter-spring season (62%). The most affected was the age group of 7-10 (21.5%), followed by 11-14 (17.3%), and 1-6 (16.7%) and inpatients over 20 years old registered 25.1%. The clinical forms were varied: 30.6% cases without the affection of other glands and organs; 26.1% associated meningitis; 15.6% with orchitis; 2.5% with pancreatitis. Meningitis and orchitis were pointed out as primary infection in 3.8% and 3.4% cases, respectively. The clinical manifestation forms were: mild (14.8%); medium (84.5%), and severe (0.5%) and 146 cases (6.9%) were registered as nosocomial infection. The nature of the epidemic foci was established retrospectively: school (5.9%), preschool (1.4%), and familial (92.7%). All these aspects highlight the necessity of the epidemiological surveillance of risk groups and the inclusion of anti-mumps vaccine-prevention in the Extended Immunization Program.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Practice implications of the increase in measles infections.

The recent increase in measles and one death clearly shows it is still a serious illness and highlights the importance of high levels of vaccination uptake. This article discusses measles infection and prevention and outlines the implications for nurses.

Disease Notification↗
PubMed2006

An assessment of downward trends in neurodevelopmental disorders in the United States following removal of Thimerosal from childhood vaccines.

BACKGROUND: The US is in the midst of an epidemic of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs). Thimerosal is an ethylmercury-containing compound added to some childhood vaccines. Several previous epidemiological studies conducted in the US have associated Thimerosal-containing vaccine (TCV) administration with NDs. MATERIAL/METHODS: An ecological study was undertaken to evaluate NDs reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) from 1991 through 2004 by date of receipt and by date of vaccine administration. The NDs examined included autism, mental retardation, and speech disorders. Statistical trend analysis was employed to evaluate the effects of removal of Thimerosal on the proportion of NDs reported to VAERS. RESULTS: There was a peak in the proportion of ND reports received by VAERS in 2001-2002 and in the proportion of ND reports by date of vaccine administration in 1998. There were significant reductions in the proportion of NDs reported to VAERS as Thimerosal was begun to be removed from childhood vaccines in the US from mid-1999 onwards. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides the first epidemiological evidence showing that as Thimerosal was removed from childhood vaccines, the number of NDs has decreased in the US. The analysis techniques utilized attempted to minimize chance or bias/confounding. Additional research should be conducted to further evaluate the relationship between TCVs and NDs. This is especially true because the handling of vaccine safety data from the National Immunization Program of the CDC has been called into question by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences in 2005.

Child Development Disorders, Pervasive↗
PubMed2006

Infant immunisation with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: from the age of two months, for all infants.

(1) In France, before widespread infant immunisation with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, there were about 13 deaths a year and about 145 cases of pneumococcal meningitis, often with serious sequelae. The peak incidence of pneumococcal meningitis occurs at approximately 5 months of age. (2) About 65% of the pneumococcal serotypes that cause meningitis in French children are covered by the 7-valent vaccine. (3) Several trials have yielded similar results: vaccination during infancy reduces the risk of invasive pneumococcal infection due to serotypes covered by the vaccine by 80% to 90%, leading to a relative reduction of 60% to 70% in the risk of invasive pneumococcal infections due to all serotypes. (4) In the United States, since the introduction of routine vaccination for all infants under 2 years of age, infant mortality due to invasive pneumococcal infections has fallen, with roughly one death prevented per 200 000 infants. Infant vaccination also appears to reduce the circulation of vaccine serotypes among unvaccinated subjects, especially those over 50 years of age. There is some evidence of replacement by non-vaccine serotypes, but the magnitude of occurrence is small. (5) The efficacy of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the prevention of acute otitis media in infants has been tested in several clinical trials: it is minimal to non-existent. (6) The adverse effects of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine are similar to those of other commonly used vaccines, and include fever, rash, urticaria, reactions at the injection site, and agitation. Serious allergic reactions have occurred: at least one spontaneous report of one serious allergic reaction per 500 000 vaccinated children. (7) There is consensus on the vaccination schedule: 3 intramuscular injections given at least 4 weeks apart, plus a booster at 12-15 months, if vaccination is started at 2 months of age. (8) In France, routine vaccination would prevent about a dozen deaths, several dozen cases of meningitis, and a few hundred hospital admissions per year, at a cost of at least one serious allergic reaction. (9) The risk-benefit balance is very favourable in infants who are at a high risk of invasive pneumococcal infection. It is also positive in other infants, and should therefore be routinely offered from the age of 2 months. Epidemiological monitoring must continue.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗