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PubMed1996

[The phenomenon of deja vu in psychopathology and literature].

In this paper we attempted to review the concept of déjà vu. Déjà vu is a common experience in life and it is largely described in psychopathology and in artistic literature. Starting descriptions of writers like Camus, D'Annunzio, Simeon, Bunuel, Schnitzler, Dickens we propose a first phenomenological way of reading of déjà vu experience referring to the different hypotheses in psychopathology: a memory disorder, perception disorder, attentional disorder, considering the phenomenon as a consciousness disorder according to Ey's theories. Secondly we attempted to compare the consciousness disorder hypothesis to a psychoanalytic reading according Freud and Matte Blanco studies.

Art↗
PubMed1996

Megaloblastosis.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

[Learning and memory skills in patients with cryptogenic epilepsy].

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the nature of memory deficits in patients with cryptogenic epilepsy and partial seizures. Sixty-two patients were compared to forty-four controls on several verbal and visual memory tests (short-term memory, learning, long-term recall, and recognition). Performance in the patients group was significantly impaired only on the test of verbal delayed recall.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Mnestic defect characteristics in lesions of the left and right cerebral hemispheres].

The report contains some results of an experimental psychological study of memory in 144 patients with lesions of the right and left temporal lobes and in 25 patients with parkinsonism, who had undergone stereotaxic operations on the nuclear structures of the thalamus for dominant and subdominant speech of the brain hemisphere. For control purposes 88 normals were studied. The achieved results were subjected to a statistical and correlational analysis done on a computer "Minsk-20". The results of such studies demonstrated certain differences in these groups. These differences were expressed both in a quantitative character of reproduction and in a qualitative structure in the memory defect, which was connected with a different representation of correlational bonds between the indices of reproduction as well as with the role of the right and left temporal lobes in the formation of memory dependence on the probability prognosis.

Association↗
PubMed1997

Endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of a large chordoma in the posterior fossa.

Encouraged by an experience with endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, an endoscopic transsphenoidal technique was applied in a patient with a large chordoma in the posterior fossa. The patient was a 40-year-old man with a two-year history of progressive ataxia, a memory disorder and emotional instability. A magnetic resonance (MR) scan of the brain revealed a midline posterior fossa mass measuring 4 cm in diameter located between the clivus and the brainstem. The basilar artery and its bifurcation were encased by the tumor and the brainstem was also distorted by the tumor. Obstructive hydrocephalus was treated previously with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt and fractionated external beam radiation treatment was given without histological diagnosis at another hospital. Subtotal resection of the tumor was achieved utilizing an endoscopic transphenoidal technique through the patient's nostril. The portion of the tumor located behind the basilar artery was not resected in order to protect the brainstem perforating arteries. The patient showed dramatic improvement of his symptoms postoperatively. Residual tumor located behind the basilar artery was treated by stereotactic gamma-knife surgery. This is the first reported case of a large posterior fossa chordoma being treated by an endoscopic transsphenoidal technique.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Recognition of Alzheimer's disease: the 7 Minute Screen.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Because Alzheimer's disease (AD) tends to be underdiagnosed, we developed a brief neurocognitive screening battery to identify AD patients. The 7 Minute Screen consists of four individual tests (orientation, memory, clock drawing, verbal fluency). The screen can be rapidly administered and scored and therefore may be appropriate for use in the primary care setting. This study determined the validity and reliability of the 7 Minute Screen in distinguishing patients with AD from healthy controls. METHODS: The 7 Minute Screen was administered to 60 consecutive referrals to a memory disorders clinic who were subsequently diagnosed with probable AD and to 60 community-dwelling individuals. Analysis of the combined scores on the four individual tests was used to determine the probability of dementia in each subject. We also evaluated test-retest and inter-rater reliability, as well as the time required to administer the battery. RESULTS: When compared with the normal subjects, the patients with AD were significantly more impaired on each of the four tests included in the 7 Minute Screen. When the four tests were combined into a logistic regression model, the battery correctly diagnosed 92% of the patients with AD and 96% of the normal subjects. The battery performed equally well when only patients with mild and very mild AD were included. Mean time for administration and scoring was 7 minutes 42 seconds. CONCLUSIONS: The 7 Minute Screen is a reliable and valid instrument for identifying patients with AD. It appears to be a potentially useful tool for identifying patients with AD in a primary care setting.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

[Transient global amnesia after general anesthesia].

A 61 year old male patient with left mandibular cyst, received marsupialization of the left mandible under general anesthesia. Four hours after the end of anesthesia, his memory for the past 4 months and short term memory plastisity were impaired. No neurological abnormalies were found at that time. On the 2nd postoperative day, he recovered his lost memory for the past 4 months. The memory of events between 6 hours before operation and next morning, however, remained lost. It is suggested that the memory disorder is the TGA due to various causes including transient hypertension, operative stress, postoperative pain and diazepam.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A case of syphilitic uveitis].

A 43-year-old woman with alcoholism developed hearing loss, dizziness, unsteady walking, frequent urination, memory disorders, and later a manifest drop of bilateral vision. The patient denied syphilis. Examinations revealed bilateral panuveitis, bilateral neurosensory amblyacusia, vestibulopathy, and imperative urges to urination. Serological tests were positive with both Treponema and other than Treponema antigens. The cerebrospinal fluid was normal. Ampicillin therapy was ineffective. The clinical picture, diagnosis, and treatment of syphilitic uveitis are discussed; the authors point out that it is often associated with neurosyphilis. The condition is extremely rare nowadays.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Memory deficits at 0.6 MPa ambient air pressure.

We investigated the effects of an elevated ambient air pressure of 0.6 MPa on verbal memory performance. Twenty-four experienced divers were compressed in a dry hyperbaric chamber to pressures equivalent to 0.5 meters of seawater (msw) (n = 12) and 50 msw (n = 12). Verbal memory was assessed by free recall and recognition of visually presented word lists. The testing procedure specified learning and testing at surface, learning at surface and testing at depth, learning and testing at depth, and learning at depth and testing at surface. Non-specific stress was assessed by measurement of salivary cortisol, heart rate, and subjective stress before, during, and after the dives. The 50-msw dive group showed a significant decrease of free recall performance when the material was learned at depth (P < 0.01). However, only postdive recall of material learned at depth remained significantly impaired (P < 0.05), whereas recognition performance was normal. For both groups no significant effects of depth on the investigated stress indices were obtained. These results are taken as evidence that inert gas narcosis may interfere with encoding and/or retrieval of verbal information, although the possibility that other stressors in the hyperbaric environment contributed to these deficits cannot be eliminated entirely.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The use of nonword repetition as a test of phonological memory in children with Down syndrome.

Recent research suggests a significant relationship between verbal short-term memory and normal language development. Although poor short-term memory and impaired language are features of Down syndrome there has been little investigation of the relationship between these functions in this population, and no studies have included the nonword repetition test devised by Gathercole and Baddeley on which much of the evidence from normal development is based. This study reports the use of nonword repetition with 33 children and teenagers with Down syndrome aged from 5 to 18 years, and investigates the relationship between this test and other memory and language measures. Word repetition was included as an indirect control for the perceptual and speech impairments often associated with this group. Words were repeated significantly more successfully than nonwords and both these tasks were sensitive to word length. Nonword repetition was significantly correlated with age, and when age and nonverbal cognitive ability were controlled, nonword repetition was significantly correlated with all other language-based memory measures, i.e. auditory digit span, word span, sentence repetition, and fluency, and also with memory for a sequence of hand movements, but not with memory for faces or a visual digit span task. There was also a significant relationship between nonword repetition and receptive vocabulary, language comprehension, and reading. When performance on the word repetition task was controlled in addition to age and nonverbal ability, significant correlations between nonword repetition and word span, sentence memory, hand movements, language comprehension, and reading remained. Fewer relationships between auditory digit span and these other measures were established; in particular, there was no association between digit span and the language and reading measures. Results suggest that nonword repetition is a reliable measure of phonological memory in Down syndrome and can predict language comprehension and reading ability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Alterations in the dynamics of semantic activation in Alzheimer's disease: evidence for the Gain/Decay hypothesis of a disorder of semantic memory.

While it has been commonly assumed that a deficit in semantic memory underlies many of the clinical and cognitive features of early Alzheimer's disease (AD), there has been little agreement on what constitutes a proper theoretical description of this impaired system. Currently, most theories of this disorder fall into two categories: those that posit degraded semantic representations, and those that posit impaired retrieval operations with relatively intact semantic representations. It is argued that each position has both empirical and logical disadvantages that have prevented the development of a consensus on how to describe the pathology of semantic memory in AD. In this paper we present the details and supportive evidence for an alternative account of the semantic memory deficit of AD: the Gain/Decay hypothesis. The core claim of the Gain/Decay hypothesis is that a reduction in the time constant of spreading activation in AD produces dynamic changes in the availability of semantic representations that depend on the time frame in which this information must be accessed. The implications of this hypothesis for a range of experimental and clinical phenomena are discussed, as are possible biological correlates of the hypothesized alterations in the modulation of activation.

Aged↗