[Psychotherapy using the Catathymic Picture Experience. Principles and practice of psychotherapy work using daydreams].
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Fantasy↗
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Metaliteral dreaming: a right hemisphere dominant linguistic activity.
Many dream reports, which take the form of propositional speech, are more meaningful if understood as metaliteral speech. To achieve this understanding the speech sounds must be decoded according to different linguistic rules than govern propositional speech. The basic rules for metaliteral speech were outlined in a recent paper. Those rules came from empirical observation. This paper proposes that the right hemisphere is dominant for the linguistic activity of metaliteral speech because, in one way or another, the rules all seem to depend on the cognitive use of right hemisphere functions, or sometimes, on the absence of left hemisphere functions. The proposed theory rejects an exclusive role for the right hemisphere in metaliteral behavior. By recognizing the subordinate role of the left, the puzzles are solved of the story-like quality to dream reports and the central role of prosody in decoding metaliteral speech.
Dominance, Cerebral↗
[Inciting the masses under national socialism. A sociopsychologic analysis of the "Olympic Youth" festival].
On the basis of the festival production "Olympic Youth", Berlin 1936, the author examines the structure of mass stagings in Hitler Germany, the fascination felt by the participants, and the psychologically formative effect underlying the relationship of "leader" to "mass". In this connection, he draws particular attention to the interplay of perfect discipline and unbridled eruption and to the suspension of reality in favor of illusion.
Adolescent↗
Transactions of the Topeka Psychoanalytic Society.
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Adult↗
As-if: the phenomenon of not learning.
In this paper I discuss a clinical problem presented by those patients who, instead of using analysis as an emotional learning experience, invest all their energies in keeping it in a static condition. Using the material of four patients, I illustrate how they have an underlying state of disintegration which is contained in a precarious enclosure. The patients experience great difficulty in facing this situation and preventing further disintegration. I describe a particular type of splitting, which I call 'slicing', by which they achieve an arrest of further disintegrative processes, and for which they need the continuous existence of a useless analysis. I link this situation with Bion's concept of 'minus K'.
Adult↗
Gender and identity issues in the analytic process.
The influence of gender--of analyst and analysand--in the unfolding of the analytic process is being addressed. A brief discussion of the reasons why such influence was either dismissed or denied in the analytic literature until recently, is followed by an overview of possible analyst-analysand interactions in the four gender-related dyads. Finally two specific developments, not uncommon in the transference of female patients in analysis with female analysts (and their countertransference implications) are presented. The first refers to the issues around closeness and distance with the maternal object (usually expressed as issues over control and as a sado-masochistic struggle with the analyst in the transference), while the second to the erotization of the transference.
Acting Out↗
The investigation of psychoanalytic theory by means of the experimental method.
Psychoanalysis has been criticized for its lack of a quantitative research tradition and its resulting reliance on the case history method for its data. While the in-depth observation of a small group of cases has an important place in the development of science, particularly in the hypothesis generating phase, it is argued that the testing of psychoanalytic hypotheses must depend on research methods that allow for more stringent control and replication. Five studies that utilize a true experimental design and that examine psychoanalytically significant topics are described. Special problems confronting the psychoanalytic experimenter are discussed. It is hoped that this article will stimulate those investigators who have an interest in testing psychoanalytic principles to design future studies that are rigorous in their methodology.
Attention↗
"A dream is the fulfillment of a wish': traumatic dream, repetition compulsion, and the pleasure principle.
This paper describes the case of a battle veteran who suffered from a repetitive traumatic dream and symptoms of a traumatic stress disorder. Psychodynamic exploration revealed the basic wish-fulfilling aspects of both the dream and the fact of its repetition. The patient's obsessional preoccupation with his war experiences was also in significant part determined by unconscious wishes to repeat the infantile experience it represented. It is suggested that the repression of pleasure according to the classic psychoanalytic model is as important a dynamic in the dreams and symptoms associated with specific traumata as with any other neuroses. The question is raised as to whether a repetition compulsion, of normal or pathological intensity, may reflect the wish to repeat a descriptively unconscious pleasurable component of a disturbing experience, as well as to master it.
Adult↗
[When it is not the patient who pays].
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Communication↗
["Archaic matrix of the oedipus complex"].
The clinical implication of Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel's concept of the "archaic matrix of the Oedipus complex" is examined, the resulting deeper understanding of the Oedipus myth is considered. A discussion follows of Chasseguet-Smirgel's way of using this concept in her historical evaluation of German Romantism with regard to the Nazi times and nowadays politics of the Westgerman Green Party.
Germany↗
The psychoanalytic process: motives and obstacles in the search for clarification.
One motive for regarding psychoanalysis as a "process," and for attempting to define its exact nature, is to enable analysts to clarify their criteria for distinguishing authentic psychoanalysis from other therapies that resemble it or are derived from it. In the present climate of theoretical pluralism, any list of defining qualities that could win wide acceptance would of necessity be cast in terms of such general quality as to limit its utility as a precise template. Another motive for holding on to the "process" concept arises from the unpredictable nature of analytic progress in even the most satisfactory cases.
Defense Mechanisms↗
The psychoanalytic process and its components.
Certain problems in defining the psychoanalytic process emerged during the five years in which a COPE study group was attempting to clarify the concept. There was agreement about the bed-rock criteria to be included in a definition: e.g., transference, resistance, a dynamic unconscious, intrapsychic conflict, defense, infantile sexuality, insight which causes change, and change which brings insight. The disagreements centered on the locus of the psychoanalytic process, the best way to conceptualize change, and the methodological problem of validating whether specific interventions cause specific claimed effects. Confusion about how to account for the interactional aspect of the psychoanalytic situation in a manner consistent with a one-person psychology emerged as an important source of the difficulty in arriving at a satisfactory definition of the psychoanalytic process.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Further observations on the psychoanalytic process.
The psychoanalytic process remains a fascinating and valuable concept, albeit an incompletely understood and controversial one. The author reviews the ideas in his 1984 essay and looks back on some of the critiques and proposals that followed that paper. He suggests that the concept of the psychoanalytic process is viable and useful despite its shortcomings. Consideration is given to the goals of psychoanalytic treatment as they relate to the "process" and how the "process" may be helpful in determining whether or not a patient is "in" analysis.
Defense Mechanisms↗
Psychoanalytic process and transference resistance, with notes on the need for re-analysis.
In the course of conducting second analyses, the analyst has a uniquely advantageous position from which to study the psychoanalytic process. His or her observations of the unfolding of the second analysis can be compared with the analysand's description of the earlier experience. Investigation of the differences throws light on subtle aspects of transference resistances--how they have been manifested and how they have determined the outcome of the analytic process. The author focuses on some characterologic derivatives of latent transference resistances and discusses a way in which they may be drawn into workable aspects of the process they would otherwise impede.
Adult↗
Exploration of nightmares in hospital treatment of borderline patients.
A clinical investigation of nightmares enhanced the psychotherapy of many hospitalized borderline patients. Early familial trauma, prominent in the latent content of the nightmares, predisposed these patients to adult dysfunction or to a maladaptive response to subsequent trauma. The hospital ward's emphasis on intergenerational family therapy and the well-integrated holding environment helped offset distress in patients resulting from the upsurgence of conflictual material latent in their nightmares, whether or not they were posttraumatic. The authors present illustrative cases.
Adult↗
Therapist envy.
The vicissitudes of envy comprise some of the most powerful relationships between people. Originally viewed as a character trait, envy is now viewed as occurring in two-person interpersonal interactions. The therapeutic situation is therefore an ideal context in which to examine envy on the part of both therapist and patient. Envy is an intense affect, inhibiting effective behavior, and it may damage the therapeutic relationship in ways not easily recognized by therapist and patient.
Humans↗
Obsessional thinking as "paradoxical action".
Obsessive-compulsive neurosis has long intrigued psychoanalysts. Although they may disagree about the underlying etiological mechanisms, analysts generally agree that obsessive individuals are often difficult to engage in the psychoanalytic process and are therefore difficult to treat psychoanalytically. The author offers a selective integration of theoretical approaches to this disorder and elaborates on Schafer's theory of obsessional thinking as paradoxical or conflictual action as a way to understand the resistance frequently encountered in these patients. A case report illustrates this psychoanalytic approach to obsessional neurosis.
Humans↗
Adolescent anger.
Adolescent hostility, resentment, blame, and reproach are dynamically determined and serve important defensive, alloplastic, and restitutional aims. The author examines how these negative affects, the accompanying victim role, and oppositional defiance enable angry adolescents to defend against depression and loss, to demand nurturance from others, to protect their precarious inner autonomy, and to undo their humiliation and shame by vengeance and reversal. The author suggests that adolescent anger arises from an underlying wish to coerce objects into providing all-giving restitution for losses and narcissistic injuries, not necessarily from a wish to sadistically or enviously destroy them.
Adolescent↗