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At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Size-exclusion chromatography in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol.

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol is re-examined as an eluent for size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) of polyesters, nylons, and other polar polymers. It is shown that anomalous SEC behavior reported in previous literature can be eliminated by adding 0.01 M tetraethylammonium nitrate to the eluent. The eluent modifier does not affect the solution viscosity or root-mean-square radii of moderately polar polymers such as polyesters and nylons, but it does decrease these quantities for more polar polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(2-vinylpyridine). More important, this salt appears to minimize repulsive interactions with styrene-divinylbenzene column packings that have contributed to non-ideal size-exclusion behavior. As a result, conditions are established that satisfy universal calibration.

Calibration↗

PubMed2003

Characterization of the wound-induced material in Citrus paradisi fruit peel by carbon-13 CP-MAS solid state NMR spectroscopy.

Grapefruit, Citrus paradisi, were injured, inoculated with Penicillium digitatum and incubated under conditions favourable for the accumulation of defence related material. Histochemical examination revealed that tissues adjacent to inoculated injuries contained phloroglucinol-HCl (PG-HCl) reactive material. Solvent washed cell wall preparations of intact and injured-inoculated peel were further purified using a mixture of cell wall degrading enzymes. Samples from injured inoculated tissue contained PG-HCl reactive globular material in addition to the fragments of xylem and cuticle found in controls. The principal chemical moieties of the material that accumulates in grapefruit injuries during wound-healing were studied by solid state 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning NMR. A complete assignment of the NMR signals was made. From the analysis evidence was found that cellulose and hemicellulose are the biopolymers present in the intact peel samples, in addition, relevant quantities of cutin were found in the residues of enzyme digest. The NMR difference spectrum intact- wounded peels showed resonances which were attributed to all major functional groups of the aromatic-aliphatic suberin polyester of new material produced by the wounds. Information on the latter polyester was obtained by analyzing the T(1)rho (1H) relaxation.

Carbon Isotopes↗

PubMed1999

PCDD/Fs in textiles--part II: transfer from clothing to human skin.

The transfer of PCDD/Fs from contaminated textiles to the outermost layers of the skin (stratum corneum) of human volunteers was measured. The experiments were conducted with cotton T-shirts containing high levels of hepta- and octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. The results indicated that there is little spatial variability in the transfer from the T-shirt to the skin surface (< factor2) and also little variability among individuals (< factor 3). The percent transfer from different cotton textiles (sigma PCDD/F: 1,900 pg/g - 281,000 pg/g) to the stratum corneum was found to be similar. The transfer from a white, unbleached polyester material was more than an order of magnitude lower, indicating that the PCDD/Fs were more tightly bound to the polyester than to the cotton. It was shown that the PCDD/Fs penetrate into deeper layers of the stratum corneum during an 8 hour exposure period. However, systemic exposure and a significant contribution of this pathway to the PCDD/F body burden is only possible if the compounds are able to overcome the penetration barrier posed by the viable epidermis.

Benzofurans↗

PubMed2000

Environmental tobacco smoke uptake by clothing fabrics.

The uptake of cigarette smoke by a variety of clothing fabrics was determined. The tested fabrics included wool, linen, cotton, silk, rayon, acetate and polyester. While a variety of factors effect such absorption, polyester fabrics were found to significantly take up less smoke than all the other tested cloths. A simple and rapid technique is described for measuring such absorption.

Clothing↗

PubMed2001

Optimizing the sterilization of PLGA scaffolds for use in tissue engineering.

There are few suitable techniques available to sterilize biodegradable polyester three-dimensional tissue engineering scaffolds because they are susceptible to degradation and/or morphological degeneration by high temperature and pressure. We used a novel polyllactide-co-glycolide) scaffold (Osteofoam) to determine the optimal sterilization procedure--i.e. a sterile product with minimal degradation and deformation. Initial studies, found that an argon plasma created at 100W for 4min was optimal for sterilizing Osteofoam scaffolds without affecting their morphology. The RFGD plasma sterilization method was compared to two well-established techniques--ethylene oxide (ETO) and gamma-irradiation (gamma)--which were in turn compared to disinfection in 70% ethanol. Disinfection in 70% ethanol serves as a useful control because it affects neither the morphology nor the molecular weight of the polymer: yet, ethanol is unsuitable as a sterilization method because it does not adequately eliminate hydrophilic viruses and bacterial spores. The three sterilization techniques, ETO, gamma and RFGD plasma, were compared in terms of their immediate and long-term effects on the dimensions, morphology, molecular weight and degradation profile of the scaffolds. Scaffolds shrank to 60% of their initial volume after ETO sterilization whereas their molecular weight (Mw) decreased by approximately 50% after gamma-irradiation. Thus, both ETO and gamma-irradiation posed immediate problems as sterilization techniques for 3-D biodegradable polyester scaffolds. During the in vitro degradation study, all sterilized samples showed advanced morphological and volume changes over time relative to ethanol (EtOH) disinfected samples, with the greatest changes observed for gamma-irradiated samples. ETO, RFGD plasma sterilized and EtOH disinfected samples showed similar changes in Mw and mass over the 8-week time frame. Overall, of the three sterilization techniques studied, RFGD plasma was the best.

Absorbable Implants↗

PubMed2004

Biocompatibility and strength properties of nitinol shape memory alloy suture in rabbit tendon.

Nitinol (NiTi) is a promising new tendon suture material with good strength, easy handling and good super-elastic properties. NiTi sutures were implanted for biocompatibility testing into the right medial gastrocnemius tendon in 15 rabbits for 2, 6 and 12 weeks. Additional sutures were implanted in subcutaneous tissue for strength measurements in order to determine the effect of implantation on strength properties of NiTi suture material. Braided polyester sutures (Ethibond) of approximately the same diameter were used as control. Encapsulating membrane formation around the sutures was minimal in the case of both materials. The breaking load of NiTi was significantly greater compared to braided polyester. Implantation did not affect the strength properties of either material.

Alloys↗

PubMed2003

Influence of core suture material and peripheral repair technique on the strength of Kessler flexor tendon repair.

The purpose of our study was to determine the most favourable combination of core suture material and peripheral repair technique for Kessler tendon repair. Thirty freshly thawed pig flexor tendons were repaired by a Kessler technique, either with braided polyester or monofilament nylon suture. A peripheral augmentation was done using one of the three techniques-running, cross-stitch and Halsted. All repairs were tested by cyclic loading, followed by load-to-failure. During cyclic loading six of the 15 tendons with a nylon core failed, but none with a braided polyester core. Irrespective of peripheral technique, the monofilament nylon core suture allowed early central cyclic gapping, resulting in failure of the repair. During load-to-failure testing, the running stitch proved weakest and the cross-stitch repair toughest.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

The effects of UV exclusion on the soluble phenolics of young Scots pine seedlings in the subarctic.

The characteristics of UV-absorbing compounds, particularly soluble phenolics, were studied in needles of 63-day-old seed-grown Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings of two provenances in a UV exclusion field experiment at Pallas-Ounastunturi National Park in Finnish Lapland (68 degrees N, 270 m a.s.l.). The experiment used the following plastic filters in exclosure treatments to manipulate the spectral balance of natural irradiance: (1) 'control' (a polyethene plastic filter); (2) 'UV-B exclusion' (a clear polyester filter); and (3) 'UV-B/UV-A exclusion' (a clear acryl plate). Polyethene transmitted 89% of the ambient levels of total UV (280-400 nm), polyester transmitted 75% of the total UV, but only 0.6% of the UV-B (280-315 nm) component, while acryl plate transmitted 0.2% of UV (280-360 nm). The research also included (4) 'Ambient' plants that were not subjected to any treatment exclosures. After the 58 day UV exclusion, significant (p<0.0001) differences due to treatments were determined for a kaempferol derivative, kaempferol 3-glucoside, and a quercetin derivative, the quantities of which ranged from 0.23 to 0.45, 0.42 to 1.34 and 0.39 to 0.75 micromol g FW(-1), respectively, depending on treatment and provenance. Overall, Scots pine seedlings grown at ambient UV radiation (PAS300, Caldwell's generalized Plant Action Spectrum (PAS) normalized at 300 nm, 72 mW m(-2)) or under a control had significantly (p<0.05) higher quantities of soluble phenolics than seedlings grown under UV-B or UV-B/UV-A exclusion treatments. There were no significant differences in the quantity of soluble phenolics between the two exclosure treatments or between the two Scots pine provenances. The sums of diacylated flavonol glucosides ranging from 3.75 to 4.55 micromol g FW(-1) depending on treatment and provenance, were already present at very low UV-levels under the UV-B/UV-A exclusion treatment. The present study indicated that soluble phenolics, particularly the diacylated flavonol glucosides, may provide an effective preformed protection for young Scots pine seedlings against UV-B and UV-A radiation.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Preparation and characterization of sterile and freeze-dried sub-200 nm nanoparticles.

The feasibility of producing sterile and freeze-dried polyester nanoparticles was investigated. Various poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(D,L-lactide) were selected as biodegradable polymers. Using the salting-out procedure, process parameters were optimized to obtain sub-200 nm particles. After purification, the nanoparticle suspensions containing different lyoprotectants were sterilized by filtration. Freeze-drying was performed using vials covered with 0.22 microm membrane filters in order to preserve the suspensions from bacterial contamination. Sterility was assessed on the final product according to pharmacopoeial requirements using the membrane filtration method. With all polymers tested, sub-200 nm particles could be obtained. Nanoparticles with a size as low as 102 nm were prepared with good reproducibility and narrow size distribution. Upon freeze-drying, it appeared that complete redispersion of all types of polyester nanoparticles could be obtained in presence of the lyoprotectants tested such as saccharides while aggregation was observed without lyoprotectant. Sterility testing showed no microbial contamination indicating that sterile nanoparticulate formulations have been achieved.

Capsules↗

PubMed1997

Prosthetic above-knee femoropopliteal bypass grafting: results of a multicenter randomized prospective trial. Above-Knee Femoropopliteal Study Group.

PURPOSE: There are excellent arguments in favor of the preferential use of prosthetic grafts above the knee for the treatment of infrainguinal occlusive disease. This approach has been popularized on the basis of the seemingly acceptable results when using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). However, in many centers, knitted Dacron polyester has been used in these patients, and there are several studies that show equivalent and, in some, superior results with Dacron when compared with PTFE. The purpose of this study was to examine these results in a definitive way. METHODS: A randomized prospective trial in eight clinical academic centers in the United States and Canada was initiated in 1991. Two hundred forty-four patients eligible for such a study, by virtue of criteria extant in each institution at the time, were centrally randomized. They underwent placement of either a knitted Dacron polyester graft impregnated with collagen or a thin-wall expanded reenforced PTFE graft to the above-knee popliteal artery, usually from the common femoral artery. They were frequently observed by protocol for as long as 5 years by a physical examination noninvasive hemodynamic study, including duplex scanning in many instances. Continuing patency was noted, as were other potential adverse outcome events. The data were analyzed by the log-rank test for cumulative patency and expressed as Kaplan-Meier curves. Data were further analyzed with a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: There were no differences in graft groups in demographic or comorbid factors. The procedural mortality rate was zero, and the morbidity rate was low (6.5%). The long-term patient survival rate was excellent (77% at 3 years). At the end of these years, no statistical significance in primary or secondary patency rates was observed between the two grafts (primary patency rate, 62% +/- 14.4% for Dacron; 57% +/- 15.5% for PTFE). No unexpected adverse outcomes on limb status were noted. Patency rates in both graft groups were inferior in patients who received small grafts (5 to 6 mm vs 7 to 8 mm; hazards ratio, 4.15) and younger (<65 years) smoking patients. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that these two prosthetic grafts performed in equivalent fashion in a controlled, well-conducted prospective study is not surprising in spite of the previous work that suggested differences. If the preferential use of synthetic bypass grafts above the knee is to be used, it should be restricted to older nonsmokers with favorable anatomy. In that instance, the choice of graft material will depend on handling characteristics and cost. Above-knee prostheses should be only selectively used in younger, smoking patients, and graft size should be carefully considered in patients who undergo this operation.

Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗

PubMed1999

Periprosthetic leak and rupture after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm: the significance of device design for long-term results.

We present a case of abdominal aortic aneurysm treated with an endovascular bifurcated aortic graft in which a periprosthetic leak caused by a tear in the polyester prosthesis appeared between 9 and 12 months after surgery. The tear appeared adjacent to a suture breakage that caused separation of two struts of the nitinol wire framework in the body of the stent graft. The leak was sealed with insertion of a new endovascular tube graft into the body of the bifurcation. Eight months later, the patient had a nonfatal rupture of the abdominal aortic aneurysm because detachment of the second limb from the bifurcation caused a new major periprosthetic leak. According to the manufacturer of this device, suture breakage with separation of metal components is commonly seen, but perforation of the polyester prosthesis caused by movement of the metal stent against the fabric has not been reported. It is likely that this occurred in our patient. Detachment of the second limb from the bifurcated stent, causing a rupture, has been described before. Increasing angulation and tortuosity of the stent graft, as a result of either remodeling of the sac or elongation of the stent, and reduced compliance to angulation after the stent-in-stent procedure might have contributed to the detachment in this case.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Inflammatory synovial fluid and absorbable suture strength.

The effect of inflammatory synovial fluid upon several absorbable sutures commonly used for meniscus repair was studied by implanting lengths of these sutures into unstable, arthritic rabbit knees and, after varying lengths of time (1-6 weeks), testing their breaking strength. Both polyglactin-910 (Vicryl) and polyglycolic-acid (Dexon) sutures retained only minimal breaking strength 3 weeks after implantation. Chromic gut sutures demonstrated a steady reduction in breaking strength until they retained only 6% of their original strength at 5 weeks and none at 6 weeks. Polydioxanone (PDS) sutures began to lose breaking strength at 2 weeks and retained only 40% of their original strength 5 weeks after implantation. The rate of loss in polydioxanone breaking strength was faster in inflammatory synovial fluid than previously reported in the normal synovial joint. Braided polyester sutures (Mersiline) showed no loss of breaking strength over the duration of this test. While the choice of suture is only one variable influencing the outcome of a meniscus repair, this study demonstrates that only polydioxanone and green braided polyester sutures retain any strength 6 weeks after implantation (the time of immobilization commonly recommended for meniscal repairs). Complete meniscal healing can require several months. In the absence of compelling evidence to the contrary, the use of nonabsorbable suture materials for meniscal repair seems the most appropriate choice.

Absorption↗

PubMed2001

Aortic arch and proximal supraaortic arterial repair under continuous antegrade cerebral perfusion and moderate hypothermia.

PURPOSE: In this prospective study the clinical and neurological outcome of continuous antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) and moderate hypothermia was evaluated in patients undergoing ascending and aortic arch repair including reconstruction of the proximal supraaortic arteries. METHODS: In 50 consecutive patients (mean age 47 yr, range 22-70) aortic arch and supraaortic arterial repair was performed: ascending aorta and aortic arch (n=34) and aortic arch and Bentall procedure (n = 16). In 12 patients the distal anastomosis was performed using the elephant trunk technique. Test-clamping of the innominate artery for 3 min was performed under EEG-monitoring followed by the same procedure for the left carotid artery. Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted and the innominate artery replaced by a polyester graft before antegrade perfusion was carried out through the graft. While cooling to 28-30 degrees C, the left carotid artery was similarly treated with subsequent antegrade cerebral perfusion. The distal anastomosis was made at or beyond the left subclavian artery under circulatory arrest. During rewarming the innominate and carotid polyester grafts as well as the subclavian artery were anastomosed to the main graft, while antegrade cerebral perfusion was continued. RESULTS: In 46 patients antegrade cerebral perfusion was achieved with a mean volume flow of 12 ml/kg/min and a mean arterial pressure of 54 mmHg. EEG-monitoring delineated stable and symmetrical recordings. In four patients antegrade flow (mean 15 ml/kg/min) and pressure (mean 65 mmHg) had to be increased to establish baseline EEG-recordings. The mean time of circulatory arrest was 18 min. The overall hospital mortality was 6%: two patients died from cerebral infarction and one patient suffered from a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Three patients (6%) developed a temporary neurological deficit which resolved spontaneously. Two patients (4%) developed renal failure requiring temporary hemodialysis. Pulmonary complications occurred in 12 patients (25%). CONCLUSION: Continuous antegrade cerebral perfusion via selective grafts to the innominate and carotid arteries offers adequate protection in patients undergoing replacement of the ascending aorta or aortic arch and great vessels. This technique allows radical repair and optimal vascular reconstruction without time restrains and avoids the necessity for profound hypothermia

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Disperse blue dyes 106 and 124 are common causes of textile dermatitis and should serve as screening allergens for this condition.

BACKGROUND: Textile dye dermatitis is frequently undiagnosed because clinical awareness is low and because of the absence of good screening allergens in standard patch test series for this type of contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of textile dye allergy in patients with problematic eczemas evaluated at a contact dermatitis clinic, and to determine the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis to diperse blue dyes in these patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 788 patients who were patch tested to either the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) Standard Series or the European Standard Series, in addition to other relevant series. The Chemotechnique textile series was utilized in 271 patients (28%). RESULTS: Forty patients reacted positively to 1 or more textile dyes, the majority reacting positively to Disperse Blue 106 (33 of 40; 82.5%) and to Disperse Blue 124 (32 of 40; 80%). Ten of 11 tested patients reacted to their own clothing, 9 of whom reacted to the blue/black 100% acetate or 100% polyester liners in their garments. CONCLUSIONS: Textile dye allergy is more common than previously reported. It can cause marked dermatitis and widespread autoeczematization reactions. The most frequent allergens are Disperse Blue 106 and 124, which are frequently found in the 100% acetate and 100% polyester liners of women's clothing. We recommend that Disperse Blue 106 or 124 serve as the screening allergen for textile dye dermatitis.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Recent improvements in outcome with the Novacor left ventricular assist device.

BACKGROUND: The Novacor implantable, electrically powered, wearable, left ventricular assist device (LVAD) has been used as a bridge to transplantation at our institution since 1994. Recent changes in protocol have resulted in a decreased incidence of infections, thromboembolism, and mortality. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of all 43 patients who received implantable LVADs at the Mount Sinai Medical Center. After 1998, a number of protocol modifications were instituted. Vascular grafts were changed from a low-porosity, woven polyester (Cooley) to a gelatin-sealed, knitted polyester graft (Vascutek), the devices were implanted pre-peritoneally rather than in the posterior rectus sheath, and extensive drainage of the chest and pre-peritoneal pocket was used. The following anti-coagulation regimen was used: low-molecular-weight Dextran for 1 day, initiated after chest tube drainage <50 cc/hour; then IV heparin for 10 to 14 days, beginning at 500 U/hour, slowly increasing partial thromboplastin time to 1.5 to 2 x control; and finally Coumadin, maintaining the international normalized ratio at 2.5 to 3.5. Daily aspirin, 325 mg, was begun on post-operative Day 7. We compared 22 patients who electively underwent surgery before the changes, Group I, with 18 patients treated thereafter, Group II. RESULTS: Groups I and II were well matched with regard to age (47 vs 44 years); cause of heart failure (idiopathic, 50% vs 44%; ischemic, 50% vs 56%), and duration of support (79 vs 76 days). The incidence of thromboembolic cerebrovascular events was significantly less in Group II (6%) than in Group I (23%), p = 0.025. The incidence of bleeding increased mildly in Group I. Pocket infections occurred in 27% of Group I patients vs 11% of Group II patients, p = 0.018. Only 2 patients (11%) in Group II died while receiving device support, vs 7 (32%) in Group I, p = 0.019. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that pre-peritoneal implantation, use of a new generation of vascular grafts, extensive drainage, and a more restricted anti-coagulation regimen improve outcome after Novacor LVAD implantation for advanced heart failure.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Staple pull-out strength in an animal model of Cooper's ligament.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To understand the effect of staple number, orientation, and configuration on pull-out strength in an animal model of Cooper's ligament, and compare it with force to knot failure or suture breakage. DESIGN: Comparative study (Canadian Task Force classification I). SETTING: Ethicon Endo-Surgery Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio. SUBJECTS: Fibrous connective tissues from bovine ischia were the tissue model. INTERVENTION: Specimens were fixed in a cement-plaster compound and mounted in a tensiometer. Endoscopic staples were used to hold a loop of 0-braided polyester suture to the tissue. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The suture loop was pulled perpendicularly away from tissue at a constant rate of 2.1 mm/second and peak force to staple pull-out was recorded. Two staple orientations and four staple configurations were studied. Tests were applied in a factorial arrangement. Ten-millimeter stitches of 0-braided polyester suture in the model were also tested. Maximum force to staple pull-out depended on staple number, orientation, and configuration. Peak force required to remove two staples was significantly higher than that to remove one. Spacing between two staples was less important. Pull-out strength was significantly higher when staples were placed parallel to tissue fibers. Stitches placed perpendicular to fibers failed at the knot or by suture breakage with a mean force approximately two times the peak force to remove two staples. CONCLUSION: Two staples placed 2 to 5 mm apart parallel to tissue fibers resulted in the greatest pull-out strength of studied configurations.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Initial clinical experience in transcatheter closure of large patent arterial ducts in infants using the modified and angled Amplatzler duct occluder.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the feasibility and efficacy of closing large patent arterial duct in infants, using the modified and angled variants of the Amplatzer duct occluder. BACKGROUND: Closure of large patent arterial ducts by inserting devices in sick and underweight infants, particularly those weighing around 5 kilograms, remains a challenge. Bigger devices require larger delivery sheaths and may cause obstruction either to the aorta or left pulmonary artery. Negotiating a large device is difficult or impossible, as the sheath gets kinked. Because of these problems, such underweight infants with large ducts who are failing to thrive, and in left ventricular failure with associated lesions, are typically referred for surgery, often leading to higher morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We attempted to close such large patent arterial ducts using the new Amplatzer occluder, modified with single layer of polyester, and the angled occluder, with no polyester material, inserted through a specially braided kink-resistant sheath. RESULTS: Closure was achieved in 10 infants, with mean age of 8.2 months, mean weight of 5.5 kilograms, the lowest weighing 3.9 kilograms. The mean size of the patent ducts was 6.3 millimetres, with the largest measuring 8.6 millimetres. We implanted 6 modified and 4 angled occluders. In one patient, suffering from hydronephrosis, a 14/12 angled device embolized and was retrieved, but the patient died. In the remaining patients, all ducts were closed completely, with no obstruction to either the aorta or left pulmonary artery. On follow up, all showed excellent clinical improvement. CONCLUSION: Complete closure of very large patent arterial ducts is now possible, even in very sick and underweight infants, using the large but low profile custom-made angled or modified versions of the Amplatzer occluder.

Balloon Occlusion↗

PubMed2004

Use of external magnetic fields to reduce reaction times in an immunoassay using micrometer-sized paramagnetic particles as labels (magnetoimmunoassay).

The paper presents a rapid immunoassay system capable of quantifying analyte in complex biological and environmental media. Antibody-coated micrometer-sized paramagnetic particles are used as labels in an assay in which they bind quantitatively with an analyte and capture antibody molecules immobilized on a polyester disk to form a sandwich assay. The assay is performed in a simple reaction vessel, and reactions between labels, analyte, and antibodies are accelerated by positioning magnets alternately above and below the vessel. The bound paramagnetic particles are quantified using a simple flat, spiral, coil located just below the polyester disk. The electronic circuitry associated with the coil uses components that are inexpensive and readily available. The coil has been designed to respond only to particles bound on the disk and not to unbound particles still in the test solution. Unbound particles are pulled away from the disk by the magnet before readings are taken. The use of the reaction vessel with the cardiac markers CRP and CKMB is described. No sample preparation or washing step is used in the assays, and results can be obtained in less than 3 min after introducing the sample into the vessel with sensitivities in the normal clinical range.

Antibodies↗