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PubMed1987

Tissue culture of normal and cystic fibrosis sweat gland duct cells. I. Alterations in dome formation.

The elucidation of the underlying defect in fluid secretion by cystic fibrosis (CF) sweat glands is hindered by the unavailability of an experimental model for investigating this disease. As a potential model system, a serum-free growth medium was developed that supports the explant growth of epithelial cells from fragments of human skin. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that these epithelial cell outgrowths originated from the duct of the sweat gland. By electron microscopy, the cells were demonstrated to possess keratinocyte-like morphology as noted by the presence of a multilayered outgrowth of cells containing well-defined keratin bundles. Identical outgrowths from skin biopsies of CF patients were compared to normal outgrowths and alterations were noted to occur in dome formation and in the number of intercellular spaces between cells. Doming alterations were also noted to occur in the CF heterozygous state. No differences in cell fine structure or in growth factor requirements for cell proliferation were noted between normal and CF cells. The potential use of this system as a model for CF research is discussed.

Culture Techniques↗

PubMed1990

Loss of facial sweating and flushing in Holmes-Adie syndrome.

We investigated pupillary responses to parasympathetic (pilocarpine) and sympathetic agents (tyramine, cocaine, and phenylephrine) in a 51-year-old woman with tonic pupils, loss of muscle stretch reflexes in the limbs, and hemifacial loss of sweating and flushing (Ross' syndrome). A smaller pupillary response to tyramine and cocaine eyedrops on the symptomatic side indicated that outflow was disrupted in the postganglionic section of the ocular sympathetic pathway. A greater response to phenylephrine eyedrops on this side was consistent with denervation supersensitivity to adrenergic agents. Loss of thermoregulatory sweating and flushing and emotional blushing in the forehead, cheek, and chin indicated that sympathetic disruption was proximal to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, probably in the superior cervical ganglion. A similar degenerative process may be responsible for loss of muscle stretch reflexes, tonic pupils, and other autonomic disturbances in Ross' syndrome.

Adie Syndrome↗

PubMed1999

Human sweat gland myoepithelial cells express a unique set of cytokeratins and reveal the potential for alternative epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation states in culture.

We have characterized precisely the cytokeratin expression pattern of sweat gland myoepithelial cells and have identified conditions for propagating this cell type and modulating its differentiation in culture. Rare, unstratified epithelioid colonies were identified in cultures initiated from several specimens of full-thickness human skin. These cells divided rapidly in medium containing serum, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and hydrocortisone, and maintained a closely packed, epithelioid morphology when co-cultured with 3T3 feeder cells. Immunocytochemical and immunoblot analysis disclosed that the cells differed from keratinocytes in that they were E-cadherin-negative, vimentin-positive, and expressed an unusual set of cytokeratins, K5, K7, K14, and K17. When subcultured without feeder cells, they converted reversibly to a spindle morphology and ceased K5 and K14 expression. Under these conditions, EGF deprivation induced flattening, growth arrest, and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin ((&agr;)-sma). Coexpression of keratins and alpha-sma is a hallmark of myoepithelial cells, a constituent of secretory glands. Immunostaining of skin sections revealed that only sweat gland myoepithelial cells expressed the same pattern of keratins and alpha-sma and lack of E-cadherin as the cell type we had cultured. Interestingly, our immunocytochemical analysis of ndk, a skin-derived cell line of uncertain identity, suggests that this line is of myoepithelial origin. Earlier immunohistochemical studies by others had found myoepithelial cells to be K7-negative. We tested five K7-specific antibodies that can recognize this protein in western blots and in the assembled keratin filaments of mesothelial cells. Three of these antibodies did not recognize the K7 present in myoepithelial cell filaments or in HeLa cell filaments, indicating that some K7 epitopes are masked when K7 pairs with K17 instead of with its usual keratin filament partner, K19.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1984

Biochemical and ultrastructural studies of human eccrine sweat glands isolated by shearing and maintained for seven days.

A new method of isolating human eccrine sweat glands by the repeated dissection of skin biopsies with scissors is described. The success of the technique is attributed to a potential line of weakness between the investing capsule and the surrounding connective tissue, which parts under shear forces. The yield is 20-50 glands per biopsy (5 cm X 0.5 cm). The glands are judged to be viable by: (i) light and electron microscopy; (ii) ATP, ADP and AMP contents of 81.0 +/- 12.7, 13.8 +/- 3.3 and 3.8 +/- 1.0 pmol/gland, respectively (mean +/- S.E.M.), which gave an energy charge of 0.90; (iii) the 28-fold rise in cyclic GMP content and the sevenfold rise in cyclic AMP content effected by treatment for 2 min with 10(-5) M-acetylcholine and for 10 min with 10(-5) M-isoprenaline, respectively; (iv) the rate of [3H]leucine uptake into protein; and (v) the concentration of Neutral Red by the collecting duct. Glands were maintained for 7 days on polycarbonate filters floating on RPMI 1640 tissue-culture medium. After this time the ATP, ADP and AMP contents were 63.2 +/- 7.3, 8.5 +/- 2.2 and 3.5 +/- 0.8 pmol/gland, respectively (mean +/- S.E.M.), which gave an energy charge of 0.90. During maintenance a dilatation of the intercellular spaces developed in both secretory coil and collecting duct. Following maintenance there was a significant rise in the rate of [3H]leucine uptake into protein. Maintained glands demonstrated a fivefold greater accumulation of cyclic AMP in response to isoprenaline than did freshly isolated glands, but there was no comparable maintenance hypersensitivity of cyclic GMP to acetylcholine. This pattern of adrenergic, but not cholinergic, maintenance hypersensitivity matches the known lack of denervation hypersensitivity of human eccrine sweat glands to acetylcholine in vivo.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed1993

Investigation of stimulus-secretion coupling in equine sweat gland epithelia using cell culture techniques.

When sweat glands isolated from samples of horse skin were explanted and cultured under favourable conditions, they could exhibit cellular outgrowth. This growth could be maintained for 2-4 weeks and these primary cultures were then disaggregated and the resultant cell suspensions used to initiate epithelial cell lines. Secretion from intact equine sweat glands is regulated by beta 2-adrenoceptors and appears to be mediated by cyclic AMP, but there is evidence that calcium may also play a role. Adrenaline could increase the cyclic AMP content of the cultured cells and this response was mediated by beta 2-adrenoceptors. Adrenaline was also able to evoke a small increase in intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) but the pharmacology of this response remains obscure. Adrenaline thus activates at least two potentially important second-messenger signalling pathways which have the capacity to interact, because adrenaline-evoked cyclic AMP formation was inhibited if [Ca2+]i was raised with ionomycin. The chloride permeability of mammalian epithelial cells characteristically rises during secretion, and adrenaline could increase chloride permeability in the cultured epithelia but the cells did not contain cyclic-AMP-dependent chloride channels and so this response was mediated by [Ca2+]i.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The sweat test: effect of elution time on chloride and sodium concentrations.

BACKGROUND: The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines and Guidelines for the Performance of the Sweat Test for the Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis in the United Kingdom recommend that sweat be eluted from filter paper for a minimum of 40 min. In the absence of published data, this recommendation is based on expert opinion. We therefore investigated the effect of elution time on chloride and sodium concentrations. METHODS: The effect of elution time (up to three hours) on chloride and sodium concentrations was studied as recommended for measurement of quality control samples using external quality assessment solutions. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in eluted chloride and sodium concentrations with time of elution up to 3 h. CONCLUSION: Elution time within 3 h had no effect on chloride and sodium concentrations when eluted from filter paper.

Chlorides↗

PubMed1984

Subjective responses to the sweat-patch test for alcohol consumption.

The sweat-patch test is a new diagnostic test to measure the amount of alcohol a person is drinking. This study monitored the subjective responses of 41 volunteers before undergoing the test, and at the conclusion of the test one week later. There were no significant differences between the pre-test responses of returnees and drop-outs. The post-test rating of the comfort of the test showed a significant increase (p less than 0.05) over the pre-test rating; no significant changes occurred in the other ratings. The subjects generally rated the test highly for its potential benefits, and liking the test even though they knew it would objectively reveal their drinking habits. There was a tendency to believe that the test might induce them to drink less alcohol than usual. Subjects were generally neutral about their desire for other people to see the sweat-collecting patches, and learn that they were taking the test.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Women's collective constructions of embodied practices through memory work: Cartesian dualism in memories of sweating and pain.

The research presented in this paper uses memory work as a method to explore six women's collective constructions of two embodied practices, sweating and pain. The paper identifies limitations in the ways in which social constructionist research has theorized the relationship between discourse and materiality, and it proposes an approach to the study of embodiment which enjoins, rather than bridges, the discursive and the non-discursive. The paper presents an analysis of 25 memories of sweating and pain which suggests that Cartesian dualism is central to the women's accounts of their experiences. However, such dualism does not operate as a stable organizing principle. Rather, it offers two strategies for the performance of a split between mind and body. The paper traces the ways in which dualism can be both functional and restrictive, and explores the tensions between these two forms. The paper concludes by identifiying opportunities and limitations associated with memory work as a method for studying embodiment.

Female↗

PubMed1988

Sweat glands of the scrotum of the bull.

Skin samples were taken post mortem from the scrotum, abdomen and neck of 4 mature bulls. The volume of sweat glands per unit skin surface area of the scrotum was greater than that of other body regions. Within the scrotum there was a gradient in sweat gland volume increasing from proximal through to distal parts of the scrotum. These results suggest a previously unidentified variable cooling capacity of the scrotum depending on testicular descent.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Immunohistochemical detection of mammary tumor virus antigens in sweat and sebaceous glands of mice.

Mammary tumor virus (MTV) antigens in both sexes of GRS/A, SHN and C3H mice were examined in the sweat and sebaceous glands by immunoperoxidase technique using antiserum against gp52, envelope protein, or p27, core protein. Balb/c mice were used for reciprocal foster nursing with these inbreds to discriminate the expression of endogenous MTV from that of exogenous MTV. Both antigens were first detected around the age of 4 months in the sweat glands of mice with endogenous GR- or SHN- MTV. A linear staining of gp52 was seen along the luminal borders of glandular cells, and the reaction products for gp52 were demonstrated on the apical cell membranes, where no virion could be seen ultrastructurally. A diffuse staining of p27 was found in the cytoplasm of some glandular cells, where MTV particles could not be detected. In the sebaceous gland of the same mice, however, only p27 was first detected at the age of 60 days. A dot-like staining of p27 was found in the perinuclear region of some glandular cells, where an aggregation of intracytoplasmic A particles could be seen under an electron microscope. These positive stainings were unrelated to sex. In such skin appendages of all examined C3H mice and Balb/c mice with GR- or SHN- MTV, no antigen expression could be seen up to the age of 500 days. Therefore, some genes might be able to regulate the expression of endogenous MTV antigens in the skin appendages, while their glandular cells would have no receptor for exogenous MTV, namely the so-called "milk factor".

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gustatory sweating in the differential diagnosis of food allergy.

Herein reported is a 41-year-old white man with lifelong gustatory sweating over the vertex of the head induced by orange juice, tomatoes, onions, and certain nonchocolate candies and snack foods. IgE RAST and prick tests were negative to those offending foods for which test antigens were available. The types of gustatory sweating and their therapeutic modalities are summarized.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed1980

An improved adhesive patch for long-term collection of sweat.

An improved adhesive patch is described, capable of collecting sweat continuously at a steady rate for periods up to ten days. Four normal subjects wore duplicate patches applied to the skin above the outer ankle and the collecting pads were weighed every second day for ten days. Uptake was linear in all patches (r2 = 0.99) and the uptake rate varied from 18.38 to 47.01 mg/day (mean = 27.18 mg/day, equivalent to 0.71 mg/cm2/hour). Several drugs are excreted in the sweat, and this patch has potential applications as a tool to monitor drug-taking behavior.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMed2005

Cystic fibrosis in Korean children:a case report identified by a quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis sweat test and genetic analysis.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, and the mutations in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene contributes to the CF syndrome. Although CF is common in Caucasians, it is known to be rare in Asians. Recently, we experienced two cases of CF in Korean children. The patients were girls with chronic productive cough since early infancy. Chest computed tomography showed the diffuse bronchiectasis in both lungs, and their diagnosis was confirmed by the repeated analysis of a quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis test (QPIT). The sweat chloride concentrations of the first patient were 108.1 mM/L and 96.7 mM/L. The genetic analysis revealed that she was the compound heterozygote of Q1291X and IVS8 T5-M470V. In the second case, the sweat chloride concentrations were 95.0 mM/L and 77.5 mM/L. Although we performed a comprehensive search for the coding regions and exon-intron splicing junctions of CFTR gene, no obvious disease-related mutations were detected in the second case. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CF in Korean children identified by a QPIT and genetic analysis. The possibility of CF should be suspected in those patients with chronic respiratory symptoms even in Korea.

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed1975

Low blood pressure in young adults with cystic fibrosis: an effect of chronic salt loss in sweat?

Young adults with cystic fibrosis have lower blood pressures than control subjects of similar age and sex. The low blood pressure may be related to the excessive loss of salt in the sweat of these patients. A beneficial effect of the cystic fibrosis gene may be protection against developing hypertension in both the homozygous and heterozygous states, especially if the heterozygote has borderline elevation of sweat electrolytes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

[Reliability of the evaluation of the active sweat gland density on the dorsum of the foot using the silastic impression mold technique].

The evaluation of the density of the active sweat gland on the dorsum of the foot induced by iontophoresis of 1% pilocarpine was made repeatedly using the silastic impression mold technique in 83 subjects (52 normal volunteers: 24 subjects younger than 50 years of age and 28 subjects 50 years of age or older, 20 men and 32 women: 20 diabetic patients and 11 patients with other neurological disorders), from 12 to 82 years of age, and the reliability of such evaluation was assessed. After 8 to 14 days following the first evaluation, the second one was performed. The reliability was expressed as an intra-class correlation. The intra-class correlation was greater in the subjects 50 years of age or older (0.909) than in the subjects younger than 50 years of age (0.653). It was similar between males (0.921) and females (0.803). On the other hand, it was less in diabetic patients (0.543) than in the normal volunteers (0.857) and patients with other neurological disorders (0.809). The silastic impression mold technique is widely applicable in evaluating the sweat gland function. However, it should be kept in mind that the reliability is variable among the groups defined clinically and that it is low in the diabetic patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Epidermal growth factor, estrogen, and progesterone receptor expression in primary sweat gland carcinomas and primary and metastatic mammary carcinomas.

The distinction between primary sweat gland carcinomas and metastatic breast carcinoma to the skin is sometimes difficult. In an effort to improve this discrimination, we compared the immunohistochemical staining pattern of 42 primary sweat gland carcinomas (SGCs) with 30 metastases from breast carcinoma (BC) to the skin, 125 primary BCs, and 30 noncutaneous metastases from BCs. The antibodies used were against the receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF-R), estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR). The frequencies of positive staining were as follows for EGF-R: 34 (81%) of 42 SGCs, 5 (17%) of 30 BCs metastatic to skin, 28 (22%) of 125 primary BCs, and 6 (20%) of 30 noncutaneous BC metastases. For ER, the frequencies were 9 (21%) of 42 SGCs and 10 (33%) of 30 BCs metastatic to skin. The frequencies for PR were 8 (19%) of 42 SGCs and 8 (27%) of 30 BCs metastatic to skin. These results suggest that expression of EGF-R may be diagnostically helpful, because it is strongly associated with SGCs when compared with metastatic BCs (P < .0001). This association is also present when ductal eccrine and apocrine types of SGC, which are the histologic subtypes of SGC most difficult to distinguish from metastatic BC, are separately analyzed (P < .001). The frequencies of expression of ER and PR in SGCs and BCs metastatic to skin were not significantly different.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sweat testing in hypomelanosis of Ito: divergent results reflecting genetic heterogeneity.

Sweat testing using a modified version of the method described by Minor was performed in 5 children affected with hypomelanosis of Ito. In 4 cases the areas of hypopigmentation were arranged in patterns following the lines of Blaschko, whereas in one case a phylloid pattern was observed. In 4 cases the hypomelanotic areas were shown to be anhidrotic. In one case of hypomelanosis following Blaschko's lines, sweat testing was normal and did not reveal any functional difference between the normally pigmented and the hypopigmented areas. These results provide a clinical illustration of the fact that hypomelanosis of Ito is not an entity but constitutes a cutaneous manifestation of various states of mosaicism.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed2000

Eccrine sweat gland carcinoma: a case report and review of diagnosis and treatment.

Carcinomas of the skin appendices are rare neoplasms but for prognostic reasons it is important to differentiate them from the indolent squamous and basal cell carcinomas, as their behavior is more aggressive. We report on a case of eccrine sweat gland carcinoma that displayed all the typical features of those neoplasms. The patient sought medical attention after a lesion in his foot, already present for four years, began to enlarge and developed satellite lesions. The pathological diagnosis was made only after the lesion was initially misdiagnosed as basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Multiple chemotherapeutic regimens and radiation therapy were administered with only temporary benefit. The patient developed distant metastatic disease but survived with metastases for three years. He died nine years after the initial lesion developed in his foot and five years after the diagnosis. The diagnosis of sweat gland carcinomas can be facilitated by histochemical stains. In contrast to squamous and basal cell carcinomas of the skin, these are generally positive for the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Once metastatic, these neoplasms are only infrequently, and usually briefly, responsive to either chemotherapy or radiotherapy and new treatments are urgently needed. Early recognition of the entity may allow more timely treatment.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗