SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “construct validity”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Atypical symptoms of depression in a sample of depressed child and adolescent outpatients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the presence of symptoms of atypical depression among children and adolescents with a major depressive disorder (MDD). METHOD: One thousand forty-six youths (aged 6-19 years) meeting DSM-III-R criteria for MDD were included in the study. All subjects had presented at an outpatient clinic seeking treatment and were identified as having MDD via clinical interviews using the semistructured Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present Episode (K-SADS-P) with the youngster themselves and a parent/guardian. A diagnosis of atypical depression was derived from the symptoms of depression assessed in the K-SADS-P and required the presence of mood reactivity and at least one the following symptoms: hypersomnia, increased appetite, weight gain, or psychomotor retardation (substituted for leaden paralysis). RESULTS: One hundred sixty-two (15.5%) of the depressed youths met criteria for atypical depression. The symptoms of atypical depression were found to correlate marginally, and the diagnosis of atypical depression had marginal construct validity for both children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this large sample of depressed children and adolescents suggest that atypical features of depression occur in this age group. However, the diagnosis of atypical depression appears to have only marginal construct validity for both children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Psychometric assessment of the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory in a sample of low-income single mothers.

The Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI) is a 32-item inventory widely used to identify adolescents and adults at risk for inadequate parenting behaviors. It includes four subscales representing the most frequent patterns associated with abusive parenting: (a) Inappropriate Expectations; (b) Lack of Empathy; (c) Parental Value of Corporal Punishment; and (d) Parent-Child Role Reversal. Although it has been used in a variety of samples, the psychometric properties of the AAPI have not been examined in low-income single mothers. The purposes of this study were to: (a) examine the reliability and validity of the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI) in a sample of 206 low-income single mothers; (b) assess the mother's risk for inadequate parenting by comparing their AAPI subscale scores with normative subscale scores on the AAPI; (c) assess the construct validity of the AAPI by testing the hypothesis that mothers with lower AAPI scores have a higher level of depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem in comparison to mothers with higher AAPI scores; and (d) determine whether the 4-factor structure proposed by Bavolek (1984) could be replicated. AAPI scores indicated these mothers were at high risk for child abuse when compared with normative data for parents with no known history of abuse. Higher risk for abusive parenting was associated with a higher level of depressive symptoms, less education, and unemployment. The subscales, Inappropriate Expectations and Parental Value of Corporal Punishment demonstrated poor internal consistency with Cronbach's alphas of .40 and .54, respectively. Hypothesis testing supported the construct validity of the AAPI. Bavolek's 4-factor structure was not supported. A 19-item modified version of the AAPI with three dimensions was identified. This modified version of the AAPI may provide a more efficacious tool for use with low-income single mothers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Adaptation of the modified Barthel Index for use in physical medicine and rehabilitation in Turkey.

The aim of this study was to adapt the modified Barthel Index for Turkey and to determine its reliability and validity. After the translation procedure, 50 stroke patients and 50 spinal cord injury patients, undergoing inpatient rehabilitation were assessed by the newly adapted index at admission and discharge. Reliability was tested using internal consistency, inter-rater reliability and the intra-class correlation coefficient. Construct validity was assessed by association with impairments (Brunnstrom motor stages in stroke, American Spinal Injury Association motor/sensory scores and impairment scale in spinal cord injury) and by Rasch analysis. Internal consistency was good at 0.93 for stroke, and 0.88 for spinal cord injury. The level of agreement between two raters was sufficient with Kappa levels of above 0.5 for spinal cord injury and above 0.6 for stroke. Intra-class correlation coefficients were 0.99 and 0.77 for stroke and spinal cord injury, respectively. The newly adapted index showed expected associations with the impairment scales, confirming its construct validity. However, Rasch analysis showed that bladder and bowel items compromise unidimensionality. In conclusion, adaptation of the modified Barthel Index has been successful and it can be used in Turkey as long as its limitations are recognized.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1998

[Construction and initial validation of a research attitude questionnaire in primary care].

OBJECTIVE: To construct and validate a research attitude questionnaire in primary care physicians. DESIGN: Validation study of a attitude questionnaire. SETTING: Teaching health centres of family medicine in Valencia (Spain). SUBJECTS: All the physicians (253) of 18 centres: family and general physicians, pediatricians and third-year family residents. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: It was constructed a five Likert scale of 31 items and two dichotomic items. Pretest phase to 25 physicians. Validation Phase: 1. Reliability: a) Spearman-Brown correlation coefficient item-global and Cronbach coefficient; b) test-retest through comparing item punctuation and global. 2. Content validation; construction validation through exploratory factorial analysis and method of extreme groups (research or no) [corrected]. One hundred and fifty physicians (59.3%) answered the first contact, and 107 (71.3%) of them, the second contact. The questionnaire evidenced good internal consistency (alpha = 0.82) and time stability. Five factors were extracted that explained 58.7% of variability: research integration in primary care, self-capacity in study development, subjectives barriers, perception of education's need in research methodology, and structural barriers. Three factors showed significant differencies between extreme groups [corrected]. Definitive questionnaire of 20 items. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to know the research attitude of primary care physicians.

Attitude↗

PubMed2005

Reliability and validity of the VSP-A, a health-related quality of life instrument for ill and healthy adolescents.

PURPOSE: To report the preliminary validation results of a generic self-administered measure for adolescents the VSP-A (Vecu et Sante Percue de l'Adolescent). METHODS: The validation survey of the 37-item VSP-A involved 1938 adolescents: 1758 adolescents attending school (90.7%) and 180 inpatient youths (9.3%) with medical, surgical, or psychiatric conditions; mean age was 14.8 years (SD = 2.1; range = 10-17) and 1018 (52.5%) were girls. Ten dimensions scores were computed: psychological well-being, body image, physical well-being, vitality, friends, parents, teachers, school performance, medical staff, and a global HRQL index. Construct validity was tested using inter-item correlations, item-dimension correlations, and principal component analysis. The unidimensionality of the scales was studied using Rasch rating scale model and the internal consistency of the scales using Cronbach alpha. Known group comparisons were performed and effect sizes computed to assess the clinical validity and sensitivity of the instrument. RESULTS: VSP-A, completed in less than 15 minutes, is consistent (Cronbach alpha = 0.74-0.91). Content and construct validity are good. Factorial validity, item-internal consistency, item-discriminant validity, and inter-dimension correlations support the item grouping in 10 dimensions. The results of the comparison of the VSP-A scores according to external criteria (sociodemographics, health status) show they are in accordance with the literature and previous works. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results support the reliability and validity of the VSP-A as a multidimensional adolescent report of HRQL in healthy and patient populations. The next phase of the research consists of testing the sensitivity to changes of the VSP-A.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

The juvenile arthritis foot disability index: development and evaluation of measurement properties.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new juvenile arthritis foot disability index (JAFI) and to test it for validity and reliability. METHODS: Samples of 14 children/adolescents and 30 children/adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and 29 healthy children/adolescents participated. We used a questionnaire derived from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health that included 27 statements divided into the dimensions Impairment, Activity Limitation, and Participation Restriction. Comments on the contents were invited from parents and adolescents. Convergent and divergent construct validity was examined by comparing the 3 JAFI dimensions to joint impairment scores, the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ), and self-rated, foot-related participation restriction. Known groups construct validity was assessed by comparing answers from children with JIA to those from healthy children. Test-retest stability was investigated over one week. RESULTS: One item was added after suggestions from 2 participants. A consistent pattern of increasing JAFI scores was found with increasing joint impairment scores, CHAQ scores, and self-rated foot-related participation restriction. Foot-related disability as assessed by JAFI was more pronounced in children with JIA than in healthy controls. One statement showing a floor effect was excluded. No internal redundancy (rs > 0.90) between items was found, and internal consistency within each subscale was satisfactory (rs > 0.50) for all items but one. No systematic differences were found between test and retest, and weighted kappa coefficients for the 3 JAFI dimensions were 0.90, 0.85, and 0.88. CONCLUSION: The JAFI appears to be valid and reliable for assessing foot-related disability among children/adolescents with JIA. Its sensitivity to change remains to be investigated.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Using animal models to develop therapeutics for Tourette Syndrome.

The science of Tourette Syndrome (TS) is advancing at multiple levels of analysis and will be enhanced through the use of animal models. Particular challenges in the development of TS animal models reflect complex features of this disorder, including its waxing and waning course and its "invisible" sensory and psychic symptoms. Animal models can achieve face, predictive, or construct validity based on their particular features. Predictive validity, of most direct relevance to drug development for TS, is achieved to some degree by a several animal models, although the reliance of most of these models on measures of motor suppression may ultimately limit their utility. Other models achieve construct validity with proposed pathophysiological mechanisms related to the immune and neural circuit etiologies of TS. One model-deficient sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex-is discussed in terms of its present and future applications towards advancing our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of TS. In addition to models that will advance the pharmacotherapy of TS, other animal models may enhance the utility of nonpharmacologic TS treatments, ranging from behavior therapy to deep brain stimulation (DBS).

Animals↗

PubMed2001

A psychometric comparison of health-related quality of life measures in chronic liver disease.

Four generic [the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP-68), Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), EuroQol instrument (EQ-5D), COOP/WONCA charts], two domain-specific health-related quality of life measures [the sexuality scale of the HIV Overview Problems Evaluating System (HOPES), Multi-dimensional Fatigue Index (MFI-20)], and a self-developed 12-item symptom index were compared in terms of feasibility, test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and known groups validity in patients with chronic liver disease. All instruments could be completed within 10 min and exhibited a good psychometric performance in patients with chronic liver disease. The SF-36 and the MFI-20 performed relatively best in terms of reliability, construct validity, and discriminative ability. The sexuality scale of the HOPES demonstrated a relatively poor performance, as the missing value rate was higher than 5%. Further research is needed into the sensitivity to important clinical changes of the instruments.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

General or disease specific questionnaire? A comparative study in hemodialysis patients.

OBJECTIVE: Today questionnaires developed to assess important outcome measures such as health-related quality of life are widely used. In this study we evaluated the construct validity of the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and the reliability of its Turkish version in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: In a sample of patients on renal dialysis (n = 94) the quality of life is measured by the NHP. The validity of this questionnaire is evaluated by using the Kidney Disease Questionnaire (KDQ) in the same patient group. The NHP is administered twice to each patient, at dialysis intervals two weeks apart. RESULTS: NHP scores at both administrations are similar in both assessments. Pearson's correlation coefficients range from 0.61 to 0.84. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the NHP sections range between 0.64 and 0.79. The alpha coefficients for three of the NHP scales (energy, sleep and social isolation) are well below 0.7. In the KDQ the mean values obtained for the five dimensions are: 4.2 +/- 1.5 for physical symptoms, 4.8 +/- 1.7 for fatigue, 4.9 +/- 1.9 for depression, 4.2 +/- 1.2 for relationship with others, and 4.8 +/- 1.5 for frustration. In general the correlation between the dimensions of the NHP and KDQ is good and the correlation coefficients varies from 0.18 to 0.73. Clinical validity is assessed by examining the correlation between the results obtained for the two questionnaires (components of the NHP and KDQ) and hemoglobin level, number of the co-morbid conditions and educational level. CONCLUSIONS: The NHP is shown to have construct validity when used in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Turkey. The application of the NHP in patients with ESRD is easy, fast and the questions are not difficult to understand. The multiple-degree scoring in the KDQ causes a complexity in answering. The correlation between the dimensions of the NHP and KDQ is good. Our results show better correlations between disease specific questionnaires and clinical parameters.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Physician empathy: definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty.

OBJECTIVE: There is a dearth of empirical research on physician empathy despite its mediating role in patient-physician relationships and clinical outcomes. This study was designed to investigate the components of physician empathy, its measurement properties, and group differences in empathy scores. METHOD: A revised version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (with 20 Likert-type items) was mailed to 1,007 physicians affiliated with the Jefferson Health System in the greater Philadelphia region; 704 (70%) responded. Construct validity, reliability of the empathy scale, and the differences on mean empathy scores by physicians' gender and specialty were examined. RESULTS: Three meaningful factors emerged (perspective taking, compassionate care, and standing in the patient's shoes) to provide support for the construct validity of the empathy scale that was also found to be internally consistent with relatively stable scores over time. Women scored higher than men to a degree that was nearly significant. With control for gender, psychiatrists scored a mean empathy rating that was significantly higher than that of physicians specializing in anesthesiology, orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, radiology, cardiovascular surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, and general surgery. No significant difference was observed on empathy scores among physicians specializing in psychiatry, internal medicine, pediatrics, emergency medicine, and family medicine. CONCLUSIONS: Empathy is a multidimensional concept that varies among physicians and can be measured with a psychometrically sound tool. Implications for specialty selection and career counseling are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

The validity in persons with spinal cord injury of a self-reported functional measure derived from the functional independence measure.

STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional, mailed survey on impairment and function using 6361 respondents to the Spinal Cord Dysfunction National Veterans Survey who reported spinal cord injury as the sole cause of their spinal cord dysfunction. OBJECTIVES: To establish the concurrent and construct validities of a Self-Reported Functional Measure appropriate for use in patients with spinal cord injuries. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Functional assessment is of increasing importance in clinical care, quality assurance, and national health-care planning. There is a conspicuous need for validated functional assessment measures that are rapid, reliable, and appropriate for use in the disabled population. METHODS: The correlation was examined of hours of personal assistance, number of affected limbs, amount of motor impairment, and amount of combined limb-motor impairment to Self-Reported Functional Measure response tertile (scores, 13-32, 33-45, 46-52; lower scores indicated worse function). RESULTS: There were statistically significant correlations between Self-Reported Functional Measure score and hours of personal assistance (P < 0.001), the number of affected limbs (P < 0.001), the amount of motor impairment (P < 0.001), and the amount of combined limbmotor impairment (P < 0.001). For example, 87% of people with the most limb-motor impairment (four affected limbs and no useful movement) were in the lowest Self-Reported Functional Measure tertile, compared with 3% of people in the least-affected category of limb-motor impairment. Furthermore, visual, sensory, or memory impairment did not influence the correlation between limbmotor impairment and Self-Reported Functional Measure score. CONCLUSION: The Self-Reported Functional Measure shows good concurrent and construct validities.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2001

[French translation and validation of a functional disability scale for neck pain].

OBJECTIVES: To translate and to assess the reliability and the construct validity of the French translation of the Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPDS), an American functional disability scale for neck pain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Non randomised prospective study, where patients with neck disorders were included. Impairment outcomes measures (VAS Pain, range of motion of neck, score of neck sensitivity, radiologic score of Kellgren) and patientsperceived handicap (VAS) were recorded at the baseline visit. Disability was assessed with the NPDS, that was recorded twice, at baseline visit and 24 hours later. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland and Altman method. Construct (convergent and divergent) validity was investigated using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient and a factor analysis was performed. RESULTS: One hundred and one patients were included. French versions were obtained using the "translation/backward translation" method. Expected convergent (r = 0.51 with VAS Pain, 0.63 with VAS Functional Disability, 0.67 with VAS Handicap) and divergent (r = 0.39 and 0.49 respectively for the anxiety and depression scores of HAD, palpation sensitivity r = 0.31, neck mobility r = - 0.45 and 0.28, and Kellgrens radiologic score r = 0.04) validity were observed, suggested good construct validity. Test-retest was excellent for NPDS with ICC = 0.91. The Bland and Altman method showed distribution of differences homogenous and no systematic trend. Three mains factors were extracted by factors analysis of the NPDS, and explained 78% of the cumulative variance. CONCLUSION: The French version of NPDS has good metrologic qualities. This scale can be used in clinical practice to assess disability in neck pain and to normalise disability assessment.

Disability Evaluation↗

PubMed2000

Reliability and validity of a Norwegian version of the quality of life in epilepsy inventory (QOLIE-89).

PURPOSE: To develop a Norwegian version of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-89) and to confirm its psychometric properties. METHODS: The QOLIE-89 was adapted to Norwegian language through a translation-backtranslation procedure. The assessment included 397 patients with epilepsy. We assessed internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities. Construct validity was assessed by correlating scales with items of the 15D health status questionnaire, and discriminant validity was assessed by comparing scores for known groups. RESULTS: The internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha, 0.76-0.92) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.67-0.96) for the individual domains were acceptable. Spearman's rank correlations between QOLIE-89 domain scores and corresponding 15D single-item scores were high (p, 0.47-0.76), and generally higher than the associations between noncorresponding items. Most QOLIE-89 items discriminated well between patients according to seizure status, psychiatric comorbidity, and working status; less well after antiepileptic drug use and neurologic comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: In this cross-sectional survey, the Norwegian version of the QOLIE-89 was reliable and showed properties supporting construct validity, at a level comparable with the original U.S. version.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Measurement of quality of life in patients with lung cancer in multicenter trials of new therapies. Psychometric assessment of the Lung Cancer Symptom Scale.

BACKGROUND: This study continued the development and psychometric testing of the Lung Cancer Symptom Scale (LCSS), a disease- and site-specific instrument primarily measuring the physical and functional dimensions of quality of life for individuals with lung cancer. The instrument contains two scales, one for patients and a counterpart for health professionals as observers. METHODS: Feasibility, reliability, construct validity, and criterion-related validity were evaluated with 207 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from six cancer centers. Within an interview with an observer, patients completed part of a battery of instruments by self-report and were interviewed for the remaining measures. Observers also completed measures after the interview. RESULTS: Feasibility, reliability, and validity were well supported for this lung cancer population. Feasibility was demonstrated by patient and staff compliance in completion at all six cancer centers. Internal consistency was good, with coefficient alphas of 0.82 for the patient scale and 0.75 for the observer scale. Construct validity was supported by 1. contrasted groups approach: regression lines (with 95% confidence bands) were obtained between the Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) and each of the two LCSS scales; 2. as a refinement, relationship testing: significant correlations between the LCSS and KPS for each item (except hemoptysis for the patient scale); and 3. multitrait-multimethod approach: good reliability (alphas ranging from 0.75 to 0.93), good convergent validity for the two LCSS scales (r = 0.77), and a good discriminant validity pattern from the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Criterion-related validity with relevant gold standard measures (American Thoracic Society Questionnaire [ATS] and McGill Pain questionnaire, KPS, Profiles of Mood States [POMS], and Sickness Impact Profile [SIP]) was supported with significant correlations (0.40-0.67 for the LCSS patient scale; 0.54-0.65 for the LCSS observer scale). CONCLUSIONS: These psychometric properties demonstrate that the LCSS patient and observer scales are feasible, reliable, and valid quality of life measures that are ready for research and clinical use with lung cancer populations.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Use of the Trust in Physician Scale in patients with rheumatic disease: psychometric properties and correlates of trust in the rheumatologist.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the psychometric properties of the Trust in Physician Scale and to identify variables associated with patients' trust in their rheumatologist. METHODS: Analyses of self reported data from 713 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or fibromyalgia. Study variables included the Trust in Physician Scale, a decision-making question, a medical skepticism measure, and demographic and health-related measures. Internal consistency and construct validity were assessed using correlational analyses and factor analysis. A regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with trust in the rheumatologist. RESULTS: Internal consistency of the scale was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87). Scale items also loaded on a single factor. Construct validity was supported by inverse correlations between higher trust scores and both skepticism and independent decision making. Decreased trust was associated with older age, minority status, higher education, diagnosis of fibromyalgia or osteoarthritis, and poorer health. CONCLUSION: The Trust in Physician Scale is appropriate for patients with rheumatic disease. Several patient characteristics appear to be associated with lower trust in the rheumatologist.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

The Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire: commentary on the Marks-Chara debate.

The purpose of this article is to comment on a recent debate between Chara and Marks over the construct validity of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ). Following a description of their positions, it is argued that, although some of Chara's logical criticisms merit attention, much of his empirical work is methodologically unsound. However, in view of the nature of construct validity itself, it is also suggested that Marks ought to specify more clearly his concept of imagery vividness so critical experimental predictions can be made.

Arousal↗

PubMed2001

Measuring mental health in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): a comparison of the SF-36 Mental Health Index with the Psychological General Well-Being Index.

OBJECT: The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of the five-item mental health dimension of SF-36 (the Mental Health Index, MHI-5) with that of the 22-item Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWB) in patients presenting with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease, using tests of reliability and validity. DESIGN: A questionnaire-based survey of patients diagnosed with ALS across 15 European countries. SAMPLE: Patients presenting at neurological clinics for treatment of their ALS were asked to join the survey. RESULTS: 1048 patients with ALS have been recruited, of whom 861 (82.2%) have returned baseline questionnaires. There was evidence supporting the internal consistency of both instruments, and for their construct validity in distinguishing between groups, in terms of gender and age. The scores on the two instruments were highly correlated (Spearman rank correlation 0.85). CONCLUSION: Both the MHI-5 and the PGWB showed high levels of construct validity and internal reliability in this patient group. The MHI-5 has comparable psychometric performance to the PGWB, and can be used to measure and compare mental health in defined populations.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Consumer assessment of the quality of interpersonal processes of prenatal care among ethnically diverse low-income women: development of a new measure.

PURPOSE: Consumer assessments of interpersonal processes of care during prenatal care provide important information about how well clinicians satisfy the perceived needs of the women they serve, but few measures are available that tap the various components of these processes. The purpose of this study is to develop a multidimensional measure of prenatal interpersonal processes of care (PIPC) that demonstrates reliability and validity in ethnically diverse women in Medicaid managed care plans. METHODS: A telephone survey of African American, Latino (U.S. and foreign born) and Caucasian pregnant women in four Medicaid managed care plans in California was conducted in English and Spanish in 2001. Factor analytic methods were used to test the PIPC measures. A psychometric evaluation, including reliability, variability, and construct validity, was conducted with the final scales for the total sample and for each racial/ethnic group. RESULTS: Three dimensions, Communication, Patient-Centered Decision Making, and Interpersonal Style, with seven scales were supported with 30 items. The scales for each dimension exhibit acceptable reliability for the total sample (Internal Consistency Reliability ranged from 0.66 to 0.85) and for all racial/ethnic groups. All scales had significant associations with satisfaction with prenatal care and explained considerable variation in satisfaction (19-43%). The scale qualities and validity associations held for all scales and ethnic groups except some scales for U.S.-born Latinas. CONCLUSIONS: The multidimensional PIPC measure for assessing what actually happens between providers and low-income pregnant women of diverse ethnic groups demonstrates acceptable reliability and construct validity.

Adult↗