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[Visual projections in the forebrain of the carp Cyprinus carpio].
In the carp C. carpio, studies have been made on the evoked potentials (EP) in the-forebrain elicited by electrical stimulation of contralateral (with respect to the midbrain tectum) nerve. The most high-amplitude and short-latency EP were recorded in the rostro-lateral part of the forebrain at the depth of 1,000-1,500 mu. According to the topographical nomenclature of cyprinid telencephalon, this region corresponds to the area dorsalis telencephali pars lateralis, whereas according to classic comparative neuroanatomical nomenclature it may be defined as the primordium hippocamp or primordium piriform zone. Comparison of the EP in the telencephalon with those in the midbrain tectum suggests active nature of the former.
[Visual suppression during eye movements (a brief review on the problem of the mechanisms and their role in visual perception). II. Their role in visual perception].
A role of both geniculate and tecto-thalamic channels in visual suppression has been considered. Some evolutional aspects of visual suppression are discussed. Both a hypothetical scheme of the multilevel structural and functional organization of visual suppression and a neurophysiological basis of the integration of object's elements to whole image are suggested from the author's papers. The functional role of visual suppression has been not limited the visual stability only but has been considered wider as the important stage of the visual perception by which both the proprioceptive sensation of the object's spatial position arise and the preparation of the visual system for the survey and the processing object's pure visual information (brightness, color, form, etc.) go on. The match of both proprioceptive and visual sensations lead in finally to spatial-visual image of the object.
Ecto-nucleotidases--molecular structures, catalytic properties, and functional roles in the nervous system.
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[Evolutionary theories of schizophrenia].
The universal distribution of schizophrenia associated with the low fertility of these patients outlines the paradox: why doesn't diminish the prevalence of this dysfunction? A critical revision is made of the main hypotheses that have thought about to solve this question. Some theories have postulated a physiologic or social advantage. Others have analysed this illness from the mark of the Evolutionary Psychology. We stand out the theories that have looked for an association of a Darwinian approach with genetic or neurodevelopmental data. Finally a possibility of integration of the evolutionary and neuropsychological models is proposed.
Distribution and innervation of lateral line organs in the channel catfish.
The lateral line system of the channel catfish is formed by mechanoreceptive neuromasts located within five pairs of cephalic and one pair of trunk canals, as well as superficial lines of neuromasts, termed accessory and/or pit lines. Five pairs of pit lines occur on the head, and three pairs of superficial lines occur on the trunk. In addition to these mechanoreceptors, which are found in most teleost fishes, catfish also possess a total of over 4000 electroreceptive ampullary organs scattered over the entire body. The lateral line receptors are innervated by five pairs of lateral line nerves whose rami are secondarily associated with facial and trigeminal fibers that innervate taste buds and the dermis of the skin, respectively. The neuromasts of the trunk canal and the ramules of the posterior lateral line nerve that innervate them seem to be organized in a segmental pattern. The same is true for the intervertebral ramules of the recurrent facial ramus, which innervate the external taste buds on the trunk. The fibers of the gustatory and lateral line systems may use the neural crest, the developing spinal nerves, or both, to establish this segmental pattern. In this context, it may not be surprising that there is an intimate relationship among each of the sensory systems in the trunk.
[Evolution of management of penetrating brain wounds--lessons learned from wars since Israel's independence].
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[Prognosis of stroke patients undergoing intubation and mechanical ventilation].
BACKGROUND: To determine the outcome of patients with acute stroke requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. METHODS DESIGN: review of the medical records of 33 patients with stroke intubated at presentation in hospital and not requiring neurosurgery or angiography. SETTING: intensive care unit (ICU) of a non teaching hospital. INTERVENTIONS: none. MEASUREMENTS: the mean age (SD) was 73.3 (7.7), min 46 max 87, 18 males and 15 females, mean Glasgow coma scale (GCS) (min-max) was 4.5 (3-8). RESULTS: The hospital mortality of intubated patients was 78.7% (26/33), mortality in the ICU was 69.69% (23/33). In survivors: infarction/hemorrhage (INF/HEM) were 4/3, mean age (SD) 75.2 (5.6), males/females 4/3, mean GCS (min-max) 5.2 (3-7), days in the ICU mean (DS) 18 (20.2). In patients who died: INF/HEM were 10/16, mean age (SD) 72.8 (8.2), males/females 14/12, mean GCS (min-max) 4.3 (3-8), days in the ICU mean (DS) 5.5 (8). The difference between groups was significant (p < 0.05) only for ICU staying. The evolution to brain death was observed in 10 cases (30.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The overall prognosis of patients with acute stroke intubated and ventilated at presentation in hospital for deterioration is severe but the observed survival rate is sufficient to justify this treatment even in cases not requiring other invasive procedures like neurosurgery or angiography. A significant fraction of stroke patients is part of the potential organ donors pull.
[Physiology of the higher nervous activity at the frontier of centuries. Report at the conference "Actual problems of biology" dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Biology Department of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University].
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Anatomic substrates of language: emphasizing speech.
This article reviews in detail the gross anatomy of the auditory and language areas, the present concepts of unimodal and multimodal association cortices, the classic model of language, problems with the classic model, and newer approaches to conceptualizing the structural interconnections that subserve audition and language.
Do horses gallop in their sleep? Consciousness, evolution, and the problem of animal minds.
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The origin of the human capacity.
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A sea horse for all races.
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[Neuromediator transporters: receptor, transporter, and channel functions].
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Homosexual orientation in males: evolutionary and ethological aspects.
Evolutionary theory proposes that adaptive traits are reproduced more successfully than maladaptive traits. Accordingly, natural selection should favor heterosexuality as it facilitates reproduction and the propagation of genes. However, the question becomes, what has maintained homosexuality in a small but consistent percentage of the human population? Research into the evolutionary and hormonal factors associated with a homosexual orientation have yielded provocative but inconsistent results. It also suggests that human sexual orientation, and in particular homosexual orientation, is too complex to be described by one simple model or a single research discipline. The current paper treads a new path and emphasizes an integrative approach for the understanding of homosexuality. The authors examine the combined effects of evolutionary factors and neurohormonal processes on the development of a homosexual orientation. It is suggested that research into the topic could benefit from an examination of and change in some of the assumptions upon which much past research has been based.