Meeting of the immunization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts, November 2006--conclusions and recommendations.
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AIDS Vaccines↗
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Hemagglutination by psittacine beak and feather disease virus and use of hemagglutination inhibition for detection of antibodies against the virus.
Conditions for psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) virus hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test reactions are defined. The PBFD virus was found to hemagglutinate cockatoo and some guinea pig erythrocytes. The HI test was used to assay serum antibody titer in birds with active PBFD virus infections and in others that had been exposed to diseased birds. On the basis of HI antibody titers in psittacine birds that had been exposed to PBFD virus, but remained clinically normal, we suggest that some birds exposed to the virus are able to mount an effective immune response. Birds with active PBFD virus infections had lower antibody values than did birds that had been exposed to the virus, but remained clinically normal. On the basis of these findings, the ability to develop a suitable HI antibody response may be crucial in determining the disease status of susceptible birds exposed to the PBFD virus. If HI antibodies are found to have neutralizing activity, then the fact that a high HI titer was induced in birds inoculated with purified PBFD virus might suggest that an immunization program would be effective in preventing PBFD virus infections.
Animals↗
Evaluation of a feline viral rhinotracheitis-feline calicivirus disease vaccine.
An attenuated respiratory disease vaccine against feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) and feline calicivirus (FCV) disease was evaluated for safety and efficacy in specific-pathogen-free cats. Twenty cats were vaccinated twice intramuscularly, with 28 days between vaccinations. Ten unvaccinated cats were used as contact controls. Adverse effects were not noticed after vaccination, and the vaccinal virus did not spread to contact controls. Arithmetical mean serum-neutralizing titers against vaccinal FCV strain F9 and challenge FCV strain 255 were 1:13 and 1:15 at 28 days after the 1st inoculation. These titers increased to 1:45 and 1:196 after the 2nd inoculation. After challenge exposure of vaccinated cats to virulent FCV 255 virus, mean titers increased to 1:129 and 1:865, respectively for F9 and 255 viruses. The F9 postchallenge mean titer for vaccinated cats was 21.5 times higher than that for the 8 contact controls that survived challenge exposure. The arithmetical mean serum neutralizing titer for FVR was low (1:2) after the 1st vaccination, but increased to 1:35 after the 2nd vaccination. Challenge exposure to virulent FVR virus resulted in a marked anamnestic immune response (mean titer of 1:207, compared with 1:12 for contact controls). In general, vaccinated cats remained alert and healthy after challenge exposure with FCV-255, whereas unvaccinated contact control cats developed definite signs of FCV disease, including central nervous system (CNS) depression (6 of 10) and dyspnea indicative of pneumonia (5 of 10). Two controls died of severe pneumonia. A mild fibrile response was detected in 28% of vaccinated cats, compared with a more severe febrile response in 78% of control cats. Some vaccinated cats developed minute lingual ulcers that did not appear to be detrimental to the health of the cat. After FVR challenge exposure, vaccinated cats were free of serious clinical signs. Five of 18 vaccinated cats had mild signs of FVR, including an occasional sneeze, low temperature, and mild serous lacrimation for 1 or 2 days. Contact controls developed definite clinical signs of FVR. The combined FVR-FCV vaccine appears to be safe and reasonably efficacious. Vaccination against FCV disease and FVR should be part of the routine feline immunization program.
Animals↗
[Epidemiology of primary liver cancer in French Polynesia].
Thirty-one cases of primary liver cancer recorded since 1980 to 1988 in French Polynesia are studied. Four risk factors are brought to the fore: male, more than 50 years old, birth in Austral archipelago and in this case AgHBs carriage. The relative risk for birth in Austral archipelago reach to 9.23. The relative risk for AgHBs carriers from this archipelago reach to 42.7. Costs of primary liver cancer and to immunization against hepatitis B virus are compared. Authors suggest to start an immunization program.
Adenoma, Bile Duct↗
Influenza surveillance--Wales, 1988-89.
Important functions of influenza surveillance include early detection of epidemics-enabling immunization of persons not previously covered by routine immunization programs, notification of health providers to prepare for the possible impact on clinical workloads and hospital admissions, and characterization of prevalent strains to permit the timely production of appropriate vaccines. In 1986, a general-practice-based surveillance system was established in Wales to facilitate reporting of infectious diseases, including influenza and influenza-like illnesses. This report summarizes influenza surveillance findings in Wales for 1988 and 1989.
Adolescent↗
[Hepatitis B and hepatitis delta in young inmates].
The prevalence of infection by hepatitis B (HBV) and delta (HDV) viruses and presumably related variables were evaluated in a prison for young male convicts, aged 16-21 years (n = 686), 55.1% of convicts were positive for one or more VHB markers, and 7.1% were positive for HBsAg; 89.7% of these were negative for IgM anti-HBc (chronic carriers), while 36.6% were positive for HBeAg. Anti-delta antibodies were detected in 37.5% of chronic carriers. The seropositivity of HVB markers was much higher in parenteral drug abusers (PDA) as compared with non PDA (76.3% vs 26.7%, p less than 0.0000001, OR = 8.82). Among PDA, it was higher in regular users than in occasional ones (83.3% vs 62.9%, p = 0.0001, OR = 2.95) and in those who had acquired the habit at an early age (p = 0.035). The stratified analysis also showed an association of VHB infection with other variables, basically ethical and prison-related. The possibility to develop active immunization programs is evaluated.
Adolescent↗
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Current status.
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a neurodegenerative disease of childhood that is due to a persistent measles infection. Owing to a nationwide immunization program in the United States, the incidence has decreased considerable, coexistent with the decline in natural measles infection. The disease, now fully understood, still represents a great international problem. Clinical presentation, etiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment are updated in this article.
Adolescent↗
[Optimal age for vaccination against measles].
A review of the general aspects of the transmission dynamics of measles is presented. Similarities and differences in the patterns of transmission of measles in developed and developing countries are pointed out. Epidemiological, demographic and nutritional variables relevant to the design of an immunization program are briefly discussed. Since there is no cohort in developing countries in which most individuals are susceptible, it is concluded that there is no single optimum age at which to vaccinate against measles. Finally, a simple method based upon case notification records, for calculating the force and average age of infection as well as the optimum age for vaccination against measles is illustrated.
Adolescent↗
[An epidemic of measles in Burkina Faso: 714 cases hospitalized in the hospital at Bobo-Dioulasso. A study of risk factors].
From January 1986 through June 1987, 714 children with measles were admitted to the Pediatric Department of the Sanou Souro Hospital in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso. Eighty-four per cent of cases occurred during the first semester of 1987. Sixty per cent of patients were 9 to 35 months of age. The case-fatality rate was 29.1% (31.5% during the first semester of 1987, 12% in 1986). Fifty-five per cent of deaths occurred within 24 hours of admission. The most common clinical features upon admission included dehydration (91% of patients), diarrhea (64%), conjunctivitis (56%), fever in excess of 39.5 degrees C (50%), respiratory infection (46%), and cardiovascular collapse (34.5%). Factors associated with a fatal outcome included dehydration and cardiovascular collapse, poor nutritional status, and occurrence of the disease during the dry season (March, April, May). In most cases, immunization status of affected children was unknown. The high mortality rate can be ascribed to the significant delay with which medical care was provided, due in part to the inadequacy of primary health care facilities. This outbreak denotes the inadequacy of immunization against this disease that is included in the Extended Immunization Program.
Burkina Faso↗
Food-borne botulism in Canada, 1971-84.
Sixty-one outbreaks of food-borne botulism involving a total of 122 cases, of which 21 were fatal, were recorded from 1971 to 1984 in Canada. Most occurred in northern Quebec, the Northwest Territories or British Columbia. Of the 122 victims 113 were native people, mostly Inuit. Most of the outbreaks (59%) were caused by raw, parboiled or "fermented" meats from marine mammals; fermented salmon eggs or fish accounted for 23% of the outbreaks. Three outbreaks were attributed to home-preserved foods, and one outbreak was attributed to a commercial product. The causative Clostridium botulinum type was determined in 58 of the outbreaks: the predominant type was E (in 52 outbreaks), followed by B (in 4) and A (in 2). Renewed educational efforts combined with a comprehensive immunization program would significantly improve the control of botulism in high-risk populations.
Animals↗
Clinical evaluation of a yeast recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy hospital staff in Singapore.
A yeast recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (subtype adw), derived from purification of HBsAg particles, expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which contained the gene for HBsAg, was evaluated in 31 healthy adult hospital staff members in Singapore. Each subject received a 10 mcg dose of vaccine intramuscularly at 0, 1 and 6 months. One month after the first two injections of vaccine the seroconversion rate (defined as greater than or equal to 2.7 mIU/ml) was 90%. Two months after the third injection 100% of participants had anti-HBs levels higher than 2.7 mIU/ml and 97% had titers of anti-HBs greater than 10 mIU/ml. The geometric mean titer (GMT) of anti-HBs levels at 2, 3, 6, 8 and 12 months were 21.9, 38.6, 57.6, 1253.4 and 354.1 mIU/ml, respectively. All clinical complaints were mild and transient. They consisted of mild soreness at the injection site, transient fever and headache. There was no correlation between the presence of antibodies to S. cerevisiae with any allergic manifestations. The vaccine was safe and immunogenic for staff exposed to an infection risk and should now be widely used in the extension of hepatitis B immunization programs.
Ethnicity↗
Influenza surveillance of Wisconsin (USA) population-detection of A/New Jersey by isolation and serologic monitoring and vaccine evaluation.
The 1976-77 influenza surveillance in Wisconsin consisted of three major areas of study. Serum and virus isolation specimens were obtained from the practicing medical community and from epidemiologic studies. From all sources 1,132 throat specimens were tested by egg and tissue culture inoculations. Three isolations similar to A/New Jersey/8/76 were recovered from pig farm associated patients. One contact with one of the isolate patients seroconverted to A/New Jersey suggesting patient to patient spread. Serological monitoring of 1,361 patients showed no other A/New Jersey activity in the state. In addition 31 influenza B/Hong Kong and 8 A/Victoria isolates have been recovered as well as 34 B and 11 A seroconversions. A surveillance using primarily syphilis serology premarital serums has been conducted from August 29, 1976 through April 23, 1977. No significant influenza A activity in the state was recognized by this study. However, increased herd immunity from vaccination was detected. The last phase of this surveillance was an evaluation of the mass immunization program and the efficacy of the vaccines. Two-hundred-ninety individuals contributed pre- and post-vaccine serums to this study. Eighty-three percent of those persons with a pre-vaccine titer of 1:80 or less to A/New Jersey/8/76 developed a post-vaccine titer four-fold or greater to that virus type. Those who received vaccine containing A/Victoria/3/75 were less responsive. Refractiveness to vaccine antibody stimulation was greater than or equal to 1:160 for A/New Jersey and less than or equal to 1:40 with A/Victoria.
Adolescent↗
[Congenital rubella. Present knowledge and perspectives (author's transl)].
This paper deals with features and problems of congenital rubella and perspectives in the prevention of this infection. We discussed the factors determining whether or not the maternal infection will involve the fetus, the pathogenesis and the clinical aspects of congenital rubella, the epidemiological importance of infected infants who may be contagious for long periods of time, the problems encountered in diagnosis. The efficacy of the active immunization programs, the data available in the literature on inadvertent vaccination of pregnant women, the restriction in the prophylactic use of immunoglobulins are also reported. The great importance of the premarital serological test for women is stressed.
Animals↗
[Antipoliomyelitis vaccination of young children with a new inactivated vaccine. Serological results].
An inactivated trivalent poliovirus vaccine, prepared on simian line-cells (Vero cells), has been injected in 3 doses one month apart in 36 infants, 2 to 11 months old (30 of whom were 2 to 6 months old) to determine its tolerance and antigenic efficacy. Each dose contained 40, 8 and 32 antigenic D units for the 3 types respectively. DPT vaccine was injected simultaneously in another part of the body. Before beginning the immunization program, 20 infants had significant titers of antibodies against the 3 types of poliovirus; Only 6 were triple negative. One month after the second dose of vaccine, all the infants had significant titers of antibodies against the 3 types; these titers have not been significantly enhanced one month after the third dose. Two doses of the inactivated vaccine one month apart induced a satisfactory serologic response in spite of the presence of serum maternally transmitted antibodies. There were no adverse reactions.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Infective diseases in Israel. Changing patterns over 30 years.
Geography, climate, socioeconomic conditions and public health action are factors that have influenced the incidence and pattern of infective disease in Israel. During the British Mandate, the epidemiologic picture was dominated by tropical and subtropical diseases. The problems related to infective diseases and their control during the 30 years of Israel's statehood, especially those connected with the mass immigration of the 1950s, are examined in detail. Diphtheria, poliomyelitis and whooping cough were quickly brought under control by means of immunization programs, and measles, later and more slowly. Tuberculosis constituted a serious burden in the early years of the State but has been successfully subdued through the combined effects of BCG vaccination, screening, case finding, systematic chemotherapy and improved socioeconimic conditions. In contrast, diarrheal diseases--while eliminated as a major cause of infant mortality--are still highly prevalent in the general population. Some specific local infective disease problems of topical scientific interest are briefly discussed.
Cholera↗
Determination of the antigenic relationships within the Massachusetts (M41) type of infectious bronchitis virus using the hemagglutination-inhibition test.
The antigenic relationships, antigenic spectrum, and immunogenicity of seven IBV-Massachusetts-41 isolates were investigated using the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. HI titers equal to 32 are considered suspicious, titers lower than 32 are considered negative, and titers higher than 32 are considered positive immune responses to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Some isolates of Massachusetts-41 ( M41 ) were capable of inducing large quantities of antibodies in chickens following inoculation and demonstrated a wider antigenic spectrum than others. Variations in antigenic spectrum observed within M41 isolates in this study are in agreement with previous reports. This variation is of importance in selecting a proper vaccine strain for a successful immunization program for IBV.
Animals↗
Immunization of turkey breeder hens against fowl cholera by combined oral and wing-web administration of attenuated (CU) pasteurella multocida.
Turkey breeder candidates were exposed to attenuated Pasteurella multocida (Clemson University strain) via both mouth (one or three times) and wing-web stick (one or two times). Significant protection lasting to 25-30 weeks post-vaccination was conferred under such immunization programs. The best protection with the fewest adverse effects of vaccination was established when orally vaccinated turkeys were subsequently vaccinated via wing-web at 20 and 25 weeks of age. High doses of attenuated P. multocida via wing-web produced lameness (synovitis and osteomyelitis) and severe wing lesions in growing turkeys.
Administration, Oral↗
A review of the current impact of measles in the People's Republic of China.
Before the vaccine era, epidemics of measles occurred in alternate years on the mainland of China. During epidemic years the annual incidence was as high as 1,000-5,000 cases/100,000 population, with a fatality rate of 1% to 2%. In 1965, when highly attenuated measles vaccine was developed in China, a vaccination campaign was launched throughout the country. In its early years, the immunization program was not implemented simultaneously at all places, and outbreaks that continued to occur in some areas resulted in a moderate local incidence of measles despite a decline in the overall incidence. From the late 1970s on, stronger measures were taken by local health authorities with regard to measles vaccination. By 1980 the incidence had dropped further; in that year the number of reported cases was 570,037, with 3,862 deaths. Both morbidity and mortality related to measles dropped drastically after vaccination from levels in the prevaccine era, but measles still accounts for an appreciable proportion of all cases of infectious disease.
Adolescent↗