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PubMed2004

Plastid transformation in higher plants.

Plastids of higher plants are semi-autonomous organelles with a small, highly polyploid genome and their own transcription-translation machinery. This review provides an overview of the technology for the genetic modification of the plastid genome including: vectors, marker genes and gene design, the use of gene knockouts and over-expression to probe plastid function and the application of site-specific recombinases for excision of target DNA. Examples for applications in basic science include the study of plastid gene transcription, mRNA editing, photosynthesis and evolution. Examples for biotechnological applications are incorporation of transgenes in the plastid genome for containment and high-level expression of recombinant proteins for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Plastid transformation is routine only in tobacco. Progress in implementing the technology in other crops is discussed.

DNA, Plant↗

PubMed2005

Microfocus Cu K(alpha) source for femtosecond x-ray science.

We demonstrate a subpicosecond 1 kHz femtosecond x-ray source with a well-accessible quasi-point size (10 microm diameter) providing Cu K(alpha) emission with a maximum flux of 6.8 x 10(10) photons/s for continuous operation of 10 h. A new geometry that essentially facilitates the adjustment and diminishes the temporal jitter between the x-ray probe and the laser pump pulse is implemented for time-resolved diffraction experiments.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Recent activities of EC4 in the harmonization of clinical chemistry in the European Union.

This article describes the recent activities of the European Communities Confederation of Clinical Chemistry (EC4). Main goal of EC4 is harmonization of clinical chemistry in the European Union and Europe. EC4's actions connected to that are training and registration of professionals, and accreditation of laboratories. The 35000 professionals practising clinical chemistry in the EU have different backgrounds (medical, pharmaceutical, science-oriented, veterinary, or microbiological). Thus, for the harmonization of training of clinical chemists, EC4 has published a European Syllabus for Postgraduate Training, and instituted a European Union Register for Clinical Chemists. The Syllabus is an indication of the level of requirements in postgraduate training. The EC4 initiative to implement the European Register for Clinical Chemists is based on the 8 years vocational training necessary to obtain sufficient knowledge in clinical chemistry according to the European Syllabus. A guide to the EC4 Register has been published; registration leads to the title European Clinical Chemist (EurClinChem). The accreditation of laboratories must be based on a total quality management system. EC4 has described guidelines (essential criteria) which it judges appropriate for establishing the quality of medical laboratory service; it does not wish to fulfil the role of an accrediting body. Moreover, a working group has been set up to seek to harmonize the work of national accrediting bodies. Therefore, it is logical that EC4 monitors the activities of the different standardizing bodies that might influence the practice of clinical chemistry in the EU. Finally, some aspects concerning the future strategy of EC4 are brought forward.

Chemistry, Clinical↗

PubMed2003

Livestock, ethics, and quality of life.

Agricultural and animal scientists need to embrace a new vision beyond the single-minded existing pursuit of biological efficiency. The public in the West is no longer concerned solely with cheap food. Other paramount issues define quality of life, including: health and safety of foods; nutritional value; traditional, regional, locally produced, and organic foods; animal welfare; sustainable farming, environment, and rural resources. The paper provides examples of how the credibility of animal scientists has been lost due to some recent unethical behavior. Research, teaching and application of agricultural and animal science, especially of biotechnology, need to be reshaped into a new "Quality of Life Agricultural Era" to replace the "Era of Intensification." This new era will need fresh assumptions, beliefs and leadership to match the emerging social agenda of the 21st century. Animal scientists have a special role in implementing this new plausibility structure.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2004

A divisional approach to enhancing research among osteopathic family practice residents.

There is an increasing demand to expose osteopathic family practice residents to research. Within the Department of Family Medicine at the University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth-Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, the Division of Education and Research (DEAR) was developed in 1999. The primary focus of DEAR is to provide the necessary resources and knowledge for faculty members and residents to conduct research and accomplish scholarly activities. Guidelines are implemented to ensure the timeliness, efficiency, and completion of each resident's paper. The efficacy of DEAR's policies is evaluated annually through surveying the residents, tracking paper submissions to the resident director, and tracking publications and presentations. The expectation of DEAR's resident research component is full completion of a resident paper suitable for publication in a peer-reviewed journal before graduation. Initial evaluation suggests positive strides toward reaching this goal. Future successes will be determined by monitoring the next few years.

Family Practice↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A framework for developing staff competencies.

Nursing science is progressing at such a rapid rate that it is difficult for nursing professionals to remain current with the knowledge and skills necessary to provide quality patient care. To assure that staff members demonstrate the required competencies, a framework composed of eight steps and a master plan for implementation is presented in this article. The framework offers staff development educators structure and direction in planning and conducting educational programs to achieve the goal of competency development.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1995

National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic, in 1995-2000.

The National Institute of Public Health in Prague is the prominent institution in the Czech Republic responsible for public health and disease prevention. According to a conceptual document, approved by the Minister of Health in 1994, the main areas of function in the years 1995-2000 will be: 1. Science and research in preventive disciplines, especially in hygiene, epidemiology and microbiology, surveillance and monitoring of diseases and their determinants. 2. Professional expert activities for the national health surveillance, for state administration, and for the general public. 3. Reference activities and participation in accreditative procedures. 4. Collaboration in development, implementation, and evaluation of the National Health Program. 5. Participation in postgradual education in the fields of health protection and promotion, hygiene, epidemiology and microbiology. The function of the Institute will continue its 70-year old tradition with strong national and international reputation.

Academies and Institutes↗

PubMed2005

Nurses' attitudes towards computers: cross sectional questionnaire study.

AIM: To estimate the attitudes of hospital nurses towards computers and the influence of gender, age, education, and computer usage on these attitudes. METHODS: The study was conducted in two Croatian hospitals where integrated hospital information system is being implemented. There were 1,081 nurses surveyed by an anonymous questionnaire consisting of 8 questions about demographic data, education, and computer usage, and 30 statements on attitudes towards computers. The statements were adapted to a Likert type scale. Differences in attitudes towards computers were compared using one-way ANOVA and Tukey-b post-hoc test. RESULTS: The total score was 120+/-15 (mean+/-standard deviation) out of maximal 150. Nurses younger than 30 years had a higher total score than those older than 30 years (124+/-13 vs 119+/-16 for 30-39 age groups and 117+/-15 for>39 age groups, P<0.001). Nurses with a bachelor's degree (119+/-16 vs 122+/-14, P=0.002) and nurses who had attended computer science courses had a higher total score compared to the others (124+/-13 vs 118+/-16, P<0.001). Nurses using computers more than 5 hours per week had higher total score than those who used computers less than 5 hours (127+/-13 vs 124+/-12 for 1-5 h and and 119+/-14 for <1 hour per day, P<0.001, post-hoc test). CONCLUSION: Nurses in general have positive attitudes towards computers. These results are important for the planning and implementing an integrated hospital information system.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Optimizing census geography: the separation of collection and output geographies.

"This paper reviews the changing way in which census geography has been treated with the increasing automation of census data processing. A four-stage model of modern census geography development is presented. In the context of this model, current practice is reviewed, and new opportunities for automated census geography design presented, culminating in a current prototype for the separation of purpose-designed data collection and output geographies. The narrative is presented primarily from a British perspective, but focuses on internationally relevant issues such as the implementation of census geography design, and the influence of census output geography on data analysis."

Censuses↗

PubMed2006

Process evaluation determines the pathway of success for a health center-delivered, nutrition education intervention for infants in Trujillo, Peru.

Process evaluation was used to explain the success of a randomized, controlled trial of an educational intervention to improve the feeding behaviors of caregivers and the nutritional status of infants in Trujillo, Peru. Health personnel delivered a multicomponent intervention within the environment of usual care at government health centers. We created a model of the expected intervention pathway to successful outcomes. Process data were then collected on health center implementation of the intervention and caregiver reception to it. Using multivariate models, we found that variables of health center implementation, caregiver exposure, and caregiver message recall were all significant determinants in the pathway leading to improved feeding behaviors. These outcomes were consistent with our original intervention model. Further support for our model arose from the differences in caregiver reception between intervention and control centers. Process data allowed us to characterize the pathway through which an effective nutrition intervention operated. This study underscores the importance of including process evaluation, which will lead to the development and implementation of more effective nutrition interventions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Getting started in clinical nutrition research.

Conducting nutrition research projects does not require a large, well-funded laboratory and a team of assistants. The main requirement is an inquisitive, creative, and critical mind face to face with an unsolved problem. Nevertheless, the actual process of getting started in clinical nutrition research can present obstacles for the novice clinician that can impede successful implementation and completion of the project. This article reviews the initial steps involved in generating a hypothesis, study design, and preliminary data analysis.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗

PubMed2000

The UTHSCSA Dental School in the new millennium.

The UTHSCSA Dental School, just short of 30 years in existence, has made great strides to be a leader in dental education. Although increased use of computers has the greatest potential for revolutionizing dental education, there are other components that must constantly be evaluated and improved. A major curriculum review is in progress. The process is a grass roots effort to allow input from faculty, students, alumni and outside consultants. The school's competencies are being reevaluated to assure they are contemporary and the methods to assess them are valid and reliable. The way we evaluate applicants is an ongoing evolution. Our appropriate role in the community (local, national, and international) continues to be a challenge. Success will be measured by how well we continuously evaluate our mission and goals, identify problems and find and implement solutions.

Competency-Based Education↗

PubMed2002

Rewarding for quality: new incentives emerge to improve healthcare and promote best practices.

When the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Quality of Health Care in America released its second report, Crossing the Quality Chasm, last year, criticism was leveled at the "toxic reimbursement system" that failed to reward efforts to achieve quality care. However, times are changing, and this issue of The Quality Letter looks at new ways incentive programs are being implemented and fine-tuned at the hospital, health plan, and medical practice level to promote the delivery of quality healthcare.

Benchmarking↗

PubMed2004

Alternative control volume geometries for measuring regurgitant flow through a valve.

Control-volume (CV) methods applied to magnetic resonance velocity-encoded cine images of the convergent proximal flow field of a regurgitant valve have been shown to measure reverse blood flow volume accurately. Spatial and temporal averaging are known to affect accuracy, but the effects of slice thickness and orientation relative to the flow field have not been systematically studied, nor have CV configurations requiring fewer scans been explored. Further, surface area calculations at the intersection of CV walls are a previously unrecognized source of error. Using a computational fluid dynamics model of steady flow through an orifice, we evaluated five different CV configurations in terms of accuracy, time costs, and clinical potential. CVs incorporating a basal wall were affected by blurring of axial velocity gradients near the orifice, and voxel grid alignment relative to the orifice was the most significant source of inaccuracy. Errors in surface area calculations at plane intersections produced deviations of 7-20%, depending on configuration. A CV formed by slices parallel to the orifice plane was deemed clinically unusable, while a cylindrical CV yielded good accuracy in simulated tests and showed potential for practical implementation based on scan time, ease of view selection, and visualization of the flow field.

Blood Flow Velocity↗

PubMed2002

The partnership between breast cancer advocates and scientists.

The National Breast Cancer Coalition (NBCC) is a grassroots organization that represents breast cancer advocates and is committed to eradicating breast cancer. NBCC defines a breast cancer advocate as someone who has been personally affected by the disease (e.g., a breast cancer survivor, family member, or friend), represents a constituency, and is motivated to join the fight against the disease. One of the organization's goals is to ensure that breast cancer advocates have a seat at the table when decisions are made about breast cancer research and policy. To accomplish this goal, NBCC educates advocates so that they can participate in and make meaningful contributions to legislative, scientific, and regulatory decision-making bodies. In addition to creating educational opportunities for advocates, NBCC has spearheaded several initiatives designed to directly increase the quality and quantity of breast cancer research. NBCC has also played a major role in making funding available to breast cancer researchers. Two of NBCC's most notable programs include Project LEAD, an intensive science-training course for breast cancer advocates, and the Environmental Initiative, a collection of activities designed to improve research into the relationship between breast cancer and the environment. Breast cancer advocates trained by NBCC have partnered with the scientific community and individual scientists to improve the peer review, design, and implementation of breast cancer research.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed2004

Becoming a competent clinician: basic competencies in intervention.

This article summarizes the results from the Intervention Work Group of the Competencies Conference: Future Directions in Education and Credentialing in Professional Psychology. The generic charge presented to the Intervention Work Group was "to address issues related to interventions." The Intervention Work Group identified four competency components of knowledge, skills, and abilities: (a). foundational competencies; (b). intervention planning; (c). intervention implementation; and (d). intervention evaluation competencies. A fifth component that included "practice management" was labeled as "others." Each component is discussed, including competencies that were deemed an essential knowledge, skill, and/or value. A discussion of training for intervention competence and assessing that intervention competence is included. Future directions for the science and practice of psychology in the intervention arena are summarized. This is one of a series of articles published in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology. Several other articles that resulted from the Competencies Conference will appear in Professional Psychology: Research and Practice and The Counseling Psychologist.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1992

From a lunar outpost to Mars: science, policy and the U.S. Space Exploration Initiative.

The U.S. Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) is aimed at the establishment of an outpost for humans on the Moon, followed by the human exploration of Mars. It also encompasses robotic missions to the Moon and Man that will precede and perhaps accompany human presence. Science plays a dual role in SEI. First, many scientific questions must be answered to insure the health and safety of human explorers. Second, scientific investigations will be among the central objectives of human explorers. A substantial body of U.S. policy on SEI has been announced by President Bush. Its implementation is coordinated by the U.S. National Space Council under the Chairmanship of Vice President Quayle. That policy directs the early focus of SEI to be on technology development, including the identification of "high leverage technologies," and the identification of alternative mission architectures. It also envisions international cooperation as an important beneficial aspect of SEI.

Aerospace Medicine↗

PubMed1988

Physician impact analysis: an imperative for the modern hospital.

In the majority of Canadian hospitals, medical personnel planning is seldom a part of the strategic plan, and the total impact of physician appointments is rarely assessed. By developing a physician impact analysis, the Health Sciences Centre in Winnipeg has attempted to pinpoint key elements associated with physician appointments, such as the impact on financial and physical resources. This development process has been an ongoing one, however, as the institution faced new situations. Because interrelationships between a teaching hospital and faculties of medicine are multifaceted, implementation of the physician impact analysis process allows a better understanding of the impact of medical personnel recruitment on hospital services, on behalf of both parties.

Canada↗