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Results for “Repeatability and Reproducibility”

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PubMed1996

Interobserver variation in duplex sonographic scanning in the femoropopliteal tract.

The diagnostic value of duplex sonographic scanning was demonstrated in a number of studies, but there is lack of consensus on which characteristic of the Doppler spectrum correlates best with the severity of peripheral vascular disease. In a prospective study we quantified the interobserver variation in duplex scanning for the diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease. Forty-one patients with intermittent claudication were independently examined by two observers. The observers were unaware of the angiographic findings. Reproducibility of classification and separate characteristics of the Doppler spectrum were expressed as kappa coefficients, Pearson correlation coefficients, and repeatability coefficients. PSV was the most reproducible characteristic of the Doppler spectrum. The classification of peripheral disease in 0 to 19%, 20 to 49%, 50 to 99%, and 100% diameter reduction was highly reproducible (kappa 0.68). The other characteristics of the Doppler spectrum were moderately to poorly reproducible; wave form contour, spectral broadening, and end diastolic velocity had kappa values of 0.56, 0.20, and 0.56, respectively. Our findings justify a simplification of the criteria for duplex sonographic scanning for diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

[Exercise testing in the assessment of ventricular arrhythmias (author's transl)].

During exercise, ventricular arrhythmias may be observed in 50% of healthy subjects and up to 85% of patients with heart disease. For the quantitative as well as qualitative assessment of ventricular arrhythmias, continuous ECG (Holter) monitoring is superior to the Exercise ECG. Both methods together render a 10% increase in sensitivity over that achieved through the use of one method only. In patients with repeated ventricular tachycardias, assessment through electrical stimulation is more preferable than the use of the exercise ECG or continuous ECG monitoring. In patients with coronary artery disease, ventricular arrhythmias during exercise, depending on their incidence and complexity, may indicate a two to eight-fold increase in the likelihood of cardiac death. The reproducibility of ventricular arrhythmias during repeated exercise testing is reported between 30 and 77%. Thus, in the individual patient, the complete absence of an exercise-induced arrhythmia during treatment does not permit differentiation between therapeutic effect and spontaneous variability. Accordingly, the exercise ECG is generally not an adequate method for assessment of antiarrhythmic treatment.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗

PubMed2004

Cardiorespiratory requirements and reproducibility of the six-minute walk test in elderly patients with coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVES: To measure the cardiorespiratory requirements of the six-minute walk test (6MWT), to compare this demand with the symptom-limited exercise test (SLET) at ventilatory threshold and at maximal level in elderly patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), and to assess the reproducibility of the 6MWT in cardiorespiratory exchanges in those patients. DESIGN: Comparative and reproducibility sample. SETTING: Cardiac rehabilitation service. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five people with CAD. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects performed an SLET and a 6MWT. To test 6MWT reproducibility, 9 patients performed 2 repeated 6MWTs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The 6MWT cardiorespiratory values, measured with a portable gas analyzer, were compared with the SLET data and with the data from the 2 repeated 6MWTs. RESULTS: The 6MWT peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak, 14.27+/-2.94 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)) and heart rate (94+/-14 beats/min) did not differ from the SLET values at ventilatory threshold (VO2, 13.4+/-2.65 mL.min(-1).kg(-1); heart rate, 91+/-17 beats/min), whereas the 6MWT ventilation (VEpeak, 36.72+/-10.03 L/min) was higher than the SLET at ventilatory threshold (Ve, 31.54+/-8.93 L/min, P<.03). Maximal 6MWT cardiorespiratory data were lower than the SLET maximal values. Cardiorespiratory values did not differ between the 2 repeated 6MWT (VO2peak, 15.33+/-3.52 mL.min(-1).kg(-1) vs 15.11+/-2.65 mL.min(-1).kg(-1); VEpeak, 39.07+/-12.33 L/min vs 39.07+/-12.13 L/min; heart rate, 95+/-21 beats/min vs 89+/-15 beats/min). CONCLUSIONS: The 6MWT cardiorespiratory requirement values did not differ from SLET values at ventilatory threshold except for ventilation, and 6MWT values are reproducible in elderly patients with CAD.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1997

Interlaboratory study of a test method measuring total volatile organic compound content of consumer products.

Consumer products are potentially significant sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are precursors to the formation of ozone in photochemical smog. To address the problem of ozone formation in ambient air, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been involved in the development of test methods for measuring the VOC content of consumer products. This paper describes results of an interlaboratory study to estimate the repeatability (precision of analyses performed by a single laboratory) and reproducibility (precision of analyses performed by different laboratories) of the consumer products' VOC measurement method based on EPA Method 24 (for VOCs in surface coatings). The mean method repeatability was 2.7 wt% VOC, and the mean method reproducibility was 4.8 wt% VOC. Method repeatability ranged from 0.2 to 4.4 wt% VOC, and reproducibility ranged from 0.6 to 11.9 weight percent VOC. The precision of the VOC method for consumer products is similar to the precision of EPA Method 24 for surface coatings.

Household Products↗

PubMed2004

Reproducibility of blood flow velocity measurements using colour decoded Doppler imaging.

BACKGROUND: It is taken for granted that glaucomatous damage is caused by changed haemodynamics of the retrobulbar vessel system besides other factors such as, for example, an elevated intraocular pressure. This was proven by various studies in which glaucoma patients were shown to have a changed retrobulbar blood flow velocity. In this study, the reliability of measurements of retrobulbar vessel perfusion by colour decoded Doppler imaging (CDI) was evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 18 healthy volunteers and 15 patients with various glaucoma types were enrolled in this study. Using a CDI system, type Siemens Sonoline Elegra with a combined applicator (7.5L40), retrobulbar vessel perfusions of the ophthalmic artery, the short posterior ciliary arteries, and the long posterior ciliary arteries of each patient were measured six times. In each measurement, pulse amplitude, end-diastolic velocity, maximum systolic velocity, pulsatility index, and resistivity index of the vessels were determined. The reproducibility of measurements was evaluated by the calculation of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for each parameter. RESULTS: The ICCs for the ophthalmic artery varied from 0.89 to 0.98, for the short posterior ciliary artery from 0.75 to 0.91, and for the long posterior ciliary artery from 0.77 to 0.99 in both the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The ICCs of the repeated measurements reflect a good reproducibility for both the groups with assumed different retrobulbar perfusion. These findings are prerequisites for the use of CDI in clinical practice and research.

Blood Flow Velocity↗

PubMed2004

Improvement of algorithm for quantification of regional myocardial blood flow using 15O-water with PET.

UNLABELLED: (15)O-Water and dynamic PET allow noninvasive quantification of myocardial blood flow (MBF). However, complicated image analyzing procedures are required, which may limit the practicality of this approach. We have designed a new practical algorithm, which allows stable, rapid, and automated quantification of regional MBF (rMBF) using (15)O-water PET. We designed an algorithm for setting the 3-dimensional (3D) region of interest (ROI) of the whole myocardium semiautomatically. Subsequently, a uniform input function was calculated for each subject using a time-activity curve in the 3D whole myocardial ROI. The uniform input function allows the mathematically simple and robust algorithm to estimate rMBF. METHODS: Thirty-six volunteers were used in the static (15)O-CO and dynamic (15)O-water PET studies. To evaluate the reproducibility of the estimates, a repeated (15)O-water scan was obtained under resting condition. In addition, to evaluate the stability of the new algorithm in the hyperemic state, a (15)O-water scan was obtained with adenosine triphosphate. This algorithm includes a procedure for positioning a 3D ROI of the whole myocardium from 3D images and dividing it into 16 segments. Subsequently, the uniform input function was calculated using time-activity curves in the whole myocardial ROI and in the LV ROI. The uniform input function allowed this simple and robust algorithm to estimate the rMBF, perfusable tissue fraction (PTF), and spillover fraction (Va) according to a single tissue compartment model. These estimates were compared with those calculated using the original method. A simulation study was performed to compare the effects of errors in PTF or Va on the MBF using the 2 methods. RESULTS: The average operating time for positioning a whole myocardial ROI and 16 regional myocardial ROIs was <5 min. The new method yielded less deviation in rMBF (0.876 +/- 0.177 mL/min/g, coefficient of variation [CV] = 20.2%, n = 576) than those with the traditional method (0.898 +/- 0.271 mL/min/g, CV = 30.1%, n = 576) (P < 0.01). In the hyperemic state, the new method yielded less deviation in rMBF (3.890 +/- 1.250 mL/min/g, CV = 32.1%) than those with the traditional method (3.962 +/- 1.762 mL/min/g, CV = 44.4%) (P < 0.05). This method yielded significantly higher reproducibility of rMBF (r = 0.806, n = 576) than the original method (r = 0.756, n = 576) (P < 0.05). Our new method yielded a better correlation in the repeated measurement values of rMBF and less variability among the regions in the myocardium than with the original theory of the (15)O-water technique. The simulation study demonstrated fewer effects of error in the PTF or Va on the MBF value with the new method. CONCLUSION: We have developed a technique for an automated, simplified, and stable algorithm to quantify rMBF. This software is considered to be practical for clinical use in myocardial PET studies using (15)O-water with a high reproducibility and a short processing time.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1992

Nocturnal gastric secretion in duodenal ulcer patients and healthy controls. Ranges and reproducibility.

The nocturnal gastric acid secretion of 22 male duodenal ulcer patients was compared with that of 47 healthy male volunteers. Median nocturnal acid output was greater in duodenal ulcer patients (55 mmol versus 33 mmol 10 h-1; p = 0.013), but there was almost complete overlap of the ranges. Five duodenal ulcer patients and three volunteers had nocturnal outputs of acid previously considered to be pathognomonic of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in the absence of other evidence of a gastrinoma. Nineteen healthy volunteers underwent a repeat study to assess the reproducibility of nocturnal gastric acid output. Median intraindividual variability (+/- distribution-free 95% confidence limits) was 23% (-34% to +72%). Studies of nocturnal gastric secretion are of no diagnostic value, and their variability should be taken into consideration when evaluating gastric antisecretory drugs.

Circadian Rhythm↗

PubMed1985

Reproducibility of VO2max in patients with chronic air-flow obstruction.

The purpose of this study was to determine the variability in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) determined from repeated exercise tests in patients with chronic air-flow obstruction (CAO). Three incremental maximal cycle ergometer tests were performed in each of 11 CAO patients who were familiar with such testing. Two tests (Test 1, Test 2) were carried out on the same day, separated by a 60-min rest period, and 1 (Test 3) was performed on a consecutive day. Group mean values for VO2 max were: 1.313 +/- 0.259, 1.311 +/- 0.281, 1.306 +/- 0.288 L/min, for Tests 1 to 3, respectively. These nearly identical values did not differ significantly. There was no systematic "fatigue" or "learning" effect from test to test. Other mean measurements obtained at maximal exercise were likewise not significantly different among the 3 tests. For tests performed on the same day, the mean of the absolute values of the individual patient VO2 max differences (delta VO2 max) was 53 +/- 30 ml. The delta VO2 max was less than 6% in 10 of the 11 patients and less than 10% in the remaining patient. For tests performed on consecutive days, delta VO2 max was 93 +/- 81 ml; delta VO2 max was less than 6% in 6 patients and less than 10% in 9 patients. From this study we concluded that repeated maximal exercise testing is highly reproducible for groups of CAO patients, although some individual patient variability is seen. Individual patient differences in delta VO2 max are less when the 2 tests are performed on the same day than when duplicate testing is performed on consecutive days.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Measurement of right ventricular ejection fraction and volume by the thermodilution technique in the unsedated calf.

This study was designed to test the applicability and the reproducibility of the thermodilution method in the measurement of right ventricular ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) in unsedated cattle. In the 16 healthy calves studied, it was possible, using a fast response thermodilution catheter, to obtain characteristic exponential steplike washout curves, allowing the calculation of right ventricular EF, EDV and ESV. Five to 10 successive thermodilution curves were recorded within a few minutes and two to five similar sets of measurements were performed throughout the same day to test the reproducibility of the technique. The same protocol was repeated the following day. Right ventricular EF, EDV and ESV were reproducible successively, throughout a given day and on following days. The mean intraset, intraday and interdays coefficients of variation ranged from a mean of 4.0 (SD 4.1) per cent to a mean of 18.2 (SD 7.9) per cent. Values of right ventricular volumes and EF agreed with those previously reported in various animal species. Thermodilution was, therefore, shown to be a useful method for measuring with a satisfactory reproducibility, right ventricular EF, EDV and ESV in the unsedated healthy calf.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic determination of maleic hydrazide in technical and formulated products: collaborative study.

Fourteen collaborating laboratories assayed maleic hydrazide (MH), 6-hydroxypyridazin-3(2H)-one, in technical and formulated products by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with sulfanilic acid as an internal standard. The active MH in the samples (6 lots) ranged from 16% (expressed as the potassium salt) to 98% (MH in the technical). A small amount of 1 M KOH was added to the technical MH and analytical standards to create the potassium salt of the analyte which is soluble in water. Test samples and standards were extracted with water containing the internal standard before analysis by LC on a C8 column with an ion-pairing eluting solution and UV detection at 254 nm. The concentration of MH was calculated by comparing the peak area response ratios of the analyte and the internal standard with those in the analytical standard solution. Eleven laboratories weighed each test sample twice with single analysis. Three laboratories weighed each sample once and made duplicate injections on the LC system. The data were analyzed using the 11 laboratories' results. A second data analysis was done including all laboratory results using a Youden pair approach, selecting one of 2 duplicate assay values randomly for each laboratory and sample. In the first data analysis, the repeatability standard deviation ranged from 0.07 to 1.39%; reproducibility standard deviation ranged from 0.22 to 1.39%. In the second data analysis (using all laboratory data), repeatability standard deviation ranged from 0.09 to 0.86%; reproducibility standard deviation ranged from 0.22 to 1.31%.

Chemistry Techniques, Analytical↗

PubMed1992

Reproducibility of transcranial Dopplersonography: a validation study.

Transcranial Doppler-sonography (TCD) is a useful noninvasive technique for the measurement of intracranial arterial blood flow velocity. The present study evaluated the reproducibility of this method for repeated measurements of flow velocity in the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral, and basilar arteries. Thirty-six patients (23 males and 13 females) were studied. Three measurements were made by the same examiner on each patient with a time interval of 1 h between the first and the second examination, and about 24 h between the first and the third examination. The statistical evaluation for the reproducibility was performed by calculating the correlation coefficient (r). The results showed good reproducibility of TCD for all arteries both between the first and second and between the first and third measurements (r = 0.78-0.97; p less than 0.001), but when the middle cerebral artery mean velocity is low the posterior cerebral artery reproducibility is poorest (r = 0.42-0.54).

Blood Flow Velocity↗

PubMed1998

Effect of temperature on the optical properties of ex vivo human dermis and subdermis.

The effect of temperature on the optical properties of human dermis and subdermis as a function of near-infrared wavelength has been studied between 25 degrees C and 40 degrees C. Measurements were performed ex vivo on a total of nine skin samples taken from the abdomen of three individuals. The results show a reproducible effect of temperature on the transport scattering coefficient of dermis and subdermis. The relative change of the transport scattering coefficient showed an increase for dermis ((4.7+/-0.5) x 10(-3) degrees C(-1)) and a decrease for subdermis ((-1.4+/-0.28) x 10(-3) degrees C(-1)). Note that the magnitude of the temperature coefficient of scattering was greater for dermis than subdermis. A reproducible effect of temperature on the absorption coefficient could not be found within experimental errors. System reproducibility in transport scattering coefficient with repeated removal and repositioning of the same tissue sample at the same temperature was excellent at +/-0.35% for all measurements. This reproducibility enabled such small changes in scattering coefficient to be detected.

Biophysical Phenomena↗

PubMed1996

Intraindividual reproducibility of postprandial and orthostatic blood pressure changes in older nursing-home patients: relationship with chronic use of cardiovascular medications.

OBJECTIVES: Although postprandial and orthostatic hypotension are commonly observed in nursing home residents, their reproducibility, relationship to each other, and association with chronic use of cardiovascular medications are poorly understood. DESIGN: We examined blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) before and after postural change, and before and after a 419-kcal meal in 22 nursing home residents (mean age 89 +/- 5 (SD) years), each on two occasions, to determine reproducibility changes. These studies were repeated in 17 residents, with and without previous administration of cardiovascular medications, in random order. SETTING: Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for the Aged, an academic long-term care facility. RESULTS: Systolic BP declined an average (+/- SE) of 16 +/- 4 mm Hg and 12 +/- 4 mm Hg during the first and second meal studies, respectively. Mean intra-class correlation of postprandial systolic BP values during the two studies was 0.88 (95% CI 0.85-0.97). Systolic BP increased significantly during the first posture test to a maximum of 8 +/- 6 mm Hg at 6 minutes. There was no significant difference over time in postural systolic BP between the two tests. Repeated postural studies showed a mean intra-class correlation of 0.72 (95% CI 0.62-0.92) for changes in systolic BP. Cardiovascular medications had no additional effect on postprandial or orthostatic BP and HR changes. During the first studies, 10 subjects had postprandial hypotension, and three subjects had orthostatic hypotension, but only two of 22 subjects had both. CONCLUSIONS: Patterns of systolic BP response to meals or postural change are reproducible. BP responses to meals and postural change seem to be unaffected by potentially hypotensive medications in chronic users. Postprandial hypotension is distinct from orthostatic hypotension, occurring more commonly than orthostatic hypotension and infrequently together in the same patients.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Fatigue of the inspiratory muscle pump in humans: an isoflow approach.

A new method is described for measurement of inspiratory muscle endurance in humans that is based on isokinetic principles of muscle testing (i.e., measurement of maximum force during a constant velocity of shortening). Subjects inspired maximally while their lungs were inflated at a constant rate during each breath for 10 min. Inspiratory and expiratory time, flow rate, tidal volume, and end-tidal CO2 were maintained constant. In each subject, maximum inspiratory mouth pressure exponentially decayed over the first few minutes to an apparent sustainable value. Repeated tests in experienced subjects showed high reproducibility of sustainable pressure measurements. To determine the effects of flow, endurance tests were repeated in four subjects at flows of 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 l/s, with a constant duty cycle. As flow increased, the maximum pressures that could be attained at rest and the maximum sustainable pressures decreased. At each flow, the sustainable pressure remained a constant fraction of the maximum pressure attainable at rest. We interpret the decay in mouth pressure during isoflow endurance tests to directly reflect the loss of net inspiratory muscle force available by maximum voluntary activation of the inspiratory pump.

Fatigue↗

PubMed1976

The acute and target organ toxicity of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) and guanethidine in the rat and dog.

The effects of acute and repeated increasing oral doses of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) and guanethidine in the rat and dog have been described. On repeated oral administration guanethidine produced histopathological changes in cervical ganglia of rats and dogs which were clearly dose-dependent and reproduced lesions reported in the literature. Repeated oral administration of MA540 resulted in no histopathological changes in either species. The maximum tolerated oral dose for guanethidine was estimated to be 515 mg/kg in the rat and 26 mg/kg in the dog compared with an estimated maximum tolerated oral dose for MA540 of 1750 mg/kg in the rat and 460 mg/kg in the dog. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that subchronic studies with MA540 in the rat and dog should provide evidence which would justify the use of MA540 in man at daily oral doses as high as 9 mg/kg.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Rapid and accurate determination of (CAG)n repeats in the androgen receptor gene using polymerase chain reaction and automated fragment analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and evaluate a new method for determination of the CAG repeat length in Exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene. DESIGN AND METHODS: The method is based on PCR amplification of a DNA region encompassing the repeats and analysis of the length of the PCR product on a sequencing gel. One of the PCR primers was labeled with Cy5.5 fluorescent dye to facilitate detection after laser excitation. We used a fully automated system for electrophoretic separation of the PCR product and accurate sizing of the length of the PCR product using fragment analysis. RESULTS: The major advantages of the new technique are its simplicity, speed, accuracy, and reproducibility. Analysis of the CAG repeats in genomic DNAs from 18 males indicated that they were all hemizygous with a mean CAG repeat number of 22 (range 20-30 repeats). Among 60 DNAs from females, 16 were homozygous and 44 were heterozygous. The repeat length ranged from 17-30 with a mean of 22. In both males and females, the distribution of CAG repeats was bimodal. CONCLUSION: We anticipate that this improved method for CAG repeat analysis will find applications in clinical studies involving prostate and breast cancer patients.

Alleles↗

PubMed2004

Reproducibility of tilt-table test result in patients with malignant neurocardiogenic syncope.

The indication for permanent pacemaker remains controversial in malignant neurocardiogenic syncope. A highly reproducible prolonged pause during a repeat head-up tilt-table testing may identify a subgroup of neurally mediated syncope with a prominent and consistent cardioinhibitory component. Seven patients (3 females) with a mean age of 30 years (23-44 years) were diagnosed to have malignant neurocardiogenic -syncope; all are classified according to the Vasovagal Syncope International Study as 2B type, with observed sinus pauses ranged from 3 s to 26 s of which only 1 demonstrated a reproducible sinus pause. No recurrence of syncope was clinically observed in patients during the follow-up period. Of 6 patients treated non--pharmacologically, one required a beta-blocker and none required a permanent pacemaker. Prolonged asystole manifest during head-up tilt-table testing is a poorly reproducible phenomenon and permanent pacemaker implantation in malignant neurocardiogenic syncope should not be a first line therapy.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Reproducibility of bone mineral density measurements using dual X-ray absorptiometry in daily clinical practice.

Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements are frequently performed repeatedly for each patient. Subsequent BMD measurements allow reproducibility to be assessed. Previous studies have suggested that reproducibility may be influenced by age and clinical status. The purpose of the study was to examine the reproducibility of BMD by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and to investigate the practical value of different measures of reproducibility in three distinct groups of subjects: healthy young volunteers, postmenopausal women and patients with chronic rheumatic diseases. Two hundred twenty-two subjects underwent two subsequent BMD measurements of the spine and hip. There were 60 young healthy subjects, 102 postmenopausal women and 60 patients with chronic rheumatic diseases (33 rheumatoid arthritis, 10 ankylosing spondylitis and 10 other systemic diseases). Forty-five patients (75%) among the third group were receiving corticosteroids. Reproducibility was expressed as the smallest detectable difference (SDD), coefficient of variation (CV), least significant change (LSC) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Sources of variation were investigated by linear regression analysis. The median interval between measurements was 0 days (range 0-7). The mean difference (SD) between the measurements (g/cm2) was -0.0001 (+/-0.003) and -0.0004 (+/-0.002) at L1-L4 and the total hip, respectively. At L1-L4 and the total hip, SDD (g/cm2) was +/-0.04 and +/-0.02, CV (%) was 2.02 and 1.29, and LSC (%) 5.60 and 3.56, respectively. The ICC at the spine and hip was 0.99 and 0.99, respectively. Only a minimal difference existed between the groups. Reproducibility in the three groups studied was good. In a repeated DXA scan, a BMD change, the least significant change (LSC) or the SDD should be regarded as significant. Use of the SDD is preferable to use of the CV and LSC because of its independence from BMD and its expression in absolute units. Expressed as SDD, a BMD change of at least +/-0.04 g/cm2 at L1-L4 and +/-0.02 g/cm2 at the total hip should be considered significant. This reproducibility seems independent from age and clinical status and improved in the hips by measuring the dual femur.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗