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PubMed2005

A study of emotional attitude of psychiatric nurses: reliability and validity of the Nurse Attitude Scale.

In psychiatric nursing, the exchange of feelings among nurses and patients is vital. However, expressed emotion (EE) studies that have been performed in family studies of schizophrenia indicate that a high EE score can predict the relapse of schizophrenic patients. In the case of long-term inpatients at a psychiatric hospital in Japan, the emotional attitude of nurses towards patients is anticipated to have some effect on the course of the illness. In the present study, we revised part of the phrasing of the Japanese version of the Family Attitude Scale, and renamed it the Nurse Attitude Scale (NAS). We tested 189 nurses with this scale, and examined reliability and validity. In a factor analysis of the NAS, three factors were extracted, which we termed criticism, hostility, and positive remarks. These factors are the same as items for assessment on the Camberwell Family Interview, a method of EE assessment. Cronbach's alpha for individual subscales was 0.848 for criticism, 0.845 for hostility, and 0.685 for positive remarks. With regard to test-retest reliability, there were significant correlations with values of 0.65 for criticism, 0.77 for hostility, and 0.44 for positive remarks. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the NAS and Pines' Burnout scores. These facts, thus suggested that the NAS represents an approximation of the EE of psychiatric nurses. In addition, these findings indicated that the state of burnout in psychiatric nurses resulted in a critical attitude towards patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Daily mood states and ambulatory blood pressure.

In this study, we examined relationships between moods and both ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in 197 men and women college students. Participants who reported frequently feeling angry during the day had higher levels of blood pressure, especially diastolic pressure during sleep. Reports of sad feelings were positively correlated and reports of pleasant or happy were negatively correlated with diastolic pressure during sleep. Participants scoring high on hostility and anxiety trait measures and low on defensiveness reported negative moods more frequently. Cluster analysis identified different mood profiles. Participants characterized by reports of all negative moods plus anger had high scores on trait hostility and consistently higher levels of blood pressure, particularly diastolic pressure during sleep. Heart rate was not related to mood reports. Hostile and anxious behavioral dispositions may play a role in sleep disturbance and high levels of blood pressure. Positive moods may counter these effects.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Personality factors and pathological gambling.

Pathological gambling is a disorder in which personality factors are thought to be important. Therefore, we compared 19 male pathological gamblers with 18 male normal controls for their scores on 3 personality questionnaires. Pathological gamblers were found to have significantly higher psychoticism and neuroticism scores on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire than controls. Gamblers also had significantly higher total hostility scores on the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

The HDHQ results of long-term prisoners: relationships with criminal and institutional behaviour.

The HDHQ (Foulds, Caine & Creasy, 1960) was administered to 100 long-term prisoners as part of routine psychological assessment prior to their allocation to training prisons. The questionnaire results were analyzed in terms of the prisoners' past and present criminal and institutional behaviour. Additionally they were used to test Megargee's (1966) hypothesis that extremely assaultive individuals are generally overcontrolled and will thus express less hostility than moderately assaultive individuals. The results showed that the sample of long-term prisoners had a significantly higher total hostility score than normals but did not differ significantly in the direction of their hostility. Violent offenders were significantly more extrapunitive than non-violent offenders, and prisoners who had attempted suicide were more extrapunitive than those with no history of attempted suicide. Apart from these findings no significant relations were found between the HDHQ results and criminal and institutional behaviour, whether violent or non-violent. Megargee's (1966) over- and under-controlled hypothesis failed to receive support. The results suggest that the HDHQ would be of little value in making predictions about future violent or criminal behaviour.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Attitudes of psychiatric patients to staff roles and treatment methods: a replication and extension.

A questionnaire dealing with attitudes toward staff roles and treatment methods was administered to a group of 191 psychiatric patients and their responses subjected to a rotated principal components analysis. The first three components accounted for the same proportion of the overall variance as did those obtained in an earlier study. The first components, emphasizing high regard for physical treatments and formal interpersonal relationships, were essentially the same in both studies. The second and third components, however, showed important differences; our second component dealt with the psychological and social aspects of patienthood, and our third reflected a critical attitude toward doctors. Scores on the first component were significantly associated with age, score on the Hysteroid-Obsessoid Questionnaire and social class. Women scored higher than men on the second component and scores on the third were related to total hostility scores on the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire and to schizophrenia. Differences between diagnostic groups on the first component could be attributed almost entirely to the groups' mean ages.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1980

A predictive study of post-partum depression: some predisposing characteristics.

Postnatal depression was investigated by the antenatal screening of a sample of women for factors that might be predictive of later disturbance. The women were assessed when they were 36 weeks pregnant on anxiety, hostility, and locus of control. Predictions were tested by assessing depression 6 weeks after birth. Both high anxiety and high hostility were positively associated with postnatal depression. Intropunitiveness was not significantly related to subsequent depression. The most depressed women were those who had been the more extrapunitive as well as the more hostile. Women who perceived themselves as less in control of their lives were likely to rate high on depression postnatally, as were younger women. There were indications that some women may have been experiencing depression before the birth. Depression was not significantly associated with parity, gravidity, race, social class or marital status.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

Guilt proneness and expressed emotion in relatives of patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses.

OBJECTIVE: Knowledge of what predicts relatives' expressed emotion (EE) may contribute to improved family work in schizophrenia. In the present study we examined guilt proneness as a determinant of EE components. METHOD: In a Norwegian sample of 46 recently hospitalized patients (schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder) and 69 relatives, relatives' expressed emotion was assessed by means of the Camberwell Family Interview, and guilt proneness by means of the Revised Mosher Guilt Inventory. (RMGI). RESULTS: Confirmatory multiple regression analyses showed that hostility-guilt (RMGI) was negatively related to high levels of criticism and hostility and, for men, positively related to emotional overinvolvement. There was a strong positive relationship between relatives' guilty conscience (RMGI) and emotional overinvolvement if the patient had a diagnosis of schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses indicate that relatives' guilt proneness may be a determinant of their criticism, hostility and emotional overinvolvement towards a schizophrenic family member. This personality trait should be taken into account in family work which aims at modifying relatives' expressed emotion.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and consciousness.

OBJECTIVE: To determine some personality and psychoneurotic characteristics of adults who have the sleepwalking-night terrors syndrome. DESIGN: Prospective assessment of two groups of consecutive patients with a firm diagnosis of either of two specific sleep disorders as established clinically and by polysomnography. SETTING: Outpatient sleep disorders clinic and sleep laboratory in a tertiary referral centre. PATIENTS: 12 Patients referred consecutively to the clinic in whom a diagnosis of sleepwalking (six) or night terrors (six) was confirmed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Psychological characteristics as measured at the time of clinical assessment by means of the Eysenck personality questionnaire, the hostility and direction of hostility questionnaire, and the Crown-Crisp experiential index. RESULTS: Both groups scored exceptionally highly on the hysteria scale of the Crown-Crisp experiential index and the night terrors group also scored highly on the anxiety scale. The patients with sleepwalking also scored highly on a measure of externally directed hostility. CONCLUSIONS: The physiological and psychological features identified in these patients, possibly reflecting different expressions of a constitutional cerebral characteristic, may be explored in terms of hysterical dissociation. The findings contribute to the debate concerning the nature of sleepwalking, in particular with and without the forensic aspects.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Content category analysis of affective expression in irritable bowel, duodenal ulcer and anxiety disorder patients.

This paper reports on verbal content analysis measures (Gottschalk-Gleser method) of anxiety and hostility in duodenal ulcer, irritable bowel and generalized anxiety disorder patients, who were also administered the Eysenk Personality Inventory (EPI), and Beck and Zung depressiveness scales. Irritable bowel patients expressed significantly more death anxiety than the other groups in a 5-min free speech sample, while anxiety disorder patients scored highest on hostility directed inwards. In the whole sample, EPI neuroticism scores correlated with depressiveness scores and hostility measures appeared intercorrelated. Factor analyses with Varimax rotation revealed a similar clustering of variables. Results tend to suggest that irritable bowel patients are closer to anxiety disorder than to duodenal ulcer ('psychosomatic') patients in terms of intensity and patterning of affect expression.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Glossodynia: personality characteristics and psychopathology.

BACKGROUND: Glossodynia or burning mouth syndrome has been suggested to be a multifunctional disorder. Etiologic factors that have been reported include hematologic or vitamin deficiencies, denture factors, the climacteric, infections or endocrinological disorders. On the other hand psychological factors, such as anxiety, depression and phobias have been reported to play a significant role at the beginning of this nosological entity. It seems therefore that there are two main categories of glossodynia, one with a detectable organic etiology and another with a psychologic origin. The purpose of this study was to provide further information concerning the personality characteristics and the incidence of psychopathology in patients suffering from glossodynia without an organic etiology. METHODS: Twenty-five patients suffering from glossodynia and 25 control subjects, matched for sex and age, participated in the study. Patients and controls were assessed concerning their psychosomatic morbidity. Both groups were given psychometric instruments (SRSD, STAI, EPQ, HDHQ, SSPS) for the assessment of personality characteristics and psychopathological symptoms. RESULTS: Patients were significantly differentiated from controls with respect to all factors of HDHQ; they exhibited more hostility, either introverted or extroverted, than control subjects. The patients also had significantly higher values in the N (neuroticism) and the L (lie) factors of the EPQ. Concerning the other psychometric measurements there were no significant differences. Patients also had significantly higher rates of psychosomatic morbidity than controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that hostility-especially introverted hostility-neuroticism and possibly depression are important components of the psychological profile of patients suffering from glossodynia.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

The Melbourne Family Grief Study, II: Psychosocial morbidity and grief in bereaved families.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the intensity of grief, the psychosocial morbidity, and the coping patterns in members of families classified according to a typology of family functioning comprising supportive, conflict-resolving, intermediate, sullen, and hostile classes. METHOD: One hundred fifteen families were assessed longitudinally 6 weeks (time 1), 6 months (time 2), and 13 months (time 3) after the death of a parent (constituting 670 individual responses) on measures of grief intensity, psychological state, social adjustment, and family coping. A previously described typology of perceptions of family functioning was applied. Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance based on both individuals and families and post hoc comparisons of significant results were undertaken. RESULTS: Sullen families displayed the most intense grief and the most severe psychosocial morbidity. Well-functioning families (supportive and conflict-resolving) resolved their grief and adjusted more adaptively than their dysfunctional counterparts (intermediate, sullen, and hostile families). There were no cluster-by-time interactions. The clusters accounted for 15.7% of the variance in depression (Beck Depression Inventory) and 27.9% of the variance in social functioning (Social Adjustment Scale). Well-functioning families used more family coping strategies (Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales). CONCLUSIONS: More intense grief and greater psychosocial morbidity are found in sullen, hostile, and intermediate bereaved families than in the more adaptive supportive and conflict-resolving types. At-risk families are identifiable and could be treated preventively to reduce morbidity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Impoverished dialogical relationship patterns in paranoid personality disorder.

In the opinion of many experts, the self is made up of numerous different, independent facets interacting with each other in an ongoing inner dialogue. The meaning of events depends on the form this dialogue takes. The hypothesis we discuss in this article is that patients suffering from paranoid personality disorder (PPD) present impoverished dialogical relationship patterns. By this we mean that: a) The characters operating on their mental stage are few and repetitive. The character identified as self is insufficient-inadequate or diffident-mistrusting-hostile. The characters embodied by other persons are hostile, humiliating, and threatening. b) The inner dialogue the characters set up is stereotyped and always has the same outcome--the inadequate part of self feels under attack by a hostile other. This pattern has an influence on patients' behaviour and the course of psychotherapy. Our discussion of this hypothesis will be based on an analysis of extracts from diaries written by a patient with PPD during therapy. We shall give a number of strategies as to how a therapist may avoid patient drop-outs and provide effective treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Psychiatric symptoms of adolescents with physical complaints admitted to an adolescence unit.

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychiatric symptoms among adolescents who were seen in the outpatient clinic for their physical complaints. Two hundred and ninety adolescent outpatients (154 males and 136 females) between 13 and 17 years of age (mean 14.3+/-1.2) are included in this study. Patients with known psychiatric disorders, mental retardation, organic brain diseases, or chronic organic problems were excluded. The Brief Symptom Inventory, which measures the psychiatric symptoms under the categories of anxiety, depression, negative self, somatization, and hostility, was given to all subjects. Symptoms of urinary and cardiovascular systems were related to hostility. Patients with obesity, hirsutism, problems of external genitalia, enuresis nocturna, abdominal pain, chest pain, and lack of weight gain showed psychiatric symptoms at pathological levels. Hostility symptom was found to be high in all groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Plasma tryptophan and trait aggression.

Many studies have reported correlations between measures of aggression and indices of serotonergic function, but most have studied patient or offender populations and relatively few have investigated plasma concentrations of the serotonin precursor tryptophan. This study investigates the relationship between plasma concentrations of tryptophan and trait hostility, depression and anxiety in male healthy volunteers. Sixty-seven healthy male volunteers gave blood samples and completed trait questionnaires. Plasma tryptophan was positively correlated with the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory Total score and Motor Aggression subscale, but not with the Attitudinal Hostility subscale or with trait anxiety or depression. In conclusion, there is evidence for an association between high concentrations of plasma tryptophan and aggressive behaviour in men, presumably mediated by some aspect of central serotonergic function, which seems unlikely to be explained by high trait anxiety or depression.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Risk-taking behaviour and criminal offending: an investigation of sensation seeking and the Eysenck personality questionnaire.

This study investigated relationships between hostility, Zuckerman's sensation seeking, and Eysenck and Eysenck's personality scales within a prison population, to explore whether they could be conceptualized in terms of two socialized and unsocialized sensation seeking factors. Participants included 79 incarcerated adult male offenders (age range = 18-62). Findings support the distinction between socialized and unsocialized sensation seeking and suggest that these factors represent more overarching personality factors. Psychoticism was a clear marker of the more broad impulsive, unsocialized sensation seeking factor, rather than representing a supertrait in its own right. This factor was also represented by lie, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility scales. Findings relating to hostility also supported such a reformulation, as unsocialized scales did cluster together to predict the unsocialized hostility factor, whereas unsocialized scales did not. The results demonstrate the need for a theoretical reformulation of the two given theories of personality.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

The association between family atmosphere and hospital career of schizophrenic patients.

The content analysis was made of special thirty minute discussions between each of 30 acute male schizophrenics and their parents to determine features of parental personality. All patients were discharged, but after 2 years 13 of them had been readmitted. Compared with those not readmitted their fathers expressed more outward-directed hostility and hostility projected on to others, and their mothers expressed more inward-directed hostility as well as guilt anxiety and shame anxiety. Both parents were emotionally more unstable during the course of the discussion. The emotional interaction between mothers and sons was of symmetrical type (whereas it was complementary between mothers and sons who had not been readmitted).

Anxiety↗

PubMed1990

Problem resolution and repetition of parasuicide. A prospective study.

Resolution of presenting problems at three-month follow-up was studied in 228 parasuicides. 'Non-resolvers' presented with less severe problems, but prodromes were longer, prior episodes more frequent, and they experienced more powerlessness and internally directed hostility than the resolvers. At follow-up resolvers had improved more on measures of depression, externally and internally directed hostility, locus of control, powerlessness, self-esteem, sensitivity to criticism, and social adjustment. Baseline problem severity, powerlessness (negatively), and 'normlessness' 'predicted' degree of problem resolution, while baseline problem severity, the number of previous parasuicide episodes, and baseline internal hostility (the latter two variables negatively) were associated with problem resolution as a dichotomous variable. Resolvers improved more in social functioning during the follow-up than non-resolvers, but a similar proportion (16%) in each group reported repeat episodes of parasuicide at follow-up.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

Validation of a projective measure of aggression-anxiety for five-year-old boys.

The validation of a projective measure of aggression-anxiety for five-year-old boys was carried out in three stages. The initial application of scaling technique to the cards from the CAT established an objective scale of the hostile content of the projective stimuli for a population of five-year-olds. Cards of low, medium, and high hostility were then selected for the validation of a scale of aggression-anxiety, using criterion groups based on teacher ratings. The scale was revised on the basis of an item analysis and successfully cross-validated on a new set of criterion groups. The hostile content of the cards did not prove to be a significant variable in projective expressions of aggression-anxiety although a subsidiary investigation of a scale of fantasy aggression did reveal the cards to be a significant variable.

Aggression↗