[Roy's adaptation theory--III. Psychological and social adaptation processes].
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Adaptation, Psychological↗
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Comments on the psychoanalytic psychology of adaptation, with special reference to the role of affects and the representational world.
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Adaptation, Psychological↗
Psychology. 9. Adapting to illness.
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Adaptation, Psychological↗
[Psychological features of new male and female cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and their social adaptation].
Psychological examinations of new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis used a symptomatology questionnaire, methods for psychological diagnosis of the types of their attitudes to the disease, a glossary and typology of adaptive behavior. Neurotic disorders were revealed in 83.3% of the new cases, but they were encountered by 16.4% more frequently in females than in males. The males and females showed anosognotic and sensitive responses to the disease, respectively. After treatment the females more frequently developed a regressive type of adaptive behavior while the males displayed a dysadaptive one. The revealed features make it possible to make the patients' rehabilitation on an individual basis.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
A tale of two cities: replication of a study on the acculturation and adaptation of immigrant adolescents from the former Soviet Union in a different community context.
While a great deal of research has been conducted to understand acculturation and its relationship to adaptation in the new country, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the ways in which the characteristics of the local community impact these processes. The present study addresses this gap in the literature by exploring the potential role of community differences in the acculturation and adaptation processes of 269 refugee and immigrant adolescents from the former Soviet Union who resettled in two different community contexts. Specifically, a prior study on acculturation and adjustment among high school students (D. Birman, E. J. Trickett, & A. Vinokurov, 2002) was replicated with the same émigré population in a contrasting community within the same state. The contrast between these communities allowed us to test hypotheses emerging from an ecological perspective concerning (1) patterns of acculturation, (2) levels of discrimination and its effect on acculturative outcomes, and (3) community differences in the relationship between acculturation and outcomes. In addition to the focus on community differences, the study also employs a multidimensional measure of acculturation and assesses acculturation to both American and Russian culture. Furthermore, adaptation is assessed across different life domains; including peer relationships, family relationships, school adaptation, and psychological adaptation. Findings support the general ecological perspective, suggesting the importance of studying acculturation and adaptation as a reflexive process in which culture and context are very much intertwined.
Acculturation↗
Measuring psychological consequences of screening: adaptation of the psychological consequences questionnaire into Dutch.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychometric properties of a Dutch adaptation of an originally Australian instrument measuring the psychological impact of breast cancer screening. METHODS: The three subscales (emotional, physical, social) of the Psychological Consequences Questionnaire (PCQ) underwent formal linguistic and cultural translation. A total of 524 women under intensive surveillance because of increased breast cancer risk were asked to complete the questionnaire at 2 months prior to screening, at the day of the screening visit preceding the screening, and 1-4 weeks after screening. Acceptability, score distribution, internal consistency, scale structure, responsiveness to change and construct validity were analysed. RESULTS: Response rates were high (98-94%) and there were very few missing answers and non-unique answers. All scales had Cronbach's alphas > 0.70. The physical and social subscale showed ceiling effects. The item-own scale correlations were only slightly higher than the corresponding item-other scale correlations. Factor analysis showed that the assumed three separate subscales were replicated in our study. Pre- and post-screening effect sizes for the emotional scale were larger than for the other two scales. All PCQ scales correlated with the scales of two other psychological measures (p <or= 0.01). The emotional scale and the total PCQ score were able to differentiate between subgroups varying in affective risk perception (p <or= 0.01). CONCLUSION: The Dutch PCQ is useful in measuring psychological impact among women under intensive surveillance because of high breast cancer risk.
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Expectancy and risk for alcoholism: the unfortunate exploitation of a fundamental characteristic of neurobehavioral adaptation.
Psychological investigations of alcohol expectancies over the last 20 years, using primarily verbal techniques, have strongly supported expectancies as an important mediator of biological and environmental antecedent variables that influence risk for alcohol use and abuse. At the same time, rapid developments in neuroscience, cognitive science, affective science, computer science, and genetics proved to be compatible with the concept of expectancy and, in some cases, used this concept directly. By using four principles that bear on the integration of knowledge in the biological and behavioral sciences-consilience, conservation, contingency, and emergence-these developments are merged into an integrated explanation of alcoholism and other addictions. In this framework, expectancy is seen as a functional approach to adaptation and survival that has been manifested in multiple biological systems with different structures and processes. Understood in this context, addiction is not a unique behavioral problem or special pathology distinct from the neurobehavioral substrate that governs all behavior, but is rather a natural (albeit unfortunate) consequence of these same processes. The ultimate intent is to weave a working heuristic that ties together findings from molecular and molar levels of inquiry and thereby might help direct future research. Such integration is critical in the multifaceted study of addictions.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Memory adaptation to psychological trauma.
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Psychologic and adaptational difficulties anteceding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Rochester, Minnesota, 1925-1987.
Comprehensive medical records of 45 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and 90 controls from the same community, matched by age, gender, and period of observation, were reviewed. Three (13%) of 23 men with ALS, 15 (33%) of 46 control men, 10 (45%) of 22 women with ALS, and 19 (43%) of 44 control women had antecedent psychologic or adaptational difficulties. The proportions of long-standing or serious conditions were comparable in all four groups. However, no man in whom ALS developed had a record of mild antecedent difficulties alone, whereas 3 would have been expected (p = 0.024).
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Quality of life for long-term survivors of end-stage renal disease.
Eighteen children and adolescents who survived two years or longer in an attempt to manage their end-stage renal failure by transplantation were studied. The psychological adaptation of the young person to this form of management of renal disease was assessed by a semistructured interview of the patient and his parents. Fifty percent of the patients functioned at school or on the job and did not have depression. The remaining half did less well. In our institution a satisfactory quality of life required a successful transplant.
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A structural model of the relationships among stage of disease, age, coping, and psychological adjustment in women with breast cancer.
The present study used structural equation modeling to examine the relationships among disease stage (i.e. Stage II versus Stage IV), age, coping style, and psychological adjustment in 100 women diagnosed with breast cancer. Five separate models were examined: a full model, a mediational model, a demographic-disease model, a coping style model, and a regression model The analyses revealed that the present data best fit the mediational model in which age and stage of disease were not directly associated with psychological adjustment but, instead, were mediated by coping style (chi 2(25) = 45.776, AASR = 0.05, CFI = 0.94). The mediational model accounted for 56% of the variance in psychological adjustment. In particular, the model showed that younger women and women with an earlier disease stage used greater levels of the coping strategy characterized as a fighting spirit and lower levels of the coping strategies characterized as hopelessness/helplessness, anxious preoccupation, and fatalism which, in turn, were related to better psychological adjustment. Overall, these findings may offer an explanation for the conflicting findings regarding the relationship between age, stage of disease, and psychological adjustment to breast cancer by illustrating that coping strategies may be an essential mediating factor; in turn, a mediating model of psychological adaptation may offer useful information for clinicians as they implement interventions designed to improve patients coping efforts.
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Psychosocial effects of living with an increased risk of breast cancer: an exploratory study using telephone focus groups.
Research to date has mainly focused on the short-term psychological impact of genetic risk counselling for breast cancer. This study aimed to explore the long-term consequences for women of being informed about an increased risk of breast cancer in terms of: the effect on their everyday lives, their coping strategies and their unmet needs in terms of the current service. The participants were 25 women with a family history of breast cancer who had received genetic risk counselling and had consequently been receiving clinical surveillance for at least 2 years. They took part in one of seven telephone focus groups and subsequently completed a feedback questionnaire. Transcripts of the focus groups were qualitatively analysed by three independent researchers with inter-rater agreement between pairs of raters ranging from Kappa = 0.61-0.79. Six key issues emerged from the data, which provide an important insight into the long-term consequences of living with an increased risk of breast cancer concerning: (1) psychological adaptation, (2) behavioural adaptation, (3) family issues, (4) clinical surveillance, (5) provision of information, and (6) peer support. These findings, together with the quantitative results of the feedback questionnaire, have clinical implications that require further investigation in larger scale quantitative research.
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The genetic basis of human scientific knowledge.
The ecologically most significant respect in which humankind now dominates all other terrestrial species is in its scientific understanding and technological manipulation of the world. What psychological adaptation underlies this seemingly discontinuous development? There is reason to believe that natural selection has endowed the perceptual/representational systems not only of humans but also of other perceptually and cognitively advanced animals with an implicit knowledge of pervasive and enduring properties of the world. Perhaps especially in the human species, natural selection has, in addition, favoured a heightened degree of voluntary access to the representational machinery embodying this implicit wisdom, thus facilitating the realistic mental simulation of possible actions in the world before taking the risk of carrying them out physically. This, together with the emergence of an unprecedented motivation toward understanding, seems to have enabled some human individuals to use 'thought experiments' to convert more and more of the implicit knowledge that we all share into a self-consistent set of explicit scientific laws. Although knowledge of the world must ultimately come from the world, as empiricists claim, it can in this way come through one's genes as well as through one's own direct perceptual interactions with the world.
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Facing a prostate cancer diagnosis: who is at risk for increased distress?
BACKGROUND: The psychological adaptation to a cancer diagnosis is characterized by significant distress. Although distress levels in cancer patients have been reported to be the highest shortly after diagnosis and before treatment, few attempts have been made to study emotional adjustment during the diagnostic period of prostate cancer patients. This study's purpose was to determine whether differences in distress levels can be attributed to differences in diagnostic status, optimism, and/or coping strategies. METHODS: This study followed patients across 4 weeks, from prebiopsy to 2 weeks postdiagnosis, using these two time points as measurements. Data were collected between 1995 and 1998 at the Miami and Palo Alto VA Medical Center urology clinics. Biopsies were performed on 101 men (ages 46-87) to determine whether prostate cancer was present. These men completed prebiopsy and postdiagnosis questionnaires. RESULTS: Of optimism, coping, and cancer status, the only significant predictor of increased distress at postdiagnosis was dispositional avoidance at prebiopsy for both cancer and noncancer groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although these findings complement other studies linking avoidance with increased distress, the similarities between the cancer and noncancer groups underscore the need to consider both of these groups during the first few weeks of the prostate cancer diagnostic process.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Life values before versus after a breast cancer diagnosis.
The main aim of this study was to investigate whether women's life values change with a breast cancer diagnosis. In addition, associations between life values and anxiety/depression ratings were investigated. Life value changes were prospectively studied in 517 women recalled for further examination after attending mammographic screening, 38 of whom were diagnosed with primary breast cancer. Life values were assessed by a study-specific version of a life value questionnaire, including ratings of the perceived attainment and importance of seven life value dimensions. Three months after being recalled, women diagnosed with primary breast cancer reported a reduction of the attainment and the importance of Health. In addition, these women reported changes in the perceived importance of Responsibility and Involvement. High levels of anxiety and depression in particular were associated with large discrepancies between attainment and importance for some life values. This suggests that changes in the perceived importance of some life values may constitute one part of women's psychological adaptation to a breast cancer diagnosis.
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Task force report: social networks as mediators of social support: an analysis of the effects and determinants of social networks.
The intent of this paper is to present a representative, though not exhaustive, overview of the current literature on social networks, with an emphasis on research linking social networks to psychological adaptation. This overview includes a review of social network concepts; and analysis of the multiple determinants of social networks; an analysis of the varied effects of social networks; and the implications for policies and practices of community mental health centers. This paper adopts the view that the concept of social network is a useful tool in examining both the functional and the dysfunctional influences of one's primary group on individual adaption.
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When disaster strikes, acute stress disorder may follow.
During and immediately following a traumatic event, people may manifest a pattern of dissociative and anxiety symptoms and other reactions, referred to as Acute Stress Disorder. A review of the empirical literature on psychological reactions to trauma suggest that this pattern of symptoms has often been identified across different kinds of traumatic events. It is likely to constitute a psychological adaptation to a stressful event, limiting painful thoughts and feelings associated with the event and allowing the person to function at least minimally. Continuation of these symptoms, however, may impair the person's quality of life and disrupt social and other functioning. If symptoms last beyond a month following the traumatic event, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may ensue, continuing for months or even years after the precipitating event. Hence, it is important to be able to identify this pattern of reactions that may be manifested in reaction to trauma, so that appropriate intervention can be provided. Although it was not officially recognized in the 3rd edition Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III-R), Acute Stress Disorder is included as a separate diagnosis in the DSM-IV.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Cooperation between parents in caring for diabetic children: relations to metabolic control and parents' field-dependence-independence.
Aspects of parental interaction were assessed in 20 families with diabetic, insulin-dependent children, using hour-long video-taped interviews, the children being in optimal (O, n = 10) or poor (P, n = 10) metabolic control and showing optimal or poor psychological adaptation. In comparison with the O-group parents, the P-group parents were less appreciative of one another, were less congruent in their attitudes to diabetes care, and appeared not to respect their childrens' independence and integrity; the mothers were discontented with the support given them by their husbands; the children assumed less responsibility for managing their diabetes and seemed less confident during the interview. The results are interpreted in light of an earlier finding that the P-group fathers are more field-dependent (FD) than their wives while the opposite is true for the O-group fathers. With reference to evidence from the cognitive style literature, we suggest that the relatively FD P-group fathers have difficulties in acting as autonomous sources of support to their wives resulting in marital discord and a delayed transition from maternal to self care in their children.
Adaptation, Psychological↗