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PubMed1992

Of Nobel class: a citation perspective on high impact research authors.

The purpose of this paper was to determine if quantitative rankings of highly cited research authors confirm Nobel prize awards. Six studies covering different time periods and author sample sizes were reviewed. The number of Nobel laureates at the time each study was published was tabulated, as was the number of high impact authors who later became laureates. The Nobelists and laureates-to-be were also compared with non-Nobelists to see if they differed in terms of impact and productivity. The results indicate that high rankings by citation frequency identify researchers of Nobel class--that is, a small set of authors that includes a high proportion of actual Nobelists and laureates-to-be. Also, the average impact (citations per author) of Nobelists and laureates-to-be is sufficiently high to distinguish them from non-Nobelists in these rankings. In conclusion, a simple, quantitative, and objective algorithm based on citation data can effectively corroborate--and even forecast--a complex, qualitative, and subjective selection process based on human judgement.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2006

[Centennial of the nobel prize for Golgi and Cajal--founding of modern neuroscience and irony of discovery].

In 1906, Golgi and Ramón y Cajal shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system". However, it was an unusual occasion in the history of Nobel Prize award because their views on the structure of the nervous system were not only different but even opposite, creating the "storm center of histological controversy". Furthermore, the new staining method Cajal had employed to study the nervous system was developed by Golgi, creating an irony of discovery. In 1873, Golgi revolutionized the histological study of the nervous system by developing a new staining method, "la reazione nera" or black reaction, which allowed good visualization of axons, dendrites and glia. But because his stain was so selective, staining only about 3 percent of neurons, he was unable to see clearly how the neuronal processes ended as they approached other neurons. Consequently, he embraced the popular belief that neuronal processes physically fuse with each other--the "reticular theory". On the other hand, Cajal was incidentally introduced to the Golgi stain 14 years after its discovery and immediately realized its beauty. He found that better results could be produced by staining more intensely and cutting thicker sections. He further observed that the Golgi stain worked best on non-myelinated axons. The search for brains containing non-myelinated axons led him to study birds and very young mammals, including embryos. Cajal obtained fascinating results by modifying the Golgi stain and by studying avian and young mammalian brains. From those studies, Cajal was able to infer that axons and dendrites ended freely and did not physically anastomose. Therefore, he strongly advocated the "neuron theory". Golgi seemed to be too headstrong and too conservative to relinquish his belief that neurons constitute a network which reacts as a whole. On the other hand, Cajal's hard work using the Golgi stain led to new understanding on the structure and function of the nervous system, and earned him "the founder of modern neuroscience". This centennial occasion may be further impressed by Cajal's comment on the shared Nobel Prize that "what a cruel irony of fate of pair, like Siamese twins united by the shoulders, scientific adversaries of such contrasting character!".

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2001

Historical and professional perspectives of complementary and alternative medicine with a particular emphasis on rediscovering and embracing complementary and alternative medicine in contemporary Western society.

Harvard University, the oldest university in the United States, established its medical school in 1782. Harvard Medical School led the way in reform of medical education and in medical research. Since the school's earliest days, Harvard physicians and scientists have demonstrated that treatments are often found beyond the boundaries of prevailing medical practice. In 1802, Professor Benjamin Waterhouse, having learned of Edward Jenner's pioneering work, introduced the smallpox vaccine to America. Later in the nineteenth century, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes promoted new standards of sanitary practice, despite the skepticism of many fellow physicians. In 1847, Dr. John Collins Warren first publicly demonstrated the use of clinical anesthesia with ether. This tradition of inquiry and innovation has continued into the present century, as attested by the 15 Nobel prizes awarded to Harvard Medical School scientists. It is in this spirit of open-minded inquiry and rigorous scientific standards that Harvard Medical School now looks into complementary and alternative medicine. The popularity of complementary and alternative treatments has grown enormously in recent years. Physicians must understand what therapies our patients are using and how these therapies work. We must ask if these therapies interact with medicines we prescribe. We must recognize that medical care is both science, and a connection between patient and healer. And we must be open to the likelihood that, as in the past, some therapies that are now considered alternative will be standard practice in the future.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Robert Koch was right. Towards a new interpretation of tuberculin therapy].

At the centenary of Robert Koch's Nobel Prize award, tuberculosis treatment with tuberculin, which was announced in Berlin in 1890, is still considered a failure. Nevertheless, there is now sufficient information supporting the idea that tuberculin therapy was widely used until the second half of the twentieth century; thus, the impact of this treatment should be studied and related to the decrease in tuberculosis-related mortality recorded in that period. Moreover, tuberculin therapy has inspired at least two new immunotherapies; these, however, were directed toward precisely the opposite effect: suppression of the Koch phenomenon. Thus, inoculation of Mycobacterium vaccae polarizes the immune response towards the Th1 type; and inoculation of RUTI avoids local immunodepression after short-term chemotherapy without inducing toxicity. For this reason, Robert Koch's work on antituberculosis therapy should be reread and proper recognition given to his contribution in this field.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2004

A temperament for learning: The limbic system and myelomeningocele.

: This article was the winner of the triennial Casey Holter Memorial Prize awarded by the Society for Research into Hydrocephalus and Spina Bifida, 2004. ABSTRACT: This essay explores the link between the limbic/hypothalamic systems within the complex conditions of hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele. Acknowledging the neuroanatomical and neuroendocrine risks inherent in the developing brains of these individuals, we focus on the converging components of temperament, cognition, and language.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

INRstar: computerised decision support software for anticoagulation management in primary care.

Computerised decision support software (CDSS) for anticoagulation management has become established practice in the UK, offering significant advantages for patients and clinicians over traditional methods of dose calculation. The New GMS Contract has been partly responsible for this shift of management from secondary to primary care, in which INRstar has been the market leader for many years. In September 2004, INRstar received the John Perry Prize, awarded by the PHCSG for excellence and innovation in medical applications of information technology.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent smokers' preferred smoking cessation methods.

Interventions that are efficacious and appeal to youth are needed to help adolescents quit smoking. High school smokers (N = 585) completed surveys about their smoking cessation preferences. When asked which of 13 quitting options they would most prefer to use, 28.2% selected quit contracts with friends, and 7.6% endorsed self-help programs. Nicotine replacement therapy, group programs and web-based programs were preferred by 4.9%, 3.9%, and 1.0% of respondents, respectively. Most students wanted proof of the intervention's effectiveness. Confidentiality and ease of use were favourably associated with self-help and pharmacological interventions, while social support was associated with group programs. Findings suggest that self-directed interventions, offered as part of a school-wide challenge, with prizes awarded to students who quit, are attractive to youth. More research is needed to determine how to engage adolescent smokers in the quitting process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The induction of active or peripheral tolerance in organ transplantation: dream or reality.

Immunological tolerance induction is one of the most exciting research fields in experimental and clinical transplantation. From the first discovery of Nobel Prize awarded to L. Brent and P. Medawar, beside the classical induction of central tolerance in newborn mice, several methods, interventions and compounds have been introduced with a view to establishing tolerance. It was clarified that the mechanisms have different characteristics for central and peripheral or active/operative transplantation tolerance. In the case of the latter, tolerance was accompanied with mixed chimeric state. In the last decade, new compounds, such as monoclonal antibodies specific for membrane receptors on T- and APC cells responsible for signal 1 and signal 2 functions have been employed to induce operative tolerance. Among various methods and immunosuppressive interventions, non-myeloablative treatments combined with hematopoietic stem cell infusion showed the most effective results. This form of induction is associated with the well known "beneficial transfusion effect" in kidney transplantation. Based on the experimental achievements of clinical organ transplantation, various protocols have been introduced to induce peripheral tolerance. In spite of the short observation time of this progress the results seem to be promising, first of all, in the prolonged rejection-free survival time of the graft and the possibility to withdraw the immunosuppressive treatment altogether.

Animals↗