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PubMed1996

[Non-hospitalization orders for subjects with presumed alcoholic intoxication].

OBJECTIVES: French law requires all persons in an apparent state of alcoholic intoxication taken into police custody to be examined at hospital to determine whether medical observation is necessary. A do-not-hospitalize order is required to return the person to police custody. We attempted to ascertain the number of orders delivered and the quality of medical management of these persons. METHODS: Over a one-month period, 140 persons in an apparent state of alcoholic intoxication and under police custody were seen at the University Hospital emergency ward at Tours, France. Do-not-hospitalize orders were delivered for 131 of them who were returned to police custody. Among the 66 other persons admitted for acute intoxication, 4 were also returned to police custody. Nurse and physician reports were assessed. RESULTS: The 135 persons, accounting for 12.7% of all emergency ward activity, were predominantly men (96%) and young (mean age 33 years). Many were aggressive (12.7%) and 80% arrived between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. Nurse records revealed care was less rigorous at night and for the more aggressive subjects. Reasons for delivery of the do-not-hospitalize order were not sufficiently explicit in the physician records. CONCLUSION: The large volume of activity involved in caring for these persons and the difficulty encountered in correct medical management, together with legal implications, suggest that medical and paramedical teams need better training for the management of persons in an apparent state of alcoholic intoxication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Repeated ambulance use by patients with acute alcohol intoxication, seizure disorder, and respiratory illness.

Three chronic conditions were examined--acute alcohol intoxication, seizure disorder, and respiratory illness--to quantify the extent of repetitive emergency medical services (EMS) use in a defined population. Urban EMS system ambulance data from 1992 to 1994 were analyzed for the three designated conditions with respect to transports by condition and individual patient. Analysis by chi2 was used for comparing proportions. Analysis of variance after square root transformation was used to evaluate differences among means. The total number of transports analyzed was 15,541: 7,488 for acute alcohol intoxication, 4,670 for respiratory illness, and 3,383 for seizure disorder. These transports involved 8,692 patients who were transported at least once for one of the three designated conditions. The mean number of transports for alcohol was 1.96 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.92, 2.01), seizure 1.32 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.36), and respiratory 1.18 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.21). Of 369 patients transported five or more times during the study period, 260 (70.5%) were for alcohol, 56 (15.2%) for seizure, and 53 (14.4%) for respiratory complaints. This group comprised only 4.3% of patients, but 28.4% of all transports. Acute alcohol intoxication resulted in more repetitive ambulance transports than either seizure disorder or respiratory illness. A small number of patients were responsible for a large number of transports. Focused intervention for patients with high ambulance transport deserves further study.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Degrees of alcohol intoxication in 117 hospitalized cases.

The correlation among degrees of alcohol intoxication, facial flushing, blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and blood acetaldehyde level was studied in 117 male alcoholic patients who underwent various tests to assess alcohol influence. Blood samples were collected and alcohol and acetaldehyde levels were determined. BACs ranged from 29 to 577 mg/dl in all patients and from 200 to 299 mg/dl in 48 of them. Fifty-one patients could stand erect (mean BAC [+/- SD] = 189 +/- 80 mg/dl), while 48 showed apparently normal reaction to a walking and turning test (mean BAC = 192 +/- 78 mg/dl). Some of the cases having BACs over 300 mg/dl could still stand and walk while others with BACs under 100 mg/dl already showed psychomotor impairment. Facial flushing was recognized in 75% of the subjects. Acetaldehyde concentrations in 27 patients ranged from 24 to 147 micrograms/dl. Appearance of facial flushing was correlated with relatively high concentrations of blood acetaldehyde. Seven out of 10 healthy volunteers given 1.6 to 2.0 g/kg of alcohol as a control could do nothing but sleep after reaching peak BAC (mean = 232 +/- 21 mg/dl). These findings are taken to indicate a great difference in response to alcohol between alcoholics and healthy men. This study is the first to report the occurrence of facial flushing and raised blood acetaldehyde concentration among Japanese alcoholics.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1993

[The role of the liver in regulating the blood iron biorhythms of rabbits with acute alcoholic intoxication].

Experiments with male California rabbits were carried out different intervals of acute alcohol intoxication induced by intragastric administration of 40% ethanol solution in a dose of 10 ml/kg to examine daily changes of concentration of iron, alpha-tocopherol and lipid peroxidation products in the blood plasma from vena portal and vena hepatis. Acute alcohol intoxication was demonstrated to be accompanied by inversion in temporal organization of lipid peroxidation products, sideremia and alpha-tocopherol levels in the blood of vena hepatis. The invariability of the circadian rhythms of iron, alpha-tocopherol and lipid peroxidation products levels in vena portal blood a considered to prove participation of the liver in regulation of iron metabolism temporal organization in California rabbits with acute alcohol intoxication.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1980

[Clinico-neurologic criteria for different degrees of alcoholic intoxication].

As a result of a cliniconeurological study of 500 people in a state of alcoholic intoxication of the I--II degrees and 100 sober people, certain clinical indices were elaborated to establish the degree of alcoholic intoxication. These indices are as follows: the existence of alcohol odour, changed speech, inadequate to the situation behaviour pupil dilatation, akrocyanosis, a sharp drop or absence of Achilles (tendon) and abdominal reflexes, a changed gait; the results of the study of "sensitized" Romberg's test, Tachen's test, handwriting test and the use of the Schulte tables. In order to identify the degree of alcoholic intoxication, as the frequency analysis demonstrated, there should be 4--5 signs of the above mentioned symptoms in the examinee.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Ultrastructural morphology of the air-blood barrier and pulmonary surfactant in pulmonary inflammation in experimental alcoholic intoxication].

Combined investigation of ultrastructure of components of air-haematic barrier and surface-active properties of surfactant in 21 guinea pigs' lungs with simulated pneumonia against a background of alcoholic intoxication was carried out. It was established, that alcoholic intoxication aggravates a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant occurred in pneumonia because of its high phagocytosis with alveolar macrophages. The increase of mobilization of alveolar macrophages in alcoholic intoxication may be connected with the rise of surfactant secretion by hyperfunctional pneumocytes of the 2nd type. Stopping of alcoholic intoxication may lead to normalization of qualitative composition of surfactant phospholipids.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of alcohol intoxication on activity of enzymes in ethanol oxidation and on arginase activity in rat liver].

In chronic alcohol intoxication activity of alcohol-oxidizing systems in liver tissue was not distinctly altered as shown by estimation of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (AcDH) activities, whereas the arginase activity was increased 1.5-2-fold. At the same time, the activities ADH, AcDH and arginase tended to decrease in acute alcohol intoxication of slight and middle degree. These alterations in the enzymatic activity were more pronounced in acute intoxication occurring simultaneously with chronic alcoholization. Lethal doses of alcohol caused a decrease in ADH and AcDH activities but did not affect the arginase activity.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of mouse genotype on responses of central cholinergic neurotransmission to long term alcohol intoxication.

Cholinergic neurotransmission has been followed in striatum and hippocampus in two inbred strains of mice (C57Bl/6 and Balb/c) during long term alcohol exposure (over a 25 month period) and with aging. Marked strain dependent differences in reactivity of pre- and postsynaptic cholinergic markers to chronic alcohol exposure and aging were demonstrated in both structures. The Balb/c strain exhibits a remarkable long lasting tolerance to alcohol injury for striatal and hippocampal cholinergic markers (choline acetyltransferase, high affinity choline uptake, muscarinic receptors affinity, acetyl cholinesterase), whereas C57Bl mice appear more sensitive to alcohol intoxication. Likewise aging affects the C57Bl mouse more severely than the Balb/c, a phenomenon which may be involved in the sensitivity of these mice to alcohol intoxication. Moreover long term alcohol exposure, in addition to aging show unequal effects on the diverse cholinergic markers studied. Also divergences of specific brain areas have been noted and should be related to their particular neuroanatomy. Such discrepancies may, in part, explain differences observed in the behavioral effects of chronic alcohol intoxication in alcoholics.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1989

Priming and cued recall in elderly, alcohol intoxicated and sleep deprived subjects: a case of functionally similar memory deficits.

Young, old, alcohol intoxicated, and sleep deprived subjects studied weakly and strongly related word pairs, and were tested in lexical decision priming and cued recall. Results showed memory deficits for old, alcohol intoxicated, and sleep deprived subjects in cued recall of weakly related pairs. In contrast, there were no differences between these three groups and a control group of young subjects in cued recall of strongly related pairs, and there were no differences between groups in priming. This pattern of results is interpreted to support (a) a hypothesis of functional similarities between the memory deficits associated with adult ageing, alcohol intoxication, and sleep deprivation; (b) the notion that memory deficits in these subjects are more likely to occur in tasks which require effortful rather than automatic processes; and (c) the view that the memory deficits observed are due to inefficiencies at both encoding and retrieval.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The suspected association between methamphetamine ('ice') smoking and frequent episodes of alcohol intoxication: data from the 1993 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.

This study estimates the strength of association between frequent episodes of alcohol intoxication and recent smoking of methamphetamine ('ice'). Drawn from the 1993 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, a total of 101 ice smokers were matched on neighborhood of residence to 816 non-smokers. Based upon conditional logistic regression analyses, persons with daily episodes of alcohol intoxication were an estimated five times more likely to have smoked ice, as compared with non-drinkers or drinkers with little or no history of alcohol intoxication. This estimate includes statistical adjustment for potential confounders (e.g. age, sex) and was statistically significant (P=0.01). The association between frequent alcohol intoxication and 'ice smoking' offers an intriguing lead for a broad range of new research.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Renin activity and plasma aldosterone level after sudden death from alcoholic intoxication].

Plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone concentration (PAC) were determined in early (up to 6 hours) autopsy material of 35 cases of sudden death (men aged 22-35). In half of cases alcohol was present in the blood. The same parameters were evaluated in 35 living men: 17 donors and 18 subjects with alcoholic intoxication. The presence of alcohol in the blood both in cases of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and in subjects with alcoholic intoxication was shown to result in a marked increase in PRA and PAC. Statistic analysis revealed a positive correlation between PRA and PAC in SCD in the presence of alcoholic intoxication, which is not observed when the latter is absent. These results suggest that aldosterone concentration in SCD may be increased due to some stimulating factors other than alcohol. Calcium balance disturbances could be one of them.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Chromosome aberrations and dominant lethals in rat oocytes during acute and chronic alcoholic intoxication].

The influence of a single dose and of long-term alcohol administration on cytogenetic processes in the oocytes of Wistar white rats was studied. It is shown that a single dose of alcohol in preovulatory period when the oocytes are in the stage of diakinesismeiosis metaphase I significantly increases the rate of aneuploid gametes and dominant lethality. Analogous effect follows after long-term alcohol administration. Similarity of cytogenetic effects of acute and chronic alcohol intoxication suggests that both types of influence trigger common mechanism which results in chromosome abnormalities and, consequently, in embryonic death, i.e. dominant lethality. Taking into account that alcohol-like colchicine disturbs normal functioning of the spindle filaments, the appearance of pathology under alcohol intoxication may well be induced by disorders occurring in the stage of cell formation.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed2001

Elevated serum levels of S-100B reflect the extent of brain injury in alcohol intoxicated patients after mild head trauma.

Elevated systemic levels of S-100B are proposed as a potential indicator of brain damage in identifying high-risk patients after mild head trauma (MHT). Although incidence of alcohol intoxication is high in these patients, the influence of alcohol intoxication on S-100B levels is unclear. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate serum concentrations of S-100B in intoxicated (group 1) and sober (group 2) patients after MHT in comparison with those of mild (group 3) or severely intoxicated (group 4) individuals without trauma. S-100B was significantly increased in MHT patients exhibiting posttraumatic lesions in initial cranial computed tomography scan. Alcohol intoxication did not elevate S-100B levels in group 3 or 4 subjects. Our data indicate for the first time that alcohol intoxication does not influence the diagnostic value of S-100B measurements in patients after MHT.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Various causes of decreased aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the rat liver and blood in chronic alcoholic intoxication].

Dynamics of accumulation of alcohol- and aldehyde dehydrogenases inhibitors in liver tissue of rats with chronic alcohol intoxication showed that content of the bioinhibitors of protein nature was increased during the animals alcoholization, whereas inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase was more distinct as compared with alcohol dehydrogenase. When the nature of aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor was studied using the immunoenzyme analysis, the inhibitor proved to be an autoantibody, produced in chronic alcoholization of rats as a result apparently of the enzyme modification. Titre of specific antibodies to "autoantigen" (aldehyde dehydrogenase from liver tissue of alcohol consuming rats) was 12-16-fold higher in liver tissue and blood serum of rats with alcoholism as compared with the corresponding preparations of control animals. An immuno-enzymological mechanism, responsible for an increase of acetaldehyde content in blood developed after ethanol consumption in alcoholism, is discussed.

Acetaldehyde↗