Dystocia in reciprocally crossed Angus, Hereford and Charolais cattle.
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Animals↗
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Effect of heterosis and maternal influence on gestation length and birth weight in reciprocal crosses among Angus, Charolais and Hereford cattle.
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Animals↗
Molecular cloning of bovine FABGL gene and its effects on bovine bioeconomic traits.
The complete CDS sequence of the bovine FABGL gene was determined by homology cloning approach combined with RT-PCR and 3'- and 5'-RACE. The results of sequence analysis and bioinformatics study showed that this cDNA contained 994 nucleotides, with a 780 bp open reading frame (ORF) flanked by a 16 bp 5'-UTR (incompletely) and a 198 bp 3'-UTR. The deduced amino acid sequence (260 AA) shows 88% identity with the corresponding sequence in humans. Two single nucleotide substitutions, one located in intron 5 (I5) at position 1 065 bp (Y = C/T) (GenBank: DQ409814) and the other in intron 8 (I8) at position 1 792 bp (R = A/G), were detected using the PCR-SSCP method. Analysis of the allele frequencies of the two polymorphic sites in three different cattle breeds (Angus, Hereford, and Simmental) with different genotypes showed large differences: in locus I8, cattle with the GG genotype showed higher beef performance index (BPI) (4.283 +/- 0.475 kg/cm) in comparison with cattle with the AA genotype (4.008 +/- 0.465 kg/cm) (P = 0.01). Regarding the ribeye area, cattle with the GG genotype showed significantly higher ribeye area (73.380 +/- 13.005 cm(2)) compared with cattle with the AA genotype (67.744 +/- 12.777 cm(2)) (p = 0.05). In locus I5, some associations for the average daily gain (ADG) were found at the significance level of 0.01 between three different genotypes (CC, CT, TT): cattle with the TT genotype showed the highest ADG (0.652 +/- 0.330 kg/d), whereas cattle with the CC genotype showed the lowest ADG value (0.421 +/- 0.178 kg/d).
Alleles↗
Detection of quantitative trait loci for growth and beef carcass fatness traits in a cross between Bos taurus (Angus) and Bos indicus (Brahman) cattle.
This study was conducted to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting growth and beef carcass fatness traits in an experimental population of Angus and Brahman crossbreds. The three-generation mapping population was generated with 602 progeny from 29 reciprocal backcross and three F2 full-sib families, and 417 genetic markers were used to produce a sex-averaged map of the 29 autosomes spanning 2,642.5 Kosambi cM. Alternative interval-mapping approaches were applied under line-cross (LC) and random infinite alleles (RA) models to detect QTL segregating between and within breeds. A total of 35 QTL (five with genomewide significant and 30 with suggestive evidence for linkage) were found on 19 chromosomes. One QTL affecting yearling weight was found with genomewide significant evidence for linkage in the interstitial region of bovine autosome (BTA) 1, and an additional 19 QTL were detected with suggestive evidence for linkage under the LC model. Many of these QTL had a dominant (complete or overdominant) mode of gene action, and only a few of the QTL were primarily additive, which reflects the fact that heterosis for growth is known to be appreciable in crosses among Brahman and British breeds. Four QTL affecting growth were detected with genomewide significant evidence for linkage under the RA model on BTA 2 and BTA 6 for birth weight, BTA 5 for yearling weight, and BTA 23 for hot carcass weight. An additional 11 QTL were detected with suggestive evidence for linkage under the RA model. None of the QTL (except for yearling weight on BTA 5) detected under the RA model were found by the LC analyses, suggesting the segregation of alternate alleles within one or both of the parental breeds. Our results reveal the utility of implementing both the LC and RA models to detect dominant QTL and also QTL with similar allele frequency distributions within parental breeds.
Adipose Tissue↗
Reproductive performance of bulls divergently selected on the basis of blood serum insulin-like growth factor I concentration.
The objectives of this study were to examine differences in scrotal circumference, sperm motility, and percentage of normal sperm cells between two lines of Angus beef cattle divergently selected for blood serum IGF-I concentration. Data were obtained from an ongoing experiment involving 100 spring-calving (50 high and 50 low line) and 100 fall-calving (50 high and 50 low line) purebred Angus cows. Scrotal circumference, percentage of motile sperm cells, and percentage of normal sperm cells did not differ between high and low IGF-I line yearling bulls (P = .79, .50, and .56, respectively). The IGF-I concentrations measured at d 28, 42, and 56 of the postweaning test are abbreviated as IGF28, IGF42, and IGF56, respectively. Coefficients for the quadratic regression of scrotal circumference on IGF28 and IGF42 tended to be negative (P = .07 and .08, respectively), as did the coefficient for the quadratic regression of the percentage of motile sperm cells on IGF42 (P = .08). The coefficient for the linear regression of percentage of normal sperm cells on IGF28 was positive (P = .02). The coefficient for the quadratic regression of percentage of normal sperm cells on IGF56 was negative (P = .04). Coefficients for the quadratic regression of scrotal circumference and percentage of normal sperm cells on mean IGF-I concentrations were negative and important (P = .04 and .08, respectively). Thus, scrotal circumference and percentage of normal sperm cells are related to blood serum IGF-I concentration in yearling Angus bulls.
Animals↗
Molecular heterogeneity for bovine alpha-mannosidosis: PCR based assays for detection of breed-specific mutations.
DNA tests, based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were developed for the detection of two breed-specific mutations responsible for the autosomal recessive disorder bovine alpha-mannosidosis. The tests involve separate amplification of two exons of the lysosomal alpha-mannosidase gene followed by restriction enzyme digestion of the amplicons. We demonstrate that one of the mutations, the 662G-->A transition, is responsible for alpha-mannosidosis in Galloway cattle. The other mutation, the 961T-->C transition, is uniquely associated with alpha-mannosidosis in Angus, Murray Grey and Brangus cattle from Australia. The 961T-->C mutation was also detected in Red Angus cattle exported from Canada to Australia as embryos. All 39 animals classified as heterozygotes on the basis of biochemical assays were heterozygous for one of the two mutations. None of 102 animals classified as homozygous-normal on the basis of biochemical assays possessed the mutations. Our results indicate that the two breed-specific mutations may have arisen in Scotland and by the export of animals and germplasm disseminated to America, New Zealand and Australia.
Animals↗
Seroprevalence of anaplasmosis in the Red River Plains and south-east areas of Louisiana.
The indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to detect antibodies to Anaplasma marginale in serum samples collected from cattle in the Red River Plains and South-east areas of Louisiana. Convenience sampling of herd clusters was used. A reactor rate of 7.8% was found in 11,085 samples. Beef cattle had a 11.2% reactor rate compared with 3.8% for dairy cattle. The Angus and Angus cross-breed group had the highest reactor rate.
Age Factors↗
Validation of commercial DNA tests for quantitative beef quality traits.
Associations between 3 commercially available genetic marker panels (GeneSTAR Quality Grade, GeneSTAR Tenderness, and Igenity Tender-GENE) and quantitative beef traits were validated by the US National Beef Cattle Evaluation Consortium. Validation was interpreted to be the independent confirmation of the associations between genetic tests and phenotypes, as claimed by the commercial genotyping companies. Validation of the quality grade test (GeneSTAR Quality Grade) was carried out on 400 Charolais x Angus crossbred cattle, and validation of the tenderness tests (GeneSTAR Tenderness and Igenity Tender-GENE) was carried out on over 1,000 Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle. The GeneSTAR Quality Grade marker panel is composed of 2 markers (TG5, a SNP upstream from the start of the first exon of thyroglobulin, and QG2, an anonymous SNP) and is being marketed as a test associated with marbling and quality grade. In this validation study, the genotype results from this test were not associated with marbling score; however, the association of substituting favorable alleles of the marker panel with increased quality grade (percentage of cattle grading Choice or Prime) approached significance (P < or = 0.06), mainly due to the effect of 1 of the 2 markers. The GeneSTAR Tenderness and Igenity TenderGENE marker panels are being marketed as tests associated with meat tenderness, as assessed by Warner-Bratzler shear force. These marker panels share 2 common mu-calpain SNP, but each has a different calpastatin SNP. In both panels, there were highly significant (P < 0.001) associations of the calpastatin marker and the mu-calpain haplotype with tenderness. The genotypic effects of the 2 tenderness panels were similar to each other, with a 1 kg difference in Warner-Bratzler shear force being observed between the most and least tender genotypes. Unbiased and independent validation studies are important to help build confidence in marker technology and also as a potential source of data required to enable the integration of marker data into genetic evaluations. As DNA tests associated with more beef production traits enter the marketplace, it will become increasingly important, and likely more difficult, to find independent populations with suitable phenotypes for validation studies.
Alleles↗
Expected increases in genetic merit from using optimized contributions in two livestock populations of beef cattle and sheep.
The expected benefits from optimized selection in real livestock populations were evaluated by applying dynamic selection algorithms to two livestock populations of sheep (Meatlinc) and beef cattle (Aberdeen Angus). In addition, the effects of introducing BLUP evaluations on the population structure, genetic gain, and inbreeding were investigated. The use of BLUP-EBV accelerated the rates of gain in the Meatlinc, but the effects of BLUP evaluations on Aberdeen Angus are not as evident. Although steady increases in the average coefficient of inbreeding (F) were observed, the inbreeding rates (deltaF) before and after the introduction of BLUP evaluations were not significantly different. The observed deltaF in the last generation was 1.0% for Meatlinc and 0.2% for Aberdeen Angus. The application of the dynamic selection algorithms for maximizing genetic gain at a fixed deltaF led to important expected increases in the rate of genetic gain (deltaG). When deltaF was restricted to the value observed in both populations, increments per year in deltaG of 4.6 (i.e., 17%) index units for Meatlinc and 3.5 (i.e., 30%) index units for Aberdeen Angus were found in comparison to the deltaG expected from conventional truncation BLUP selection. More relaxed constraints on deltaF allowed even higher expected increases in deltaG in both populations. This study demonstrates that the optimization tools constitute a potentially highly effective way of managing gain and inbreeding under a broad range of schemes in terms of scale and inbreeding level. No losses in genetic gain were associated with the use of dynamic optimization selection when schemes were compared at the same deltaF.
Algorithms↗
Interactive response of the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and selected breeds of beef cattle.
Statistically significant differences were observed in the population density of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), on different breeds of beef cattle. The European breed Chianina had a population density of horn flies generally less than or equal to 50% than that of the British cattle breeds (Angus, Hereford, Polled Hereford, and Red Poll) and another European breed (Charolais). Generally, no significant difference existed among numbers of horn flies on Hereford, Polled Hereford, and Red Poll cows in 1988 or among Angus, Hereford, Polled Hereford, and Red Poll cows in 1989. Factors other than color appeared to be involved in the selective process between the horn fly and its host. Population densities on two white European breeds (Charolais and Chianina) were significantly different on all weekly intervals except for 4 wk in both 1988 and 1989. No significant difference existed among Charolais and British breeds except during 4 wk in 1988 and 3 wk in 1989. When weaning weights of all calves were adjusted for the effects of age to 205 d, sex of calf, and age of dam, the indirect effect of the horn fly on weaning weight showed a significant linear regression. Each 100 flies per cow caused a reduction of 8.1 kg in calf weaning weight. Cows within each breed with low numbers of horn flies weaned significantly heavier calves than cows with higher numbers of horn flies.
Animals↗
Anthelmintic efficacy of febantel paste in naturally infected calves.
The purpose of the present study was to verify results of the lowest dose (5 mg kg-1) of febantel evaluated in an earlier trial in which there were no differences in efficacies of three dose rates (5, 7.5 and 10 mg kg-1 body weight) against natural gastrointestinal nematode infections of cattle. Fourteen Angus calves (mean weight and age of 155 kg and 525 days, respectively), from the same farm, with relatively heavy (mean of 448 eggs g-1 feces (epg] parasite burdens were selected. After an adjustment period of 8 days in drylot, beginning on 25 July, seven calves were treated with a 45.5% paste formulation of febantel. On Day 7 post-treatment, calves were necropsied for determination of residual worms. Rectal fecal samples were obtained prior to adjustment, at treatment, 5 days post-treatment and at necropsy. On both Day 5 post-treatment and at necropsy a mean of less than 1 epg was recovered from treated calves compared with 765 and 1566 epg, respectively, in control calves. Worms counts at necropsy revealed an efficacy of 98.5% against all adult abomasal worms (Haemonchus placei, 100%, P less than 0.02; Trichostrongylus axei, 99.4%, P less than 0.0001; Ostertagia ostertagi, 90.5%, P less than 0.0002). Treatment was 100% efficacious against adult small and large intestinal worms. However, numbers of Bunostomum phlebotomum, O. radiatum and Trichuris spp. recovered in the control calves were too low to enable a reliable test of drug efficacy. Treatment was not effective against either mucosal or luminal fourth stage larvae of abomasal O. ostertagi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Impact of blood serum insulin-like growth factor I on platelet-activating factor in bull spermatozoa.
The objective of this study was to examine differences in platelet-activating factor [1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine; PAF] in spermatozoa between two lines of Angus beef cattle divergently selected for blood serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration. Endogenous lipids were extracted from the spermatozoa and endogenous PAF content was determined by radioimmunoassay. The amount of PAF detected in spermatozoa obtained from high IGF-I bulls (n = 8) ranged from 0.145 to 3.571 pM/10(6) cells. The level of PAF extracted from spermatozoa obtained from low IGF-I- bulls (n = 5) ranged from 0.001 to 1.024 pM/10(6) cells. Polynomial regression analysis revealed a significant cubic relationship (R(2) = 0.374; F = 6.292; P < 0.05) between spermatozoa PAF content and blood serum IGF-I concentration. Spermatozoa-derived PAF levels (mean +/- SEM) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the high IGF-I group (1.90 +/- 0.39 pM/10(6) cells) than in the low IGF-I group (0.59 +/- 0.20 pM/10(6) cells). High IGF-I bulls have a greater than three-fold higher PAF content in their spermatozoa than low IGF-I bulls. The data demonstrate that not only is PAF present in bull spermatozoa but that levels are significantly higher in individuals with high serum IGF-I concentrations.
Animals↗
Genotypic effects of calpain 1 and calpastatin on the tenderness of cooked M. longissimus dorsi steaks from Jersey x Limousin, Angus and Hereford-cross cattle.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the calpain 1 (CAPN1) and calpastatin (CAST) genes were studied to determine their effects on meat tenderness in Bos taurus cattle. Strip loins (M. longissimus dorsi) were removed from cattle in four resource populations after slaughter (n = 1042), aged under controlled conditions until fixed times after rigor mortis, cooked and measured using a tenderometer. Animals were genotyped for the CAPN1 SNP c.947C>G (p.Ala316Gly; AF252504) and for the CAST SNP c.2959A>G (AF159246). Frequencies of CAPN1 C alleles ranged from 23% to 68%, and CAST A alleles from 84% to 99.5%. From all data combined, the CAPN1 CC genotype (compared with the GG genotype) was associated with a 20.1 +/- 1.7% reduced average shear force at intermediate stages of ageing (P < 0.001) and with a 9.5 +/- 1.3% reduction near ultimate tenderness (P < 0.001). The heterozygote was intermediate. For CAST, corresponding values for AA compared with AG genotypes were reductions of 8.6 +/- 2.0% and 5.1 +/- 1.6% respectively (both P < 0.001), but there were too few GG genotypes for comparison. There were small interactions between the CAPN1 and CAST genotypes. For the CAPN1 and CAST genotypes combined, the maximal genotype effect in average shear force was 25.7 +/- 5.5% (P < 0.001) at intermediate stages and 15.2 +/- 4.8% near ultimate tenderness (P < 0.01).
Alleles↗
Influence of calf genotype on colostral immunoglobulins in Bos taurus and Bos indicus cows and serum immunoglobulins in their calves.
Purebred Bos indicus calves are documented to have lower survival rates than Bos taurus calves. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the possibility that this decreased survival rate may be attributed to dam colostral immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations and subsequent calf serum Ig concentrations. The specific objective was to determine the effect of breed type of calf on colostrum production, immunoglobulin concentrations in colostrum and calf serum, and availability and absorption efficiency of Ig. Brahman (B) and Angus (A) cattle were reciprocally mated to produce calves of the following types: A x A (n = 8), A x B (n = 9), B x B (n = 11), and B x A (n = 11). At birth, calves were separated from their dams and a blood sample was collected before feeding pooled colostrum (30 mL/kg birth weight) at 1 and 6 h of age. From 6 to 12 h of age, each calf was placed in a box that allowed interaction with the dam but prevented suckling. At 12 h of age, each calf was fed its dam's colostrum and placed with the dam. Additional blood samples were collected at 12, 24, and 48 h after birth. Serum and colostrum samples were analyzed for IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA using single radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay techniques. The cows were hand-milked after induction of milk letdown with oxytocin at 1 and 12 h after calving. Colostrum volume was recorded, and samples were collected. Brahman cows produced more (P < .001) colostrum at 1 and 12 h than A cows. Total Ig concentrations were obtained by summing IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA concentrations. Total Ig (P < .02), IgG (P < .005), and IgA (P < .01) concentrations in colostrum were greater in cows producing crossbred calves. Total Ig (P < .006), IgG (P < .02), IgG1 (P < .004), and IgG2 (P < .02) available in colostrum were affected by B x B and A x B breed types of calf. Brahman cows had more Ig available at 1 and 12 h than A cows due to increased production of colostrum. Breed type influenced colostral Ig in cattle. Serum concentrations of total Ig, IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA in the calf and efficiency of absorption at 6 and 12 h were not affected by breed type, sex of calf, or any interaction.
Animals↗
Preweaning growth rate and weaning traits of Angus, zebu and zebu-cross cattle.
A 4-yr study was conducted on the preweaning growth rate and weaning traits of 620 calves from: (1) Angus (A), Brahman (B), Brangus (BR) and Africander-Angus (AF) dams sired by A and B bulls; (2) BR dams mated to BR sires and (3) AF dams mated to AF sires. Heifers were placed in the breeding pastures as 2-yr-olds and exposed to bulls for 75 d. Breed groups differed (P less than .01) in weaning age (WA), average daily gain to weaning (ADG), 205-d weight (WW), conformation score and condition score. The reciprocal (A x B and B x A) crossbred calves exceeded (P less than .01) the straightbred A and B calves by 161 g (25.2%) in ADG, 36.6 kg (23.1%) in WW and 1.3 (16.7%) in condition score, but were not different in WA or conformation score. The WW of the A x B and B x A crossbred calves were similar, 194.6 and 194.2 kg, respectively. Calves sired by A bulls were born earlier (P less than .01) in the year and had higher conformation and condition scores than calves sired by B bulls. Calves sired by B bulls from BR and AF dams exceeded (P less than .01) the ADG and WW of calves sired by A bulls by 50 g and 15.6 kg, respectively. Calves from A dams were older (P less than .01) at weaning and had higher conformation scores but gained less rapidly than calves from B dams. The BR calves exceeded (P less than .01) the AF calves in WW by 14.5 kg, and the crossbred calves from BR dams exceeded (P less than .01) the crossbred calves from AF dams by 12.3 kg. Mating BR or AF dams to A sires to obtain crossbred calves did not improve calf rate of gain or weaning weight.
Analysis of Variance↗
Pharmacokinetics of sulphadimethoxine in cattle.
Four healthy Angus steers received a single rapid intravenous injection of sulphadimethoxine at a dose of approximately 55 mg/kg. The elimination half-life determined from plasma concentration-time data was approximately 12-5 h, and the volume of distribution was 31-0 per cent of body weight. Animals also received sulphadimethoxine intravenously or orally at a loading dose of approximately 55 mg/kg, followed by sustaining oral doses of approximately 27-5 mg/kg at 24, 48 and 72 h. It was demonstrated that oral maintenance doses served to sustain sulphonamide plasma concentrations achieved with the loading dose.
Administration, Oral↗
The effects of corn milling coproducts on growth performance and diet digestibility by beef cattle.
Simmental x Angus weanling heifers (n = 96; 239 +/- 2.3 kg) were used in four replications to evaluate three dietary treatments in Trial 1. Treatments were cracked corn-hay diets supplemented with one of three corn milling industry coproducts: dry corn gluten feed (DCGF), dried distillers grains (DDG), and a new modified corn fiber (MCF). In Trial 2, ruminally cannulated mature crossbred beef steers (n = 4; 606 +/-60 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 11-d periods to determine digestibility and ruminal metabolism of limit-fed cracked corn-alfalfa haylage diets supplemented with cornstarch (CON), DCGF, DDG, or MCF. During Periods 3 and 4, an in situ study was conducted to compare the rate and extent of CP degradation of DCGF, DDG, and MCF. In Trial 1, there were no differences (P > .10) in initial weights or DM intake. Average daily gain and feed efficiency (G/F) were improved (P < .01) for heifers fed DCGF or DDG vs heifers fed MCF. In Trial 2, no differences (P > . 10) in digestibilities of any nutrients or in ruminal VFA concentrations were observed for steers fed coproducts. The CON supplementation decreased (P < .05) total dietary fiber (TDF) digestibility, improved (P < .10) digestibilities of DM and OM, increased (P < .05) total VFA concentrations and concentrations of propionate and valerate, and decreased (P < .05) concentrations of butyrate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate when compared with the coproducts. Dry corn gluten feed increased (P < .05) and DDG tended (P < .10) to increase percentages of the immediately soluble fraction of CP, and both had increased (P < .05) rates (Kd) and greater (P < .05) extent of ruminal CP degradation than MCF. These data suggest that DCGF and DDG may be utilized in limit-fed high-energy diets without sacrificing performance. Feeding of MCF resulted in poorer performance of heifers, suggesting a limited feeding value that results from high ADIN content and slow in situ protein digestion.
Animal Feed↗
Seasonal patterns of total and Ostertagia-specific IgE in grazing cattle.
Serum samples, collected monthly from January through December 1988 from 10 cows, their calves, and 10 yearling heifers, were used to determine total and Ostertagia-specific IgE levels. In addition, serum pepsinogen concentration, fecal egg counts, and body weights were measured. The following observations were made. (1) Total and Ostertagia-specific IgE levels followed similar seasonal patterns, being generally highest in the spring. (2) Breed and/or sire effects on total IgE levels were observed, with cattle from Angus-cross lines having higher levels than cattle of the other breeds tested. (3) Based on fecal egg counts, adult populations of Ostertagia ostertagi paralleled circulating IgE levels in the calves.
Animals↗