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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Provision of anaesthesia for porcine cardiac transplantation at the veterinary school in Trinidad and Tobago.

A successful heterotopic cardiac transplantation was performed between sibling female Yorkshire Juvenile swine. Adequate pre-medication with azaperone and a smooth induction were ensured for both pigs, which were anaesthetized simultaneously with sodium thiopentone followed by endotracheal intubation and intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Inhalation anaesthetic agents were used for maintenance, neuromuscular blockade was achieved with cisatracurium and both fentanyl and tramadol were used to provide analgesia. Invasive monitoring was used in both the donor and recipient. Central venous pressure (CVP) was maintained at > 10 cm H2O and mean arterial pressure (MAP) > 60 mmHg. Heparin was injected during the surgical dissection of the heart in the donor to prevent coronary thrombosis and prior to aortic side clamping for end-to-side anastomosis of the donor heart in the recipient abdomen. After transplantation, the cardiovascular parameters of the recipient showed a MAP of 85-105 mmHg and a CVP of 8-10 cm H2O while echocardiography of the transplanted heart confirmed an ejection fraction (EF) of 80%. A functional anaesthetic team was assembled and trained to provide anaesthesia for porcine cardiac transplantation. The transplanted heart suffered pump failure after 69 days and was excised for performance of tissue analysis.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1992

[The effect of muscle relaxants on masseter tone. An experimental study in an MH-susceptible swine model].

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) may occur, when a genetically predisposed individual or pig (MHS) is exposed to triggering agents. The increase in free, ionized sarcoplasmic calcium inducing the vicious circle of MH is believed to result from calcium-induced release with volatile anaesthetics, and from depolarization-induced calcium release with succinylcholine (SCH). The administration of SCH to susceptible humans or pigs frequently produces an increase in masticatory muscle tone. This hitherto ill-defined phenomenon is referred to as "masseter spasm" (MS). We have attempted to elucidate the pathophysiology of MS in a porcine model. METHODS. After the protocol had been approved by the state authorities, 6 MHS pigs were investigated. The pigs were mixed breeds (German Landrace and Dutch Pietrain) and were 9 +/- 1 weeks old with an average body weight of 25.5 kg. Premedication consisted of intramuscular injection of azaperone, 7.5 mg.kg-1. Anaesthesia was induced with piritramide, 1.2 mg.kg-1, administered via a cannulated ear vein. Subsequent to laryngoscopic endotracheal intubation, neuromuscular blockade was achieved with 4 mg pancuronium. Ventilation was set at 12 breaths per minute and adjusted to maintain an end-tidal CO2 concentration of 4.7% by adapting the tidal volume (PhysioFlex). Anaesthesia was maintained with piritramide, 2.25 mg.kg-1.h-1, pancuronium, 0.4 mg.kg-1.h-1, and N2O (60% in O2). Instrumentation included an arterial line, a central venous line, and a fiberoptic pulmonary artery catheter (Oximetrix). Masticatory muscle tone (MMT) was assessed with an intermolar balloon, connected to a pressure transducer and calibrated to zero prior to SCH administration. As a reference variable for effects produced by SCH, intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured manometrically in the anterior chamber. After stabilization of haemodynamic variables, the neuromuscular blockade was allowed to wear off. After recovery of the evoked masseter electromyogram, a paralyzing dose of pancuronium was administered (0.5 mg.kg-1). When paralysis was complete, SCH was administered (1.5 mg.kg-1), followed a few minutes later by dantrolene infusion (5 mg.kg-1 over 10 min). RESULTS. The administration of SCH was followed by clinically unequivocal MH episodes in all pigs, indicated by an increase in oxygen uptake (VO2; PhysioFlex; Fig. 1) and end-tidal CO2 concentration and a decrease in oxygen saturation of mixed venous blood (svO2; Fig. 2). Despite complete neuromuscular blockade (monitored with EMG), SCH produced an increase in MMT in all pigs which was reversed by dantrolene (Fig. 3). The time course of MMT paralleled that of IOP, suggesting a similar underlying mechanism. DISCUSSION. Succinylcholine is a trigger of MH in susceptible individuals; onset of the syndrome may be associated with "masseter spasm". SCH increases extraocular muscle tone, probably by means of stimulating multiply innervated fibers; the resulting IOP increase is not prevented by competitive neuromuscular blockade. The existence of multiple innervated fibers has also been shown in muscle spindles in the deep layers of the masseter, with their stimulation resulting in elevation of the jaw. We speculate that the increases in MMT and IOP observed in this study reflect the same process, i.e. a motor response, initiated by SCH-induced stimulation of the intramyocellular contractile system of multiply innervated muscle fibers, that is independent of neuromuscular transmission. Triggering of MH with SCH despite complete neuromuscular blockage suggests a mechanism other than depolarization-induced calcium increase. And, for the semantics, according to neurological terminology MS should be referred to as contracture not as spasm.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed2006

[Alternatives for castration of suckling piglets, determination of catecholamines and wound healing after castration of suckling piglets at different points of time].

According to the applicable animal welfare legislation, the surgical castration of pigs is allowed up until the age of 4 weeks, without anaesthesia. According to the european guideline (2001/93/EG) it is only permitted in the first week after birth. The investigation should show, whether the castration of young piglets takes a milder course and to what extent stress reactions occur in different age groups. The healing process of castration wounds in piglets that were castrated at the age of four days progressed more rapidly and with less complications than those piglets that were castrated at 28 days of age. The catecholamine levels in younger piglets rose significantly after the operation, while these levels virtually stayed the same in piglets castrated at 28 days. As alternatives to castration without anaesthesia, several methods are in discussion: (1) Castration under general anaesthesia can only be practiced by a veterinary surgeon. The sole use of Azaperon and Ketamine has insufficient pain sedating effect. Isofluran anaesthesia is apparatively extravagant. (2) CO2-Anaesthesia in piglets leads to high strain. (3) Castration under local anaesthesia must be practiced by a veterinary surgeon. The application and the pain after the castration are not taken into consideration. (4) Jung boar fattening up until the slaughtering weight of 80 kg is not transformable, because of boar taste. (5) The breeding of slaughter pigs with little boar taint is not yet transformable. (6) Sperm sexing is not and will not, in the near future, be mature for practice. (7) Immunocastration is an active immunisation against GnRH. The immunological elimination of GnRH suppresses the development of sex hormones, such as testosterone, as well as the substance responsible for boar taint, Androstenone. To consider is the acceptance of the consumer. The preparation has the same effect in humans as it has in swine. "Self injections" have the same effect in humans as it has in swine. "Self injections" are therefore risky.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

[The development of a residue-poor anesthesia in swine].

The intention of this study was to develop an intramuscular injectable anesthesia for swine. Therefore the clinical signs of several sedative or anesthetic drugs and their combinations were tested. The combinations of the phencyclidines ketamine and tiletamine with different benzodiazepines were most effective. The phencyclidines induced a rapid immobilisation of sufficient length. The benzodiazepines produced muscle relaxation, prolonged the immobilisation and suppressed the side effects of the phencyclidines like excitation. The analgetic action of the combinations were insufficient. Trials to improve analgesia by supplementation with opiates were only in the combination ketamine/climazolam/levomethadone successful. In other combinations opiates caused postanesthetic excitations with hyperthermia. The trials to improve the analgetic effect by combining tiletamine/zolazepam with imidazolidine-derivatives were only partly successful. But the tiletamine/zolazepam/imidazolidines-combinations caused severe hypothermia and other side effects. Because of postanesthetic excitations, the combination of ketamine with xylazine can not be recommended as a good anesthesia for swine. The action of ketamine with azaperone or different phenothiazine-derivatives was insufficient.

Anesthesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Behavior disorder in rats induced by Madopar and its pharmacological correction].

Administration to rats of madopar in a dose of 125 mg/kg produced stereotypy, decrease in the exploration activity in the open field test, loss of the ability to decide the extrapolation problem (escape out of acute stressful situation). The latter type of behavioral pathology alone was selectively averted by administering the classical neuroleptics fluorophenazine, haloperidol and its analog azaperone. Atypical neuroleptics and the the antidepressant imipramine were less effective and reduced but animals' motor excitation induced by madopar according to the extrapolation avoidance test. The tranquilizer phenazepam did not influence behavioral pathology in this test. The data obtained suggest that impairment of the animals' behavioral pattern in the extrapolation avoidance test on madopar administration in a dose of 125 mg/kg may serve an experimental model for evaluating the neuroleptic effect of the drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A comparison between lick or lever-pressing contingent reward and the effects of neuroleptics thereon.

Rats implanted with an electrode in the lateral hypothalamus were trained to obtain brain-stimulation by either pressing a lever or by licking a steel drinking tube in subsequent 15-min sessions. Half of the rats began the sessions with lever-pressing, the other half began with licking. After stabilization of the response rates, rats were run in saline- or drug-sessions. During the drug sessions rats were treated with 4 doses of the following neuroleptics: haloperidol, pimozide, pipamperone, azaperone. These neuroleptics dose-relatedly inhibited licking for brain-stimulation but suppressed lever-pressing only at the highest dose tested. The lick response was thus inhibited at lower doses than lever-pressing. This differential sensitivity to neuroleptics appears not to be due to a difference in baseline response rates, schedule differences or to the motor activity involved in both responses, but rather to the different thresholds of reinforcement produced by licking and lever-pressing for brain-stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Anesthesia procedures in the rabbit].

In a review common regimens of anesthesia in the rabbit are described. To carry out an anesthesia the following knowledge is requested: preanesthetic history and physical condition, preanesthetic feeding and handling, methods of drug application (aerogen, intravenously and intramuscularly). Special anesthetic risks in the rabbit are lined out. The methods of anesthesia are presented in four tables. Long term anesthesia: Ketamine (Ketanest) + Xylazine (Rompun) i.m. or Fluanison/Fentanyl (Hypnorm) i.m. Medium term anesthesia: Ketamine + Xylazine i.v. or Pentoparbitone (Narcoren) i.v. Short- and introductive anesthesia: Propanidid (Epontol) i.v.; Althesine (Saffan) or (Aurantex); Thiamylal (Surital) i.v.; Alfentanil (Rapifen) i.v. + Etomidat (Hypnomidat) i.v. + Azaperon (Stesnil) premedication Methods of inhalation anesthesia with volatile anesthetics like ether, halothan or methoxyfluran as admixture with normal air or with nitrousoxide/oxygen.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1977

Effects of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, adrenolytic compounds, pimozide and other neuroleptics, on the narcotic cue.

Using a two-lever food-reinforced operant procedure, rats (n=11) were trained to discriminate the narcotic analgesic fentanyl (0.04 mg/kg, s.c.) from saline. In rats so trained, alpha methyl-p-tyrosine (150 mg/kg, i.p.) was found not to affect the discriminability of fentanyl. Pretreatment (s.c.) with either adrenolytic compounds (10 mg/kg aceperone, 40 mg/kg dibenamine, 10 mg/kg phenoxybenzamine, 20 mg/kg propranolol) or sedative neuroleptics (0.63 mg/kg azaperone, 1.25 mg/kg chlorpromazine, 10 mg/kg pipamperone) likewise failed to attenuate the narcotic cue. Pimozide (0.63 mg/kg) and, to some extent, spiperone (0.04 mg/kg) reduced the percentage of responding on the selected lever, and pimozide antagonized drug lever selection in some animals. The results suggest that specific neuroleptics (e.g. pimozide) may affect the subjective effects induced by narcotics in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. Forty-third report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.

This report presents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to evaluate the safety of residues of certain veterinary drugs in food and to recommend maximum levels for such residues in foods. The first part of the report considers the evaluation of veterinary drugs with a long history of use and the implications of veterinary drug use in aquaculture, and discusses the need for adequate data. A summary follows of the Committee's evaluations of toxicological and residue data on a variety of veterinary drugs: a beta-adrenoceptor-blocking agent (carazolol), seven antimicrobial agents (dihydrostreptomycin and streptomycin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, neomycin, oxolinic acid and spiramycin) a glucocorticosteroid (dexamethasone), and a tranquilizing agent (azaperone). Annexed to the report are a summary of the Committee's recommendations on these drugs, including Acceptable Daily intakes and Maximum Residue Limits, and a list of further toxicological studies and other information required or desired.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1997

Determination of drugs in hair using GC/MS/MS.

An important task for the forensic toxicologist and expert witness is the detection of the noxa in biological matrices. Because of this, the identification and quantification of residues of illegal drugs in human hair is still of growing interest. Utilizing the advantages of GC/MS/MS testing human hair is performed for most common drugs of abuse like heroin and other opioides, cocaine, cannabis and amphetamine derivatives. Analyzing hair specimens for substances that present a toxicological risk is another challenge. Several quality control parameters must be observed to avoid false positive or false negative results and to gain additional information. Blank sample, blank hair as well as the combined wash extracts are tested for the presence of the relevant compounds within every series. Careful evaluation of the findings can provide an approximate measure of the intensity of drug use in the majority of cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Chemical restraint in the horse.

Drugs and drug combinations currently in use for chemical restraint of the horse are discussed with a view to establishing their likely usefulness to the practising veterinary surgeon. Acepromazine maleate and xylazine hydrochloride are considered to be the most useful tranquillisers in spite of their limitations. A xylazine-methadone sequence is described for more profound chemical restraint and the possible future role of ketamine and glyceryl guaiacolate in combination with other agents to produce recumbency is discussed.

Acepromazine↗