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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

[Domesticated behavior in sheep. Role of behavioral polymorphism in the regulation of stress reactions in sheep].

The relationship between behavioral polymorphism and the variation for the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPAA) was studied in the meat-and-wool (n = 447) and Altaian fine-fleece (n = 45) sheep breeds under production farm conditions. The behavior studied included negatively associated reactions: feeding reactions and defensive reactions in relation to human. In sheep, the intrapopulation variation for the stress level of corticosteroids depended on the effect of behavior, the type of stimulus, and the interaction between these two factors and correlated with the behavior phenotype (r varied from -0.551 to -0.226). In the stress responses to either 24-h starvation or lamb weaning, hormonal reactions were similar in wild-type sheep that have clearly marked defensive reactions and in the sheep of the domestic phenotype that was contrasted to the wild type. In the stress responses to isolation from the herd, transportation, and competition for food, hormonal reactions were stronger in the wild type than in the domestic phenotype; alternatively, in the stress response to being kept in cages in pairs, hormonal reaction was stronger in the domestic phenotype than in the wild type. In the sheep that were placed in cages, a single playing of tape-recorded anxiety signals caused the motivational or emotional stress that was characterized by an unusually long latent period of the progressive HPAA reaction and its subsequent chronic course (up to 9 days). Animals of contrasted behavioral phenotypes differed in the course of the HPAA reaction. Heritable behavioral polymorphism and interaction between behavior and the type of stimulus are the regulation factors in the expression and variability of stimulus-specific reactions of HPAA. Behavior can serve as the genetic marker for individual features of HPAA functioning in the stress response of sheep.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed1992

Behavioral science education in family medicine: a survey of behavioral science educators and family physicians.

A mailed questionnaire was used to provide a profile of behavioral science educators in family practice residency programs, to examine some aspects of behavioral science curriculum development, and to compare the attitudes of behavioral science educators and family physicians regarding the proper level of involvement of family physicians in a variety of psychosocial problems. The study populations consisted of all 383 behavioral science coordinators of US family practice programs and a national sample of 400 residency-trained family physicians. Eighty percent of the behavioral science educators were familiar with the Core Competency Objectives in Behavioral Science Education, published by the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine, and 61% had used this document to aid in curriculum development. Both behavioral science educators and family physicians perceived that the training provided in the areas of physician-patient relationships, family awareness, and personal and professional relationships was quite effective. The physicians felt significantly less effectively trained in the areas of biopsychosocial assessment and management. A high level of concordance was found between the responses of physicians and educators regarding the appropriate level of involvement of family physicians in various psychosocial problems. One exception between the two groups involved the problems of family and social functioning, for which family physicians advocated a more active level of involvement than did behavioral science educators.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[Behavior therapy as a new procedure in health education--recommendation for introducing behavior science into personal health services].

Recent efforts to integrate biomedical and behavioral science perspectives and techniques have revealed the creativity and efficacy of behavioral health approaches to health enhancement and disease prevention. There are expectations that behavioral medicine and behavioral health will be significant in approaches toward changing life style, improving patient's compliance with medical advice, and in rehabilitation. Three examples of actual practice of behavioral procedures in a public health center are studied-behavior therapies for obesity and hypercholesterolemia, and prompting of patient clinic utilization behavior by a letter of introduction. The importance of proper selection of target problems, staff training is emphasized. In conclusion, it is recommended that behavioral science and its techniques of assessment and treatment are incorporated into public health activities, especially in the field of health education.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Association between children's dental behavior and play behavior.

The results of this study showed that clinical distinctions can be made regarding the behavior of children in the dental setting and that these distinctions are reflected in the behavior of these children in an easily-arranged play situation. The existence of such associations of behavior presents the possibility that play behavior may be a reliable predictor of maladaptive dental behavior. If so, the incorporation of a play dental area into a dental office would be an inexpensive and convenient method of intercepting potential problem dental patients. If the results of this study can be replicated, they would support the initiation of a study to predict the behavior of children in the dental setting by means of easily scorable aspects of their play behavior in a simulated dental environment. Special management considerations could then be made to prevent disruptive behavior at subsequent appointments. The results also point up the tendency of problem patients to avoid certain aspects of the play dental experience. This suggests a possible treatment potential for the dental play area, using it as an instrument to desensitize appropriate patients to those aspects of dental treatment which distress them, and thereby reduce their anxieties, prior to actual dental treatment.

Child Behavior↗

PubMed1978

The application of behavior modification to behavior management: guidelines for the family physician.

Treatment in ambulatory care settings depends on the patient's behavior to implement the regimen prescribed by the family physician. Behavior modification offers a means for developing behavioral programs that will improve the physician's ability to effectively influence the patient's behavior. This article outlines some of the principles of behavior modification as they can be applied in office settings to diverse behavioral problems. Some specific suggestions are made for identifying behaviors, setting goals, delineating the steps to reach these goals, monitoring progress, and developing treatment contracts that will aid the physician in the management of the behavioral aspects of treatment.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1994

[Health behavior model based analysis of factors affecting alcohol behavior of company employees].

Factors affecting alcohol behavior were studied using, as a conceptual framework, a Health Behavior Model on Alcohol (Alcohol Behavior Model), adapted from Munakata's Health Behavior Model. Under this model alcohol behavior is restricted or promoted by the levels of self-initiative ability, which influences both health promotion factors and health hindrance factors. How these factors influence alcoholic behavior in company employees was studied. Employees were asked to complete questionnaires when they came to health centers for their regular health examination between August to September 1990. Two hundred and ninety-two of the three hundred subjects answered the questionnaire. Results indicate that the major factor for restricting alcoholic behavior was self-efficacy regarding drinking alcohol. The self-efficacy level was increased by the persons' perceived vulnerability to alcohol and was decreased when alcohol functioned as an aid to recover from fatigue or to lower stress. As a conclusion, empowering clients to enhance self-efficacy appears to be effective as a health objective for coping with alcoholic behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Behavioral effects of hashish in mice. I. Social interactions and nest-building behavior of males.

The acute and subchronic effects of hashish extract (20 mg delta 9-THC/kg) on the behavior of male mice encountering a control partner was studied by ethological methods. A single administration of the extract resulted in general sedation, suppressing all the individual and social activities with the exception of some submissive elements. The locomotive and the overall activity of drugged males was drastically reduced and immobility occurred frequently. After four applications, tolerance to the sedative effects had developed and behavioral drug effects were recognizable. Drugged males showed an increase in nonsocial activities as well as in submissive behavior and flight, whereas social investigation was less frequent. Sexual and aggressive behavior was not significantly affected by the drug and immobility no longer occurred. In spite of behavioral changes after a single or repeated drug treatment, drugged males became dominant in about half the experiments. The nest-building behavior of males was disturbed in the same way after one or four drug applications. Drugged males generally refrained from carrying and working up the nesting material. The acute behavioral effects of hashish extract are compared to those described in previous papers and the difference between acute and subchronic drug effects is discussed.

Aggression↗

PubMed1986

The propensity for nonregulatory ingestive behavior is related to differences in dopamine systems: behavioral and biochemical evidence.

Previous research has shown that animals predisposed to eat and drink in response to electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (ESLH) are similarly predisposed to drink excessively when tested for schedule-induced polydipsia. The eating and drinking elicited by both experimental paradigms appears to be unrelated to homeostatic need and has been called nonregulatory ingestive behavior. In this study, the relation between properties of dopaminergic neural systems and the predisposition to exhibit nonregulatory ingestive behavior was investigated. It was found that rats that eat and drink during ESLH show greater behavioral sensitization to a series of amphetamine injections that those that do not exhibit ingestive behavior during ESLH. In addition, footshock stress produced a greater increase in forebrain dopamine utilization in rats that engaged in nonregulatory ingestive behavior. This evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that there are individual differences in the responsiveness of forebrain dopamine systems that are related to the behavioral predisposition to exhibit nonregulatory ingestive behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Compliance training and behavioral covariation in the treatment of multiple behavior problems.

The present study investigated the use of a compliance-training procedure and its effect on untreated deviant child behaviors. Three children, each generally noncompliant to adult requests and with several additional problems, such as crying, aggression, and self-injurious behavior, were trained in the compliance procedure under a multiple-baseline design across therapists. Compliance was defined as the correct response to prespecified requests. Other classes of deviant child behavior were measured continuously throughout the study but not directly reinforced. The results of the study showed that (a) increases in compliance to requests were directly related to the contingencies employed; (b) decreases in untreated deviant behaviors occurred when compliance increased, even though no direct contingencies had been placed on these behaviors; and (c) the relationship between untreated deviant behaviors and compliance appeared to be maintained by a different set of events in each of the three children. The results are discussed in terms of behavioral covariation and generalization.

Aggression↗

PubMed1987

Effect of discontinuance of type A behavioral counseling on type A behavior and cardiac recurrence rate of post myocardial infarction patients.

Three hundred post infarction participants who had received type A behavioral counseling in the Recurrent Coronary Prevention Project, (RCPP) agreed to be followed for 1 additional year after stopping 4.5 years of continuous type A behavioral counseling. One hundred fourteen participants who had served for 4.5 years as controls in the RCPP Study, thus receiving no type A behavioral counseling, volunteered to receive such counseling for 1 year. Eleven of the 300 previously type A counseled RCPP participants were lost to follow-up at the end of the additional year. The remaining 289 subjects at risk were found to have maintained their previously reduced intensity of type A behavior. Their previously observed relatively low cardiac recurrence rate during the additional year also did not significantly change. Ten of the 114 previous control RCPP participants were lost to follow-up at the end of the additional year. The remaining 104 subjects who had received a year's type A behavioral counseling showed a significantly reduced intensity of type A behavior and a similar significant decrease in both the cardiac mortality and morbidity rate. These results suggest that the decline in the intensity of type A behavior and also in the cardiac recurrence rate previously observed in post infarction subjects exposed to type A behavioral counseling persists for at least 1 year after cessation of such counseling.

Counseling↗

PubMed1986

Illness behavior as a predictor of pain and overt behavior patterns in chronic low back pain patients.

This study examined the relationship of self-reports of illness behavior to pain ratings and overt pain behaviors in a group of chronic low back pain patients referred for pain management. Illness behavior was measured using the Pilowsky and Spence Illness Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) and pain behavior was recorded using a standard behavioral observation method. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that scores on the IBQ were highly predictive of a variety of indices of pain and pain behavior. These results were obtained even after controlling for significant demographic and medical status variables. The findings of this study support the utility of the IBQ in the behavioral assessment of chronic pain patients.

Back Pain↗

PubMed1997

Coronary disease-prone behavior among Japanese men: job-centered lifestyle and social dominance. Type A Behavior Pattern Conference.

In Japan the type A behavior pattern, particularly its component of hostility, is known to have less value as a risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) than in the United States. We developed a questionnaire (Japanese Coronary-prone Behavior Scale [JCBS]) to investigate the behavioral correlates with CAD among contemporary Japanese persons. The JCBS was administered to 419 Japanese men undergoing coronary angiography; 310 of them had angiographic or clinical evidence or both of CAD, and 109 had no evidence of CAD. The group with CAD had more coronary risk factors than the group without CAD, but the two groups did not differ in type A behavior pattern as assessed with the Jenkins Activity Survey. Stepwise discriminant analysis, in which standard coronary risk factors were forced into the model, revealed that inclusion of nine JCBS items (scale C) in the model resulted in the best discrimination between the two groups. Cross-validation results showed that the error-rate estimates for the discriminant models that consisted only of standard coronary risk factors, only of scale C items, and of their combination were 34.7, 32.4, and 27.0%, respectively. The scale C items represented a job-centered lifestyle, social dominance, and suppressed overt type A behaviors. These results indicate that an independent behavior pattern prone to CAD is discernible among Japanese men and suggest that the behavior pattern may contain characteristics that can be differentiated from those that constitute the type A behavior pattern.

Aged↗

PubMed1976

[Conditioning of emotional behavior caused by hypothalamic stimulation (4). Effects of drugs on conditioned avoidance and escape behavior].

In the present study, effects of psychotropic drugs were analyzed by observing avoidance and escape behavior or rabbits under hypothalamic electrical stimulation. In avoidance behavior, chlorpromazine (CPZ) and diazepam (DZP) depressed avoidance response and extended avoidance response latency and head movement latency. Autonomic behavior such as opening of palpebral fissure and pupil size were also delayed. The locus of movement and count of head movement were depressed by the administration of each drug. On the other hand, unlike CPZ, DZP extended escape response latency. On escape behavior, effects of CPZ and DZP were apparently different. Unlike CPZ, DZP induced avoidance behavior and increased locus of movement. With methamphetamine, no avoidance behavior was observed, but under conditional stimulation, the behavior and the escape response latency were decreased. Chlordiazepoxide induced avoidance behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

The relationship of attitude, subjective norm, and behavioral intent to the documentation behavior of nurses.

Ajzen and Fishbein's theory of reasoned action was used to assess the relationship of nurses' attitude, subjective norm, and behavioral intention to their documentation behavior. Attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioral intentions toward documentation were elicited from 108 staff nurses. Documentation behavior was based on what should be documented in any hospitalized patient's chart during a shift. This exploratory model was analyzed with LISREL VI. The overall fit of the final model to the data was good, as judged by a chi-square (df = 7, p = .845). The total coefficient of determination for the structural equation was .461. Attitude toward documentation did not relate significantly to intention to document optimally. Subjective norm did have a significant effect on behavioral intent. Attitude and subjective norm accounted for 46.1% of the variance in behavioral intent. Behavioral intent had a significant effect on documentation behavior, accounting for 15.2% of the variance. It appears that subjective norm, which is the influence of others, is what directs the intention to document and thus relates to subsequent documentation. Recommendations for practice include the communication of high ideals and expectations of important others to the staff nurse in order to improve the quality of documentation.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1996

Comparing the emotional reactions and behavioral intentions of violent and nonviolent husbands to aggressive, distressed, and other wife behaviors.

The present study was designed to compare the self-reported emotional reactions and behavioral intentions of violent and nonviolent husbands to a variety of wife behaviors depicted with standardized stimuli. We recruited four subject groups, including 25 men beginning domestic violence treatment programs and three groups from the community-21 maritally violent and maritally distressed men, 23 nonviolent/distressed men, and 28 nonviolent/nondistressed men. Using stimuli and measures derived from Biglan, Rothlind, Hops, and Sherman (1989), along with stimuli designed for this study, subjects read written descriptions and examples of various wife statements (e.g., aggressive, distressed, and facilitative) and viewed videotaped depictions of wife behaviors varying in verbal content and nonverbal affect (i.e., aggressive/irritated, aggressive/dysphoric, distressed/irritated, and distressed/dysphoric). In response to each wife behavior, subjects rated what their emotional reactions (e.g., sympathetic, caring, supportive, sad, anxious, irritated, angry) and their behavioral responses (e.g., try to comfort, say something supportive, discuss the subject, not say anything, say something hostile, argue) would be. As predicted, in response to a wide range of wife behaviors, and relative to nonviolent men, violent men were less likely to report sympathetic/positive emotions and more likely to experience anger and irritation, but not other negative (i.e., sad or anxious) emotions. They were also more likely to report negative behavioral intentions and less likely to report positive behavioral intentions. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Development, reliability, and validity testing of the Ethical Behavior Test: a measure for nurses' ethical behavior.

The need for reliable and valid measures for ethical behavior of nurses has encouraged the authors to develop a new instrument to measure students' ethical behavior in daily nursing dilemmas. Characteristic of the instrument presented is the inclusion of two fundamental components of ethical behavior: (1) ethical reasoning (and the resulting decision), and (2) the actual implementation of the ethical decision. As for many instruments, Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been used as the conceptual framework. However, Kohlberg's abstract justice orientation was refined by a care perspective and representative nursing dilemmas were used to make the instrument conceptually more appropriate for measuring nurses' ethical behavior. The analysis of the psychometric properties of the instrument has provided several relevant indications for the reliability and validity of the ethical reasoning and implementation scores. The revealed inconsistencies in the Ethical Behavior Test could be satisfactorily interpreted in terms of Kohlberg's theory and related empirical research findings, supporting the reliability of the ethical behavior scores. The content validity rests upon the careful development of the instrument resulting in an optimal mix of dilemmas, arguments and care situations to reveal nurses' ethical behavior and in a substantial degree of correspondence between the concept and operationalization. The congruency between the patterns of ethical behavior and Kohlberg's theoretical insights about ethical reasoning and practice support the construct validity of the instrument.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

The effects of a positive behavioral context on the social impact of aggressive behavior.

The hypothesis is experimentally examined that a positive behavioral repertoire can ameliorate the negative social impact of aggressive behavior. Sixty-six fourth- through sixth-grade girls viewed and rated a series of videotaped interactions between two female confederates. The proportion of positive to aggressive behavior viewed by each subject was manipulated across six experimental conditions by varying the number of positive behaviors exhibited by one of the confederates (target) while the number of aggressive behaviors displayed by her remained constant (i.e., 0%, 20%, 43%, 60%, 80%, and 100% positive). Each subject provided sociometric ratings of the target and selected trait descriptors that best described her from a checklist. The results indicated that positive behavior exhibited in high rates (80% or more, compared to aggressive behavior) offset the negative effects of aggression on both sociometric ratings and positive and negative descriptors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Cumulative sexual intercourse patterns among middle adolescents: problem behavior precursors and concurrent health risk behaviors.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to document associations among problem behaviors in childhood and early adolescence and several health risk behaviors in middle adolescence, including a cumulative index of sexual intercourse risk. METHOD: A nontreatment sample of 1167 10th and 11th grade students was recruited from three homogeneous suburban high schools in western New York. Intercourse activity and number of sexual partners were assessed four times at 6-month intervals over a 2-year period via self-report questionnaires administered in classroom settings. RESULTS: Sexual intercourse activity, once initiated, was found to be relatively persistent, rather than sporadic, for most adolescents. Repeated intercourse experience with multiple partners over the assessed time periods was associated with higher levels of externalizing childhood behavior problems, earlier onset of antisocial behaviors and substance use, and higher concurrent substance use. An avoidant, withdrawn behavioral style in childhood was associated with lower rates of sexual involvement in adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: Temporal linkages among childhood precursors and adolescent sexual behaviors were identified as critical to understanding adolescent risk behaviors. These cross-time relationships may identify potential targets for future intervention/prevention efforts among high risk subsamples of children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗