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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Tolerance to the effects of buprenorphine on schedule-controlled behavior and analgesia in rats.

Responding in rats was maintained under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food presentation. When administered acutely buprenorphine (0.018-0.56 mg/kg) produced dose-related decreases in overall rate of responding. In addition to schedule-controlled behavior, the analgesic effects of buprenorphine were evaluated during chronic administration using the tail-flick method. Tolerance developed to the effects of buprenorphine on both measures. In general dose-effect curves for the rate-decreasing effects of buprenorphine were shifted to the right by approximately 2 log units. In one subject, however, tolerance did not develop to the rate-decreasing effects of 10 mg/kg, suggesting that behavioral tolerance to buprenorphine is dose limited. Finally, the data also suggested that tolerance may develop more slowly, yet more completely, to the analgesic than to the rate-decreasing effects of buprenorphine.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1996

Effects of the structurally novel opioid 14 alpha, 14' beta-[dithiobis [(2-oxo-2,1-ethanediyl)imino]]bis(7,8-dihydromorphinone) on schedule-controlled behavior and thermal nociception in rhesus monkeys.

The in vivo pharmacology of the structurally novel opioid 14 alpha, 14' beta-[dithiobis[(2-oxo-2,1-ethanediyl)imino]]bis(7,8-dihydromorphinon e) (TAMO) was examined in rhesus monkeys with assays of schedule-controlled behavior and thermal nociception. TAMO (0.032-1.8 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in response rates maintained under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food delivery (n = 3) and increases in tail-withdrawal latencies in a warm-water tail-withdrawal procedure (n = 3). Both the rate-decreasing and antinociceptive effects of TAMO (1.0 mg/kg) were maximal after 40 to 80 min and lasted at least 160 min. Pretreatment with the mu-selective opioid antagonist quadazocine (0.001-0.1 mg/kg) antagonized the effects of TAMO and shifted the TAMO dose-effect curves to the right. Schild analysis yielded in vivo apparent pA2 values (mean +/- S.E.M.) of 8.8 +/- 0.072 and 8.7 +/- 0.40 for quadazocine antagonism of the rate-decreasing and antinociceptive effects, respectively, of TAMO, which suggests that the effects of TAMO were mediated by mu-opioid receptors. In addition, quadazocine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) reversed the behavioral effects of TAMO (1.0 mg/kg) when quadazocine was administered immediately after TAMO had attained its maximal effect. Twenty-four-hour pretreatment with 1.0 mg/kg TAMO did not significantly after the rate-decreasing or antinociceptive effects of fentanyl or the rate-decreasing effects of morphine. The dose-effect curve for morphine antinociception was shifted 4-fold to the right 24 hr after pretreatment with 1.0 mg/kg TAMO. However, 24-hr pretreatment with an equiactive dose of morphine (10.0 mg/kg) also produced a small (2-fold) but significant rightward shift in the dose-effect curve for morphine antinociception. Twenty-four-hour pretreatment with 1.8 mg/kg TAMO had no effect on the antinociceptive effects of U69,593 (0.0032-0.1 mg/kg). These results suggest that TAMO acts as a reversible mu agonist with a relatively slow onset and a duration of action and relative efficacy similar to those of morphine in rhesus monkeys. Twenty-four hours after TAMO administration, the highest doses of TAMO that could be safely administered produced little or no mu antagonist effects and no kappa antagonist effects.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1989

Nicotine-induced tolerance and dependence in rats and mice: studies involving schedule-controlled behavior.

Tolerance to nicotine's disruptive effects on operant responding develops rapidly over a 14-36 day repeated dosing period in both rats and mice. This occurred regardless of whether nicotine was administered pre- or post- to each behavioral exposure. Thus, tolerance development appeared to depend on both behavioral as well as pharmacological mechanisms. It is suggested that the pharmacological mechanism(s) involved in the development of tolerance may be related to an up-regulation of brain area nicotinic receptors. As observed with receptor binding studies, mecamylamine did not appear to attenuate the development of pharmacological tolerance to nicotine (does not attenuate nicotinic receptor up-regulation) even though this cholinergic antagonist will antagonize nicotine's acute behavioral disruptive effects completely. However, the fact that mecamylamine may induce some cross-tolerance to nicotine does complicate our interpretation of these data. The development of nicotine tolerance, in part, appears to depend upon an interaction at some acetylcholine-sensitive nicotinic receptor as evidenced by the ability of physostigmine to induce cross-tolerance to nicotine in both the rat and mouse. These data support the view that nicotine may be inducing its effects via at least two separate nicotinic receptors, one of which may be acetylcholine sensitive. Furthermore, binding data suggest that physostigmine's effects were related to a reduction of available central nicotinic receptor sites. In contrast to what humans experience, the rat does not appear as sensitive to nicotine-induced physical dependence, at least when operant behavior is utilized as the dependent variable used to measure withdrawal signs. Other approaches such as drug discrimination and conditioned avoidance paradigms may provide a better alternative to the evaluation of nicotine-induced dependence. Research utilizing schedule-controlled behavior in the mouse, on the other hand, has provided us with an additional model of a nicotine-induced withdrawal syndrome which may be of value in evaluating mechanisms of nicotine dependence. However, as with all of these findings, much work is needed to confirm and further characterize each model in so far as they may provide us with a reliable and specific measure of nicotine dependence.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Role of dose order in the development of tolerance to effects of cocaine on schedule-controlled behavior in pigeons.

RATIONALE: Tolerance to behavioral effects of cocaine can be produced by exposure to varying doses. The degree to which tolerance develops may depend on dose order. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships between three sequences of doses of cocaine in a daily, variable-dosing regimen and the development of tolerance to effects on schedule-controlled behavior. METHODS: Twelve pigeons responded daily under a fixed-ratio 20 schedule of reinforcement, and performance was investigated under a range of doses of cocaine (0.3-10.0 mg/kg, i.m.) by administering the drug once every 7 days (acute effects). After determination of acute effects of cocaine, the drug was administered daily with dose varying from day to day. Dose order varied systematically across three groups of four pigeons; doses were delivered in ascending, descending, or "sawtooth" (ascending then descending) sequences. This variable-dosing regimen continued until drug effects were stable (at least 13 cycles through all doses). RESULTS: During the acute-dosing regimen, response rates following small cocaine doses were similar to those under control conditions; following moderate-to-high doses, responding was diminished relative to control rates. During the variable-dosing regimen, tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of cocaine was observed in all groups, regardless of the order in which the drug was delivered, and the magnitude of tolerance was similar across groups. Systematic differences in the rate of recovery from initial response decrements were observed across groups, with rate of recovery fastest under the ascending sequence. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that dose order under a variable-dosing regimen does not significantly affect the final attainment of tolerance, although it may contribute to the speed with which tolerance develops.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A direct comparison of inhalant effects on locomotor activity and schedule-controlled behavior in mice.

Increases in rates of rodent behavior have been commonly seen with exposure to abused vapors. In the 1st study, 30-min exposures to vapors of toluene, trichloroethane (TCE), or methoxyflurane produced increases in locomotor activity of mice at lower concentrations and decreases at higher concentrations. In the 2nd study, the effects of these vapors on schedule-controlled behavior were determined in mice lever pressing under a multiple fixed-ratio, 20-fixed interval (FI), 3-min schedule. Only concentration-related decreases in response rates were obtained in both components. In the 3rd study, toluene and TCE again produced only decreases in rates of responding under a simple FI 3-min schedule; biphasic effects were produced by methoxyflurane and amyl nitrite. The increases in rates of behavior often seen with abused vapors depend on the testing conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The effect of visual feedback and self-scaling on plaque control behavior.

Psychological factors are involved in inducing patients to practice the plaque control necessary for periodontal health. It is suggested that oral hygiene behavior can be modified by increasing visual feedback by means of optical devices, and by giving patients the task of scaling their own teeth. The optical devices used for intraoral inspection must be specifically designed for this task. A pilot study was undertaken to test the modification in plaque control behavior in patients using a specially-designed optical system and performing self-scaling. Twelve patients participated in the study; six were given optical devices and taught self-scaling and plaque control, whereas the other six acted as controls, received a scaling from a hygienist, and were taught plaque control. All subjects received 3 hours of chairside time. Before treatment both groups had mean PHP indiced (plaque) of 3.2. Five months after the completion of treatment, the experimental group had a mean PHP index of 0.7, whereas the control group had a score of 1.9. The patients performing self-scaling demonstrated that they could remove supragingival calculus and extrinsic stains as effectively as a trained hygienist.

Dental Equipment↗
PubMed1988

Environmental influences on the development of tolerance to the effects of physostigmine on schedule-controlled behavior.

The influence of environmental variables on the development of tolerance to physostigmine's effects in rats was examined using multiple fixed-ratio, extinction schedules of food presentation. Initial administration of physostigmine (0.4 mg/kg) produced nearly maximal decreases in the number of food pellets delivered, running response rate, and overall response rate, under multiple FR 10, EXT and multiple FR 50, EXT schedules. With repeated administration, tolerance to physostigmine's effects was observed when 10 responses were required to produce reinforcement but was not observed when 50 responses were required to produce reinforcement. Tolerance under the multiple FR 10, EXT schedule of reinforcement was also observed when physostigmine was administered post-session. When tolerance was acquired, it was retained for up to 25 drug-free days. These results suggest that tolerance to physostigmine's effects on schedule-controlled behavior is strongly influenced by response requirement, independently of physostigmine-induced reinforcement loss. Additionally, tolerance is not dependent on experience with the schedule while under the effects of physostigmine, and is retained for a substantial period of time in the absence of continued physostigmine administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Prazosin attenuates the effects of cocaine on motor activity but not on schedule-controlled behavior in the rat.

The spontaneous motor activity of rats was measured following administration of cocaine alone and in combination with the centrally acting alpha 1-antagonist prazosin. Cocaine alone (18-42 mg/kg) increased motor activity in a dose-related manner. At doses of 1 and 1.8 mg/kg, prazosin attenuated the increases in motor activity produced by cocaine. In rats responding under a fixed-ratio discrimination procedure, cocaine (10-32 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent increases in percent errors and decreases in overall response rate. Across a range of doses (0.32-3.2 mg/kg), prazosin failed to antagonize the effects of cocaine on responding under the discrimination procedure. Rather, the combined effects were frequently greater than those obtained with cocaine alone. The data suggest that in rats activation of alpha 1-adrenergic systems may mediate the effects of cocaine on motor activity but not on schedule-controlled behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of D1 dopamine agonists on schedule-controlled behavior in the squirrel monkey.

Behavioral effects of several dopamine D1 receptor agonists were compared with those of cocaine and (+)-amphetamine in squirrel monkeys trained to press a response key under a fixed-interval schedule of electric shock presentation. Cocaine (0.03 to 0.3mg/kg) and (+)-amphetamine (0.01 to 0.1mg/kg) at low to intermediate doses increased rates of responding under the fixed-interval schedule; at higher doses each of these drugs decreased response rates. In contrast, neither full nor partial D1 receptor agonists produced reliable increases in response rates. Rather, these drugs decreased rates of responding in a dose-related manner. These results with schedule-controlled behavior in primates support earlier findings in rodents that indicate that D1 agonist actions result in effects quite different from the characteristic psychomotor stimulant effects produced by cocaine or (+)-amphetamine; and they further suggest that those characteristic stimulant effects are more probably due to stimulation of other dopamine receptors.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Disruption of schedule-controlled behavior by Ro 15-1788 one day after acute treatment with benzodiazepines.

The behavioral effects of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 were studied in squirrel monkeys after acute injections of benzodiazepines. Monkeys responded under a multiple schedule of food presentation with alternating fixed-interval (FI) and fixed-ratio (FR) components, Chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg) increased FI responding and had little effect on FR responding 1 h after it was administered; FI responding was still elevated during the session on the following day. When Ro 15-1788 (0.1-3 mg/kg) was administered 1 h after chlordiazepoxide, it antagonized the effects of chlordiazepoxide in a dose-related manner. When Ro 15-1788 was administered 1 day after chlordiazepoxide, however, doses of 1 or 3 mg/kg suppressed both FI and FR responding. Suppression of schedule-controlled responding was also observed when Ro 15-1788 (3 mg/kg) was administered 1 day after diazepam (3 or 5.6 mg/kg) or N-desmethyldiazepam (5.6 mg/kg). The results show that Ro 15-1788 can precipitate disruption of schedule-controlled behavior 1 day after acute treatment with benzodiazepines.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Psychosocial concerns and weight control behaviors among overweight and nonoverweight Native American adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the psychosocial and weight-related concerns and weight control, eating, and exercise behaviors of overweight and nonoverweight Native American adolescents living on or near reservations. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey assessed psychosocial, health, and weight-specific concerns; disordered eating; and health-promoting behaviors. STUDY POPULATION: The study population included 11,868 Native American youth in grades 7 through 12. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Analyses of variance and chi 2 tests were used to examine associations between weight status and psychosocial and weight-related concerns and behaviors. Stratified analyses were done by gender and by gender and age. RESULTS: Self-reported weights and heights indicated that 25% of the study population was overweight. Overweight youth were twice as likely to report health concerns as nonoverweight youth. Although a high percentage of nonoverweight youth expressed body- or weight-related concerns and reported engaging in disordered eating behaviors, prevalence rates for these concerns were significantly higher among overweight youth. Overweight youth were also somewhat less likely to engage in health-promoting behaviors. In contrast, differences in global psychosocial concerns were minimal. APPLICATIONS: Overweight Native American youth were concerned about their weight, but did not appear to have major psychosocial concerns associated with being overweight. Interventions aimed at obesity prevention and overall health promotion are essential, given the high prevalence of obesity and of psychosocial and weight-related concerns and behaviors among the study population as a whole. The challenge is to develop culturally appropriate interventions aimed at the promotion of healthful weight control behaviors that will not lead to negative psychosocial consequences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Interactions of buspirone or gepirone with nicotine on schedule-controlled behavior of pigeons.

The primary purpose of the present study was to examine the interaction of buspirone with nicotine in pigeons responding under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food presentation. The hypothesis was that the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist activity of buspirone would attenuate the rate-decreasing effects of nicotine. When administered alone, buspirone (0.3-10mg/kg) and (-)-nicotine (0.1-3.0mg/kg) decreased response rates in a dose-related manner, with ED(50) values (+/-95% C.L.) of 3.0 (1.7-5.1) mg/kg and 1.0 (0.7-1.5) mg/kg, respectively. Low doses of buspirone (0.3-1.0mg/kg) did not significantly shift the nicotine dose-response function, while doses of buspirone (3.0-10mg/kg) that produced rate-decreasing effects shifted the nicotine dose-response function to the left. There was no significant statistical interaction between buspirone and nicotine indicating that the shifts in the nicotine dose-response function were parallel. The buspirone analog gepirone (0.3-10mg/kg), which like buspirone is a serotonin (5-HT(1A)) agonist, but unlike buspirone is relatively devoid of D2 antagonist activity, was also tested in combination with nicotine. Gepirone was less potent in decreasing response rates compared with buspirone, with an ED(56) value of 4.5 (3.1-6.7) mg/kg. Rate-decreasing doses of gepirone (3.0-10mg/kg) in combination with nicotine resulted in parallel shifts to the left of the nicotine dose-response function. There was no statistically significant difference between the effects of buspirone and those of gepirone on the nicotine dose-response function. Isobolograms indicated that the pharmacological interactions between buspirone or gepirone and nicotine were not different from additivity. These results suggest that the combined effects of buspirone and nicotine on schedule-controlled behavior are independent of antagonism at D2 receptors.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pyrethroid effects on schedule-controlled behavior: time and dosage relationships.

Pyrethroid insecticides have been divided into Types I and II based on behavioral profiles of toxicity produced by life-threatening dosages. In order to assess potential alterations in acquired (operant) behavior, acute dosage-effect and time-course determinations for permethrin (Type I) and cypermethrin (Type II) were made. Long-Evans rats responded for food according to a multiple schedule consisting of four different variable-interval schedules. Permethrin (100-400 mg/kg) and cypermethrin (7.5-60 mg/kg) were administered PO 1.5 hr pre-session and their effects on response rates and between-component response patterning determined. Permethrin reduced responding in a manner which was independent of the baseline response rate, while the rate reductions following cypermethrin administration showed a dependence on the baseline levels of responding, with low response rates showing differential sensitivity to disruption. When select dosages of each compound were delivered at various pre-session times, onset of and recovery from the rate-decreasing effects were more rapid with cypermethrin, with rates returning to baseline levels by 12 hr post-dosing. Responding was maximally suppressed 24 hr after administration of permethrin and returned to baseline levels 48 hr after administration. The disruption of response patterning following cypermethrin was maximal at 1.5 hr after administration, with complete recovery 12 hr post-dosing. Differential effects on response patterning, in potency, and in the time-course of effects of permethrin and cypermethrin suggest a type-specificity for pyrethroid effects on schedule-controlled behavior at dosages far below those producing lethality in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Does measured behavior reflect STD risk? An analysis of data from a randomized controlled behavioral intervention study. Project RESPECT Study Group.

BACKGROUND: Many studies measure sex behavior to determine the efficacy of sexually transmitted disease (STD)/HIV prevention interventions. GOAL: To determine how well measured behavior reflects STD incidence. STUDY DESIGN: Data from a trial (Project RESPECT) were analyzed to compare behavior and incidence of STD (gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, HIV) during two 6-month intervals. RESULTS: A total of 2879 persons had 5062 six-monthly STD exams and interviews; 8.9% had a new STD in 6 months. Incidence was associated with demographic factors but only slightly associated with number of partners and number of unprotected sex acts with occasional partners. Many behaviors had paradoxical associations with STD incidence. After combining behavior variables to compare persons with highest and lowest risk behaviors, the STD incidence ratio was only 1.7. CONCLUSION: Behavioral interventions have prevented STD. We found people tend to have safe sex with risky partners and risky sex with safe partners. Therefore, it is difficult to extrapolate the disease prevention efficacy of an intervention from a measured effect on behavior alone.

Adolescent↗