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PubMed1988

A comprehensive indexed bibliography data base using a micro computer.

A comprehensive index has been developed for coding and cataloguing alcohol literature. A system has been implemented using a commercial data base management program and a micro computer for computerising the references. In addition to the index code and citation the user can also enter an abstract and a description of the article. References can be added to the computer, edited, searched for, displayed on screen, typed on paper, or sent to a text file using a selection of criteria entered by the user. When a search is performed the printout can include the abstract of each paper similar to that obtained from larger bibliographic services. Such a system is beneficial for personal study, for writing books, articles and theses and for use by departments and small libraries.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

PubMed2000

X-ray videodensitometric methods for blood flow and velocity measurement: a critical review of literature.

Blood flow rate and velocity are important parameters for the study of vascular systems, and for the diagnosis, monitoring and evaluation of treatment of cerebro- and cardiovascular disease. For rapid imaging of cerebral and cardiac blood vessels, digital x-ray subtraction angiography has numerous advantages over other modalities. Roentgen-videodensitometric techniques measure blood flow and velocity from changes of contrast material density in x-ray angiograms. Many roentgen-videodensitometric flow measurement methods can also be applied to CT, MR and rotational angiography images. Hence, roentgen-videodensitometric blood flow and velocity measurement from digital x-ray angiograms represents an important research topic. This work contains a critical review and bibliography surveying current and old developments in the field. We present an extensive survey of English-language publications on the subject and a classification of published algorithms. We also present descriptions and critical reviews of these algorithms. The algorithms are reviewed with requirements imposed by neuro- and cardiovascular clinical environments in mind.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1978

Checklist, host index, and annotated bibliography of Plasmodium from reptiles.

World literature on Plasmodium of squamate reptiles (1909-1975) includes 156 published accounts on 54 valid species and subspecies. AFRICA: 30 reports on 9 species; AUSTRALIA, ASIA & OCEANIA: 12 reports on 6 species and 2 subspecies; AMERICAS: 116 reports on 37 species. More than half of these reports and new species descriptions appeared during the last 10 years. Most concern plasmodia in lizards of the Neotropics, Georgia (Plasmodium floridense, a Neotropical-Caribbean parasite) and California (Plasmodium mexicanum). African host species are all lizards: 4 agamids, 3 skinks, 2 chamaeleonids, one chordyline, and one gerrhosaurine. Australasian host species are also all lizards: 6 agamids, 9 skinks, 2 lacertids, one (or two?) gekkonids, and one varanid. Known American host species include 12 snakes and 87 lizards: 34 anoline species, 12 sceloporines (plus 11 others experimentally infected), 4 basiliscines, 5 tropidurines, 2 iguanines, 2 skinks (one questionable), 2 anguids (a total of 4 animals), 4 sphaerodactylines, 2 gekkonines and 11 teiid species.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

A taxonomic bibliography of the South American snakes of the Crotalus durissus complex (Serpentes, Viperidae).

A survey is made of the taxonomic literature on South American rattlesnakes (genus Crotalus, family Viperidae). Two main areas are emphasized: the attribution of the names proposed in the eighteenth century by Linnaeus and Laurenti, and the current scheme of division in subspecies. The attribution of names is examined based on the original descriptions and on relevant previous and contemporary literature. The presently adopted scheme, proposed by Klauber (1941, 1972) is found not entirely satisfactory, but reasonable enough--besides being hallowed by use. The scheme of geographical differentiation, intrinsically important and with broad practical implications (differentiation of the venom) is found to be the culmination of a long series of deficient analyses, and in urgent need of proper investigation.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[The consequences of a suicide for the bereaved - current knowledge, unresolved questions and tasks of future research].

UNLABELLED: Since the publication of Cain's landmark book Survivors of Suicide in 1972, the consequences of a suicide for the bereaved have been scientifically investigated. Mclntosh (1996) issued the most current bibliography of literature on the aftermath of suicide, including publications issued between 1986 and 1995. Mclntosh came to the conclusion that several unresolved issues still exist in this field of suicidology. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims at giving an overview on current knowledge of the aftermath of suicide. lt shall be investigated which questions and unresolved issues in this field still remain. This leads to a description of future tasks and challenges for researchers investigating the after effects of suicide. METHODS: At first, an overview on the most important aspects of current knowledge on the aftermath of suicide will be given. This will be done with reference to the unresolved issues and unanswered questions presented by McIntosh. How many of these issues and questions have come to a resolution after the publication of Mclntosh's bibliography shall be investigated. RESULTS: Upon examination of publications issued after 1995 it was found that several basic questions regarding the after effects of a suicide have not yet been answered in a satisfactory manner. To name a few, the term suicide survivor has not yet been clearly determined and reliable numbers as to how many people are bereaved by suicide do not exist. Moreover, a comprehensive theory regarding the consequences of a suicide for survivors is still lacking. CONCLUSIONS: Resolving these basic questions among a number of others can be seen as the main task of future research in this field. Additionally, it is pointed out that more affention should be given to the implementation of suicide postvention measures in order to alleviate the negative aftereffects of suicides.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Cancer in Fanconi anemia, 1927-2001.

BACKGROUND: Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disease associated with an abnormal response to DNA damage. Although FA is well known for the association of aplastic anemia and characteristic birth defects, leukemia and solid tumors also occur at a high rate in this group of patients. A review of all reported cases is informative with regard to the specific types of cancer, the ages at which they occur, and the cumulative probability of their development. METHODS: Medline and bibliographies of publications were searched for articles containing "Fanconi's anemia" or "aplastic anemia" and all cases of FA from 1927 through 2001 were included in the database. Cancer cases were identified within these reports. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed using Stata7 software. RESULTS: One thousand three hundred cases of FA were identified. Nine percent had leukemia (primarily acute myeloid leukemia), 7% had myelodysplastic syndrome, 5% had solid tumors, and 3% had liver tumors. Patients with cancer were older than the cancer-free patients at the time of diagnosis of FA. The median age for cancer (including leukemia) was 16, compared with 68 in the general population. The most frequent solid tumors were aerodigestive and gynecological carcinomas. In approximately 25% of patients with cancer, the malignancy preceded the diagnosis of FA. CONCLUSIONS: If the competing risks of aplastic anemia and leukemia could be removed, the estimated cumulative probability of development of a solid tumor in FA patients is 76% by the age of 45 years. Carcinogenic pathways and cancer prevention, surveillance, and treatment can be studied to advantage in this genetic model of human cancer.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Cocaine abuse.

PURPOSE: To discuss the forms of cocaine that are available and their methods of administration and to review the medical complications of cocaine abuse. DATA SOURCES: Pertinent articles were identified through a MEDLINE search of the English-language literature from 1986 to 1992 and through a manual search of bibliographies of all identified articles. STUDY SELECTION: All articles describing complications of cocaine use were either case reports, review articles, or small series. No controlled studies on the subject were available. DATA SYNTHESIS: A qualitative description of reported complications without the use of quantitative methods. RESULTS: Multiple complications of cocaine use have been described and are often related to the method of administration of cocaine. Since the introduction of freebase and "crack" cocaine, new complications have been noted, and nearly all organ systems have been affected. Indirect complications, related to violent behavior and infectious diseases, are also important consequences of cocaine use. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse reactions to cocaine use should be considered in the differential diagnosis of various disorders, particularly ischemic events in young adults. The actual frequency of each complication is unknown.

Cocaine↗

PubMed1998

Infections acquired during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: estimating the risk and defining strategies for prevention.

PURPOSE: To estimate the risk for acquiring an infectious disease during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or CPR training and to identify strategies to minimize that risk. DATA SOURCES: English-language articles published since 1965 were identified through a search of the MEDLINE database and selected bibliographies. STUDY SELECTION: Studies that contained information about transmission of infectious organisms, particularly HIV and other bloodborne viruses that might be transmitted through mouth-to-mouth ventilation, contact exposures, and needlesticks during CPR. DATA EXTRACTION: Descriptive and analytic data from each study. DATA SYNTHESIS: Fear of acquiring infection, especially HIV infection, can delay prompt initiation of mouth-to-mouth ventilation. Although pathogens can be isolated from the saliva of infected persons, salivary transmission of bloodborne viruses is unusual and transmission of infection has been rare: Only 15 documented cases have been reported. Most of these cases involved a bacterial pathogen, such as Neisseria meningitidis. Transmission of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, or cytomegalovirus during CPR has not been reported; all three reported cases of HIV infection acquired during resuscitation of an infected patient resulted from high-risk cutaneous exposures. There have been no reports of infection acquired during CPR training. Simple infection-control measures, including use of barrier devices, can reduce the risk for acquisition of an infectious disease during CPR and CPR training. Postexposure protocols can further protect potential rescuers and trainees. CONCLUSIONS: The benefit of initiating lifesaving resuscitation in a patient in cardiopulmonary arrest greatly outweighs the risk for secondary infection in the rescuer or the patient. Nevertheless, use of simple infection-control measures during CPR and CPR training can reduce a very low level of risk even further.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMed1989

Urinary tract infections in men. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

PURPOSE: To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of urinary tract infections in men, especially insofar as they differ from those in women. DATA IDENTIFICATION: Studies published between 1954 and 1988 were identified using MEDLINE (1981-1988) and Index Medicus (1981-1988), and through extensive manual searching of textbooks, symposia, monographs, and bibliographies of identified articles. STUDY SELECTION: More than 200 studies were reviewed; those studies most pertinent to the topics reviewed were cited. Unpublished data from the author's studies were also cited. DATA EXTRACTION: Study quality and descriptive information about prevalence, evaluations, interventions, and outcomes were assessed. Quantitative synthesis was not done. RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS: Most men with urinary tract infection have a functional or anatomic abnormality of the genitourinary tract. Prostatic hypertrophy and genitourinary instrumentation are the major predispositions to infection in men. Signs and symptoms of bacteriuria in men are similar to those in women. Diagnosis rests on a properly collected specimen yielding 10(3) or more colony-forming units/mL of a single or predominant species. Eschericia coli is the most frequent uropathogen, but other gram-negative and gram-positive species cause up to one half of cases. Treatment of men with single-dose therapy is inadequate; men with recurrent infections require at least 6 weeks of appropriate treatment. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in elderly men, but does not usually necessitate treatment. Although genitourinary abnormalities are frequent in bacteriuric male patients, a diagnostic evaluation is probably indicated only in young boys and in men with recurrent or complicated infections. CONCLUSIONS: Several important aspects of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of urinary tract infections differ in male populations from those in the much better studied female populations. Knowledge of recently available data will help clinicians develop a rational approach to caring for bacteriuric men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Stalking.

Stalking is a frequently reported crime. It has a strong impact on the lives and mental health of the victims. It is perpetrated by persons who often suffer from mental disorders. This paper is an overview on the subject. It encompasses the various definitions of stalking, a number of classifications or sub-divisions of the phenomenon according to different approaches, a description of the psychopathology of the stalker, the psychological effect of the stalking on the victim, ways of evaluating and managing the phenomenon both in the victims and in the perpetrators, prevention of stalking, and also relevant bibliography. In addition, the paper includes an Appendix containing case series (clinical vignettes which include diagnosis, medical and legal interventions and outcome).

Compulsive Behavior↗

PubMed1998

Confusing rotation-like operations in space, mind and brain.

The research on mental rotation is now extensive, and diverse in its approach and level. The phenomenon was originally described in terms of perceptual performance, and has been well replicated in that sense. That human observers can apparently turn images about axes of rotation or reflection, and correctly construct identifications of objects whose images have been transformed in a virtual mental space, is uncontested but in some ways unexplained. The phenomenon raises fundamental questions about the nature of mathematical assumptions within psychological theory, and suggests a need for the reconciliation of phenomenological, neuropsychological and mathematical descriptions within one compatible framework. It is concluded that what actually happens is not rotation in the geometrical sense but a serial operation that may be confused with rotation, and may sometimes yield the same terminal result. A bibliography of major sources on the experimental and mathematical analyses of the mental rotation of images of 2-d and 3-d figures has been compiled.

Brain↗

PubMed2000

[Systems for the determination of body temperature].

It is essential for a health care professional to know how body temperature is regulated, what factors affect body temperature, and what different measurement systems are available. This file contains descriptions of 1) the thermometers available: electronic, mercury-based, infrared; 2) the places where body temperature can be measured: skin, armpits, rectum, mouth, tympanum, esophagus, or pulmonary artery blood. All content material is justified by a documented bibliography.

Body Temperature↗

PubMed2001

Consensus development of a histopathological classification system for chronic prostatic inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a standardized histopathological classification system for chronic prostatitis (standardized description of prostatic inflammatory infiltrates) based on a literature review, extensive prospective evaluations in two recognized prostatitis research centres and widespread consensus of international urological centres identified as having major expertise or interest in chronic prostatitis. METHODS: Relevant articles for review were identified by a Medline search undertaken by the Cochrane Review Group in Prostate Diseases and Urologic Malignancies, and cross-checking bibliographies of retrieved studies, reviews, book chapters and abstracts of the American Urological Association and International Prostatitis Collaborative Network Annual Meetings. Initial drafts were based on classification systems independently developed by the Prostatitis Research Centers at Queen's University in Canada and University of Washington in the USA. A collaborative draft was distributed to 20 urological/pathological clinical centres who participated in the North American Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network and First International Prostatitis Collaborative Network. A consensus classification system was then distributed to the participating panel for acceptance. RESULTS: The literature review identified a reasonably consistent description of inflammatory infiltrate locations and patterns that were further incorporated into the draft based on the Queen's University and University of Washington proposals. Eighteen (90%) of the identified Prostatitis Centers participated in the revision of the draft and the final consensus process. The final consensus document classifies prostatic inflammation according to its extent and grade/severity in each tissue compartment (location). Conclusion The consensus of the expert panel was that this classification system can be used in the evaluation of prostatic inflammation in prostate biopsies, transurethral resected prostate chips or prostatectomy specimens. A standardized accepted framework to describe histopathological prostate inflammation will prove useful in evaluating prostate disease.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed2000

Speleotherapy for asthma.

BACKGROUND: Speleotherapy, the use of subterranean environments, is a therapeutic measure in the treatment of chronic obstructive airways diseases. It is virtually unknown in the UK or the US, but has considerable widespread use in some Central and Eastern European countries. OBJECTIVES: To review evidence for the efficacy of speleotherapy in the treatment of asthma. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Airways group database), contacted speleotherapy centres and experts in the field, hand searched proceedings, and checked bibliographies of articles obtained to identify possible relevant publications. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included controlled clinical trials (i.e., both randomized and those not reporting the method of allocation) that compared clinical effects of speleotherapy with another intervention or no intervention in patients with chronic asthma. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Information concerning patients, interventions, results, and methodology were extracted in standardized manner by two independent reviewers and summarized descriptively. MAIN RESULTS: Three trials including a total of 124 asthmatic children met the inclusion criteria, but only one trial had reasonable methodological quality. Two trials reported that speleotherapy had a beneficial short-term effect on lung function. Other outcomes could not be assessed in a reliable manner. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence does not permit a reliable conclusion as to whether speleo-therapeutic interventions are effective for the treatment of chronic asthma. Randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up are necessary.

Air Ionization↗

PubMed2006

Incidence and distribution of pediatric sport-related injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a critical review of the available literature on the descriptive epidemiology of pediatric sport-related injuries. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (1966 to 2006) and SPORTDiscus (1975 to 2006) were searched to identify potentially relevant articles. A combination of medical subject headings and text words was used (epidemiology, children, adolescents, athletic injuries, sports, injury, and injuries). Additional references from the bibliographies of retrieved articles were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: Published research reports on the incidence and distribution of injury in children's and youth sports. Specific emphasis was placed on reviewing original studies, which report incidence rates (rate of injuries per unit athlete time). Forty-nine studies were selected for this review. DATA EXTRACTION: Data summarized include incidence of injury relative to who is affected by injury (sport, participation level, gender, and player position), where injury occurs (anatomical and environmental location), when injury occurs (injury onset and chronometry), and injury outcome (injury type, time loss, clinical outcome, and economic cost). DATA SYNTHESIS: There is little epidemiological data on injuries for some pediatric sports. Many of the studies retrieved were characterized by methodological short-comings and study differences that limit interpretation and comparison of findings across studies. Notwithstanding, the studies reviewed are encouraging and injury patterns that should be studied further with more rigorous study designs to confirm original findings and to probe causes of injury and the effectiveness of preventive measures. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence and severity of injury are high in some child and youth sports. This review will assist in targeting the relevant groups and in designing future research on the epidemiology of pediatric sports injuries. Well-designed descriptive and analytical studies are needed to identify the public health impact of pediatric sport injury.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Denial in coronary heart disease].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent and the significance of the psychologic mechanism of denial in coronary heart disease. This problem is known to be frequent, but its significance remains controversial. DATA SOURCES: From the bibliographies of recent publications, the author traced 21 empirical studies on denial in coronary heart disease published during the last 25 years. STUDY SELECTION: For a chronologic and historical approach all the studies were retained. The oldest had a qualitative and descriptive approach; the most recent used a scale of measurement. DATA EXTRACTION: This review examines the clinical data found in the publications and does not critically analyse the measurement tools. RESULTS: The results show that the ambiguity of the question arises from three aspects that have to be clarified: (1) there is a difference between the short-term effect and the long-term effect of denial in coronary heart disease; (2) part of the contradictory results could be linked to the scale of measure; and (3) the concept of denial is a notion that is used in an equivocal way that is not clarified even by the precision of the scale of measurement. CONCLUSIONS: Persistence of denial would have negative effects in the long term. The scale of Hackett and Cassem is useful in measuring denial in the acute stage but not in the rehabilitation stage. The very notion of denial is used ambiguously in several of the studies examined.

Coronary Disease↗

PubMed2003

Systematic reviews of herbal medicines--an annotated bibliography.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive collection and a summary of systematic reviews of clinical trials on herbal medicines. METHODS: Potentially relevant reviews were searched through the register of the Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field, the Cochrane Library, Medline, and bibliographies of articles and books. To be included articles had to review prospective clinical trials of herbal medicines; had to describe review methods explicitly; had to be published; and had to focus on treatment effects. Information on conditions, interventions, methods, results and conclusions was extracted using a pretested form and summarized descriptively. RESULTS: From a total of 79 potentially relevant reviews preselected in the screening process 58 met the inclusion criteria. 30 of the reports reviewed ginkgo (for dementia, intermittent claudication, tinnitus, and macular degeneration), hypericum (for depression) or garlic preparations (for cardiovascular risk factors and lower limb atherosclerosis). The quality of primary studies was criticized in the majority of the reviews. Most reviews judged the available evidence as promising but definitive conclusions were rarely possible. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic reviews are available on a broad range of herbal preparations prescribed for defined conditions. There is very little evidence on the effectiveness of herbalism as practiced by specialist herbalists who combine herbs and use unconventional diagnosis.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Bacteremia caused by Alcaligenes (Achromobacter) xylosoxidans. Description of 3 cases and review of the literature].

BACKGROUND: Alcaligenes (Achromobacter) xylosoxidans occasionally cause infections, mainly in immunocompromised hosts. METHODS: Three cases of bacteremia due to A. xylosoxidans observed at the Fundación Jiménez Díaz between 1985-1994 were described. Moreover, 38 single cases of bacteremia due to A. xylosoxidans and 21 episodes associated with outbreak were reviewed by using computerized bibliography data base MEDLINE (1970-december 1994). RESULTS: From 41 patients with bacteremia (including our 3 cases) reviewed, 27 were immunosuppressed hosts (twenty had neoplasia disease). The most common clinical presentation was primary bacteremia (11 cases, 27%) and pneumonia (10, 24%), followed by catheter-associated bacteremia (8, 20%), meningitis (4), bacteremia from abdominal cavity (4), endocarditis (3) and pyelonephritis (1). The mortality rate was higher (39%), specially in patients whom were a intensive care unit acquisition (87%), and illness with endocarditis (100%). No patient with catheter-related bacteremia died. All of 21 outbreak episodes of bacteremia had a autolimited form and low mortality (4.8%). CONCLUSION: A. xylosoxidans is a microorganism with demonstrated capacity of cause bacteremia, mainly in immunocompromised hosts, with high mortality rates. Sometimes, it causes outbreaks of bacteremia with low mortality.

Adolescent↗