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PubMed1991

The Charles Bonnet syndrome: 'phantom visual images'.

The Charles Bonnet syndrome is a condition in which individuals experience complex visual hallucinations without demonstrable psychopathology or disturbance of normal consciousness. An analysis of the sixty-four cases described in the literature reveals that the syndrome can occur at any age though it is more common in elderly people. Reduction in vision, due to peripheral eye pathology as well as pathology within the brain, is associated with the syndrome. Individual hallucinatory episodes can last from a few seconds to most of the day. Episodes can occur for periods of time ranging from days to years, with the hallucinations changing both in frequency and in complexity during this time. The hallucinations may be triggered or stopped by a number of factors which may exert their effect through a general arousal mechanism. People, animals, buildings, and scenery are reported most often. These images may appear static, moving in the visual field, or animated. Emotional reaction to the hallucinations may be positive or negative. Several theories have been proposed to account for the hallucinations. This paper highlights the sensory deprivation framework, with particular emphasis on the activity in the visual system after sensory loss that produces patterns of nerve impulses that, in turn, give rise to visual experience.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗

PubMed1999

Richard Charles Nairn, Foundation Professor of Pathology and Immunology at Monash University.

Richard Charles Nairn was the Founding Professor of Pathology and Immunology at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, from 1963 to 1984. He built an outstanding teaching and research department and inaugurated the first Australian diagnostic laboratory in clinical immunology based at the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne. As the first Chief Examiner in Immunology for the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA) and first Chair of the Joint Specialist Advisory Committee in Immunology for the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) and the RCPA, he initiated and guided the early years of laboratory and clinical immunology in Australasia. His contributions to immunopathology, particularly in cancer immunology and the technology of immunofluorescence were significant, and he was an excellent Editor and the Associate Editor of Pathology for 17 years. Richard Nairn's legacy to Australian pathology and the RCPA is the vibrant specialty of clinical immunology.

Allergy and Immunology↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Charles R. Drew: surgeon, scientist, and educator.

The first African-American Surgeon to achieve extensive training in medical research in the modern era was Dr. Charles Drew (1904-1950) who completed a doctoral degree in medical sciences at Columbia University in 1940. He became the director of the American Red Cross Blood Bank program during World War II and received many accolades for his work with plasma. This historical vignette reviews the details of his life as a scientist and surgical educator while fighting the overpowering racism which black professionals were subjected to during that time. The controversial aspects and facts of his premature death in an automobile accident in the South are explored as well.

District of Columbia↗

PubMed1999

Charles Darwin's views of classification in theory and practice.

It has long been argued that Charles Darwin was the founder of the school of "evolutionary taxonomy" of the Modern Synthesis and, accordingly, that he recognized genealogy and similarity as dual, synergistic criteria for classification. This view is based on three questionable interpretations: first, of isolated passages in the 13th chapter of the Origin of Species; second, of one phrase in a letter that Darwin wrote about the work of an author he had partly misunderstood; and third, of his taxonomic practice in the barnacle monographs, which only implicitly embody his philosophy of classification, if at all. These works, seen in fuller context and with the perspective of extensive correspondence, are consistent with the view that Darwin advocated only genealogy as the basis of classification, and that similarity was merely a tool for discovering evolutionary relationships. Darwin was neither a Mayrian taxonomist nor a cladist, and he did not approach systematic issues in the same terms that we do in the late 20th century.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Charles Richet: medical scientist, innovator, peace thinker and savant.

This article looks at the life of Professor Charles Richet (1850-1935), a distinguished medical scientist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1913 for his work on anaphylaxis. He was also an aeroplane engineer, an investigator of psychic phenomena, active in the medical and international peace movement as a member of the leading peace organisations of the time including the International Medical Association for the Suppression of War, and the French Peace League. He also promoted controversial views about eugenics and the means of constructing what he considered to be a strong and healthy society.

Anaphylaxis↗

PubMed1982

The Charles Bonnet syndrome and the problem of visual perceptual disorders in the elderly.

The literature, classical and modern, on visual perceptual disturbances in the elderly is reviewed. The utility of the concept of the Charles Bonnet Syndrome, an eponym originally coined to describe visual hallucinations in the elderly in the absence of cognitive impairment and peripheral ophthalmopathy, is challenged, particularly as the syndrome has become progressively enlarged. Three representative cases of elderly patients who have developed different types of visual perceptual disturbances are described. It is proposed to undertake a systematic study of the frequency of such disturbances in the elderly and of what other pathologies, particularly cognitive and visual, may be associated with them.

Aged↗

PubMed1983

Reanalysis and clarification of the structures of alpha-naphthoflavone dihydrodiols formed by uninduced and induced rat liver microsomes from Charles River CD and Sprague-Dawley rats.

The structures of alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF) dihydrodiols formed by uninduced and induced rat liver microsomes are identified by conversion of the metabolically formed ANF-dihydrodiols to the corresponding phenols. Comparison of these phenols with synthetic standards provides an unambiguous method for structural identification. The results of these studies are that hepatic microsomes from uninduced or phenobarbital, Aroclor-1254, 3-methylcholanthrene, or 5,6-benzoflavone induced Sprague-Dawley or Charles River CD rats each produce a major and a minor ANF-dihydrodiol identified as ANF-7,8-dihydrodiol and ANF-5,6-dihydrodiol, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Visual perceptual disorders resembling the Charles Bonnet syndrome. A study of 434 consecutive patients referred to a psychogeriatric unit.

In a retrospective study of 434 consecutive patients referred for consultation to a psychogeriatric unit over a period of 3.5 years, the diagnostic categories of the group were recorded, and in this paper their management is briefly discussed. Eight cases of visual perceptual disorders resembling the Charles Bonnet syndrome in elderly patients are described. Three significant findings emerged for these eight patients; the preponderance of female to male patients, the presence of eye pathology with poor vision, and the high mean age of 83.8 years.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Inherited occipital hypoplasia/syringomyelia in the cavalier King Charles spaniel: experiences in setting up a worldwide DNA collection.

Inherited diseases commonly emerge within pedigree dog populations, often due to use of repeatedly bred carrier sire(s) within a small gene pool. Accurate family records are usually available making linkage analysis possible. However, there are many factors that are intrinsically difficult about collecting DNA and collating pedigree information from a large canine population. The keys to a successful DNA collection program include (1) the need to establish and maintain support from the pedigree breed clubs and pet owners; (2) committed individual(s) who can devote the considerable amount of time and energy to coordinating sample collection and communicating with breeders and clubs; and (3) providing means by which genotypic and phenotypic information can be easily collected and stored. In this article we described the clinical characteristics of inherited occipital hypoplasia/syringomyelia (Chiari type I malformation) in the cavalier King Charles spaniel and our experiences in establishing a pedigree and DNA database to study the disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Charles E. Braswell: a man with vision.

The purpose of this paper was to sketch a biography of Charles Edward Braswell, and to examine the contributions he made to the field of music therapy, including his work at Loyola University, his influence on the growth of music therapy in Louisiana. The paper also examined Braswell's involvement in the National Association for Music Therapy (NAMT), and his myriad contributions that influenced the growth and development of NAMT.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed1977

A carcinogenicity assay of Mirex in Charles River CD rats.

The long-term administration of 50 and 100 ppm of Mirex in the diets of male and female Charles River CD rats was associated with a spectrum of liver lesions, from foci or areas of cellular alteration and neoplastic nodules to hepatocellular carcinoma. Statistically significant numbers of neoplastic nodules were observed in the livers of male rats receiving the high dose. Neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas were not observed in control rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

A SINE-like insertion in intron 13 of the ATP7A gene is associated with a mild form of Menkes-like disease in a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.

A 7-month-old intact male Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was presented for persistent glucosuria despite normoglycemia, failure to thrive, chronic diarrhea, and cerebellar ataxia. Fanconi syndrome was diagnosed, but the neurologic abnormalities were not fully explained. As a consequence of the early onset Fanconi syndrome, a hereditary process was suspected. Whole genome sequencing identified a private hemizygous SINE-like insertion into the ATP7A gene, at the end of intron 13, near the start of exon 14. In humans, variants in ATP7A are associated with Menkes disease, a disorder of copper metabolism associated with a spectrum of clinical signs including progressive neurodegeneration and connective tissue abnormalities. Clinically affected dogs with variants in ATP7A have not been reported previously. Although this case appears to represent a mild phenotypic presentation of Menkes-like disease, it raises the possibility that copper disorders aside from copper-associated hepatitis might exist in dogs. Further genetic screening and phenotypic characterization of rare genetic variants associated with copper metabolism would be beneficial to expand our knowledge of copper disorders in dogs and allow potential early intervention and modeling for metabolic diseases in humans.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Charles Dickens: observer of sleep and its disorders.

Using the characters of his novels as the canvas, Charles Dickens painted vivid word pictures of a variety of manifestations of sleep and its disorders. These were presumably based on the author's own experiences and those of family and friends. Dickens was, himself, a self-confessed episodic insomniac. For this he devised the unique therapy of long night walks. This article illustrates, by a few selected quotations, this hitherto unpublicized aspect of the author's life and works.

England↗

PubMed1987

Charles Norris (1868-1935) and Thomas A. Gonzales (1878-1956), New York's forensic pioneers.

American forensic medicine is forever indebted to pioneers like George Magrath of Boston, Milton Helpern of New York, LeMoyne Snyder of Michigan, and others, but the organizing of forensic medicine in the formal sense is due to the efforts of Charles Norris (Figure 1) and his successor Thomas A. Gonzales (Figure 2). These men were instrumental in developing the subspecialty as an extension of clinical medicine in which information derived from study of the dead was applied to benefit the living. Their combined efforts between 1918 and 1954 represent the epitome of the application of scientific expertise to medicolegal investigation of deaths in America. Their collaboration from 1918 to 1935 was particularly fruitful. The support of Dr. Alexander Gettler and, in 1938, the addition of Dr. Wiener to the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner made this period a golden era for forensic medicine.

Forensic Medicine↗

PubMed2000

Treatment of Charles Bonnet syndrome with valproate.

Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS), as described in the psychiatric literature, refers to pseudohallucinations in elderly people who frequently suffer from reduced visual acuity. There is no established treatment for CBS. We report two cases involving elderly women with CBS who were successfully treated with valproate. The present results suggest that valproate can be useful for CBS in some patients.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2004

Treatment of typical Charles Bonnet syndrome with donepezil.

Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is characterized by the presence of complex visual hallucinations in psychologically normal people. Although visual hallucinations in the elderly are often associated with dementia with Lewy body (DLB), Alzheimer's disease and delirium, they are excluded from the diagnosis of typical CBS, as are cognitive or psychiatric disturbances, sleep disorders and focal neurological lesions. Here, we describe a patient with typical CBS, who responded to donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor, and has not shown any symptoms suggestive of Alzheimer's disease or DLB for approximately the past 40 months. However, follow-up examination of her clinical symptoms is necessary for a definite exclusion of Alzheimer's disease and DLB. The effectiveness of donepezil indicates that the patient's visual hallucinations might be related to dysfunction of cholinergic neurones, although she did not exhibit any cognitive decline, or morphological and physiological brain pathology. Because donepezil has fewer adverse effects than anticonvulsants and neuroleptic drugs, it may be a safer option for the treatment of CBS in the elderly.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

The Charles Bonnet syndrome: a review.

The Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) derives from complex visual hallucinations. Neurologists, ophthalmologists, and psychiatrists have studied this entity for many years. Despite interest in CBS recently in contemporary American medical literature, investigators have not agreed upon a universal definition of this entity. This article reviews the current literature on CBS and related phenomena, offers specific criteria to define this syndrome, and suggests future work in this area.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Charles Drew: dispelling the myth.

The name Charles Drew is synonymous with blood transfusions, but his life encompassed many other areas of work. A native of Washington, DC, Drew attended Dunbar High School and Amherst College, and went to medical school at McGill University in Montreal. All during his schooling he was a highly regarded athlete (track and football). Drew spent 2 years in postdoctoral training in Montreal and 3 years in Washington, DC, followed by 2 years in New York City, working on a doctorate in medicine in blood banking. He was instrumental in the Blood for Britain program in 1940 and helped establish the future Red Cross blood bank in the United States. Finally, at Howard University, where he taught from 1941 to 1950, he trained a generation of black surgeons. He died, at age 45, of injuries received in a car accident in 1950 in North Carolina. Controversy surrounding his death, involving numerous erroneous claims, has served unfortunately to detract from the significance of his achievements.

Black or African American↗