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PubMed1992

The True Daylight Illuminator (TDI): a less expensive source of illumination for color vision screening.

This experiment was designed to examine the feasibility of using the True Daylight Illuminator (TDI) as an illumination option for conducting color vision screening with the Ishihara Test(s). The MacBeth Easel Lamp was designed to provide proper illumination for performing color vision screening with a variety of pseudoisochromatic (PIC) plate tests including the Ishihara. However, over the years, the MacBeth Lamp has become so expensive that many smaller programs cannot afford to purchase one. This problem has promoted the use of alternate light sources that have had a deleterious effect on test results and in some instances contributed to job discrimination. Recently the MacBeth Division of the Kollmorgan Corporation discontinued the manufacture of the MacBeth Lamp due to lack of demand. Thus, it is important to find an inexpensive illumination option for conducting color vision screening. Two groups of subjects were used to compare test results for the 24-plate edition of the Ishihara Test using both the MacBeth Lamp and the True Daylight Illuminator. The first group contained 45 subjects with inherited color defective vision. The second group was made up of 30 color normals. The Nagel anomaloscope was used to confirm the color vision status of the subjects in both groups. Statistics to test the significance of differences between group means clearly demonstrated that there were no significant differences between the mean error scores of the two groups for these two pieces of equipment. Thus, it was concluded that the TDI can be used in lieu of the MacBeth Easel Lamp for screening color vision with the Ishihara test.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Clinical use of the City University Test (2nd Edition).

The City University test (TCU test) aims to identify people with significant colour deficiency and to classify the type of defect. 222 people with congenital red-green colour deficiency, diagnosed with the Nagel anomaloscope, were examined with the TCU test (2nd Edition). All deuteranopes and 44% of deuteranomalous trichromats failed the TCU test. Deutans who failed could be subdivided into two categories of severity depending on whether errors were made on five or more plates. 96% of protanopes and 26% of protanomalous trichromats failed. Protans made fewer errors than deutans and subcategories of severity could not be distinguished according to the number of errors made. The Farnsworth D15 test was found to be more effective than the TCU test in identifying significant protan colour deficiency. Detection and classification rates varied on all the plates of the TCU test. Mixed protan and deutan classification errors were made by 61% of subjects with the majority result correct in 80%. The most efficient plates are identified and recommendations are made for the optimum use of the TCU test in clinical practice.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1983

Effect of X-Chrom lens wear on chromatic discrimination and stereopsis in color-deficient observers.

Four color-deficient observers and one normal trichromatic subject were evaluated with color vision and stereoacuity tests during 1 month of X-Chrom lens wear. For all color tests, performance of the normal subject was unaltered by X-Chrom lens wear. Color-deficient subjects demonstrated improved performance on the Ishihara pseudoisochromatic color plates, but either degraded performance or no change on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue or Pickford-Nicolson red-green anomaloscope test. Three of the five subjects exhibited degraded stereoacuity in conjunction with X-Chrom lens wear. We conclude that the X-Chrom lens does not improve discrimination in color-deficient subjects and may alter stereopsis.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of test distance on the CN lantern results.

The purpose of this study is to determine how the viewing distance affects the pass/fail results of the CN Lantern (CNLan). The CNLan is a color vision test designed for the railway industry. It presents 15 triplets of colored lights that could be any combination of red, green and yellow. The test was viewed from 4.6 m and 2.3 m. Sixty-seven color-defectives participated in the first part of the study. Sixty-six percent of the subjects repeated the experiment 10 days later. There was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the mean number of errors from 7.6 to 4.3 as the distance decreased. There was also a corresponding increase in the percentage of subjects who passed from 9.0% at 4.6 m to 20.9% at the 2.3 m viewing distance. None of the subjects who passed at the longer distance failed at the shorter distance. The replication results were statistically identical to the first session (P > 0.05). Decreasing the CNLan viewing distance by 50% does decrease the number of errors and increase the pass rate. This indicates that some color-defectives could work in the railway yards where the sighting distances for the signal lights are shorter than on the main track.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1992

Color vision in Stargardt's disease.

The color vision of nine patients aged from 13 to 52 years with Stargardt's disease was studied with the following tests: Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates part 2 (SSP2), Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test (FM100), Nagel (red-green) anomaloscope and Besançon (blue) anomalometer. At the beginning of the disease, a very slight defect in red-green color vision could be demonstrated. Later, a distinct acquired red (pseudo-protanomalous) defect in the Nagel anomaloscope and an abnormal error score in the FM100 test were observed. In advanced stages, the red defect became stronger (scotopization) and the FM100 test showed a red-green axis. In the course of the disease, a blue defect with the SPP2 plates and with the Besançon anomalometer could also be found. The visual acuities of the patients had a significant correlation with the matching ranges of the Rayleigh equation and the Moreland equation. The duration of the disease did not show any correlation with the color vision tests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Color vision testing.

The science of color vision testing has evolved since its inception in the late 1700s. Since then, the rudimentary technique of comparing color names has been replaced by more sophisticated methods. Commonly used tests in clinical practice today include isochromatic plates, arrangement tests, anomaloscopes, and lantern tests. Each category has unique attributes that make it suitable for a particular clinical situation. The clinician should be aware of the requirements for administering and grading each test type. Factors such as the quality of the illuminant and the size of the field of view are important elements in setting up a proper color vision laboratory. Currently, no treatment exists for congenital color vision defects. However, studies show that diagnosis of these defects early in life may help children adjust better to tasks at school and may help adults understand their limitations at work. Acquired color vision defects are often used as markers of ocular pathology in the clinical setting. Different color vision tests are appropriate for diagnosing the different categories of defects. Sometimes, a battery of tests may be appropriate. This paper is a review of the current knowledge in the field of color vision testing.

Color Perception↗