PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Condom Failure”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Contraceptive failure in China.

This study examines patterns and differentials of contraceptive failure rates by method and characteristics of users, using the Chinese Two-per-Thousand Fertility Survey data. The results show that contraceptive failure rates for modern methods including sterilization are some of the highest in the world. The first year failure rates are 4.2% for male sterilization, 0.7% for female sterilization, 10.3% for IUD, 14.5% for pill, and 19.0% for condom. There are also some differentials in contraceptive failure rates by users' sociodemographic and fertility characteristics. Contraceptive failure rate declines with women's age for all reversible methods. Rural women have higher sterilization, IUD, and condom contraceptive failure rates than urban women. Women with two or more children have a higher failure rate for sterilization methods but have lower failure rates for other methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Timing of alcohol and other drug use and sexual risk behaviors among unmarried adolescents and young adults.

CONTEXT: Although alcohol and drug use by young people has been associated with sexual risk behavior in some research, detailed data are lacking on the timing of substance use in relationship to sexual risk-taking. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional data on 7,441 unmarried young people aged 14-22 from the 1992 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (household supplement) were used in the analysis. Alcohol and other drug use at last sexual intercourse, substance use in the past 30 days (recent use), the number of different substances ever used (lifetime use) and age at initiation of alcohol use are examined here. The outcome variables assessed through multivariate regression analyses were condom use at last intercourse and more than one sexual partner in the past three months. RESULTS: Failure to use a condom was strongly associated with the lifetime substance-use scale or, alternatively, with age at initiation of alcohol. Once the number of substances ever used was controlled for, neither substance use at last sexual intercourse nor recent use was associated with the likelihood of using a condom at last coitus. Among young men and women, recent substance use and use of either alcohol or drugs at last intercourse were both strongly associated with having had more than one sexual partner in the past three months. For females only, lifetime use also increased the probability of recent multiple partners. CONCLUSIONS: The relationships between alcohol and other drug use and two sexual behaviors--condom use and multiple partners-suggest distinct mechanisms of influence and the need for different prevention strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Ethnic differences in the association between behavior with a new partner: an event-based analysis.

The relationship of alcohol consumption to risky sexual behavior at the most recent encounter with a new sexual partner in representative samples of white, Hispanic, and black adults was examined. Drinking at the new partner event was more prevalent among whites than either blacks or Hispanics. Multivariate analyses indicated that drinking in the event was an important predictor on having a casual partner and using condoms with a casual partner for men but not for women. For women, drinking during the event predicted failure to use a condom. Some of these associations were dependent on ethnicity. Hispanics who consumed alcohol at the encounter were more likely to engage in protected sex than whites or blacks. These findings suggest that alcohol is but one of many influences regulating the riskiness of a particular encounter with a new partner and that the interplay of personal, situational, and behavioral factors with risky sex are culturally dependent.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inappropriate lubricant use with condoms by homosexual men.

Use of condoms has been advocated as an important method of reducing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission among high-risk groups such as homosexual and bisexual men, prostitutes, intravenous drug users, adolescents, and hemophiliacs. Despite risk-reduction education campaigns directed to gay men since the early 1980s, evidence shows continued deficits in condom-use skills and knowledge among gay men. Because most failures in the use of condoms are attributed to errors in use, increasing knowledge and skills in condom use is important in preventing HIV infection. Two groups of homosexual and bisexual men were sampled, those entering a risk-reduction education program and participants in a Gay Pride event. They were surveyed on their current sex practices and their efforts to reduce their risk of HIV infection. They were asked about their numbers of sex partners, specific sexual behaviors, use of condoms, types of condoms used, and lubricants used for genital-anal sex. The characteristics of those surveyed were similar to those of respondents in other studies of risk reduction among gay men. The use of an oil-based lubricant with condoms has been shown to weaken latex and to increase the likelihood of condom breakage, which use of water-based lubricants does not. Among respondents who reported having genital-anal sex, 60 percent reported use of an oil-based lubricant with a condom at least once during the year before the survey. Gay men in sexually exclusive relationships engaged in less consistent use of condoms for receptive genital-anal sex than did single gay men. The duration of their relationship with a partner was unrelated to the consistency of risk reducing behaviors practiced by men in sexually exclusive relationships. Gay Pride participants engaged in sexual behavior that was relatively more risky for HIV transmission than did the other group. Gay Pride participants used condoms less consistently for genital-anal sex than did the risk-reduction program entrants.The findings indicate the need for better risk reduction education efforts directed to gay men. Continued improvement in these efforts will require assessing the effectiveness and consistency of risk reduction efforts, determining the potential for gay men to relapse into more risky behavior, and identifying gaps in the knowledge of risk-reduction efforts among gay and bisexual men. Risk reduction programs need to emphasize motivational factors, provide basic information on how one determines the content of lubricants, explain why water-based lubricants only should be used, and teach how to use condoms properly. Active outreach is needed to gay and bisexual men who are unlikely to voluntarily enroll in risk-reduction programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Used condoms in 30 female brothels in Chiang Mai, Thailand, during the period from August 1992 to October 1992 were examined for breakage. Data were also collected by interviewing 326 prostitutes who accounted for 65 percent of the total prostitutes providing condoms. The prostitutes had a mean age of 20.6 +/- 3.2 years. Sixty-one percent had no formal education. The median duration of prostitution was 13 months. The average number of clients per day in the past 24 hours and in the past 3 months was 4.4 +/- 2.5 and 5.5 +/- 2.2, respectively. Eighty-eight percent charged between $2 and less than $8 for their sexual service. All refused to practice oral or anal sex during the past 24 hours. Of 5,559 condoms, 298 were used two at a time and 15 were used three at a time. The breakage rate per act of intercourse was 5.9 percent (95% CI = 5.3, 6.5). The breakage per total condoms examined was 5.7 percent (95% CI = 5.1, 6.3). Breakage relating to manufacturing defect, i.e., pinholes, and that relating to use was 0.8 percent (95% CI = 0.6, 1.0) and 5.0 percent (95% CI = 4.4, 5.6), respectively. The probability of breakage when using two condoms at the same time was 3.4 percent (95% CI = 0.5, 6.3). Most of the breakage occurred at the distal part of the condom. There was no difference between the breakage rates of condoms provided by the brothels and those brought by the client; nor was there any difference between manufacturing defect or use. The breakage rate per client as estimated by prostitutes in the past 24 hours corroborated with that assessed by examination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

New acceptors reach 72% of target according to IMCH mid-year report.

Cumulative number of new acceptors since January-June was 49,958, 72% of the target of average number of 331 reporting clinics. Average number of new acceptors recruited per clinic per month was 24. Method profile showed the same trend as previous year but with increasing number of acceptors for fertility termination and IUD. Total caseload was 467,112 with an average caseload of 235/clinic/month. Total number of old acceptors serviced was 382,036 with an average of 211/clinic/month. On the trend and level of return visits, there were 434,477 return visits of which 58.9% was for the purpose of getting supplies, 32.0% for routine checkup, and 8.9% for medical consultation or checkup. Total number of shifters was 12,609 of which 33% shifted to condom, 28% to pills, 13.9% to sterilization, 10.9% to IUD, and 10% to rhythm. It is interesting to note that 909 pill users shifted to IUD and 371 condom users to IUD. Continuing users reported was 94,987, about 25% of total number of old acceptors serviced during the 6 months. Dropouts - 2438 of which about 48% were pill dropouts, 27% condom, 12% rhythm, and 9.2% IUD. Failures - 4696, 45% of which were pills, 37% condom, 12.5% rhythm, and 2.7 IUD. Sterilization services - a total of 3486 sterilizations of which 569 were vasectomies and 2947 were tubal occlusions. 7% of total new acceptors registered during the 6-month period were for sterilization and about 14% of shifters shifted to sterilization. Expansion of family planning services through utilization of nurses and midwives in IUD insertion and pill dispensing: Average number of nurses and midwives reporting performance was 266/month. The total number of pill acceptors serviced was 10,767 about 41% of the 26,431 number of pill acceptors recruited. There were 739 who complained of side effects and were managed by the midwives. For comprehensive service - out of the 694 nurses and midwives, only 22 were trained in comprehensive service. Average number of midwives reporting performance was 15 and had serviced 652 IUD acceptors (18%) and 618 pill acceptors (12%). The impact of the service could hardly be felt because of the limited number of staff trained in comprehensive service. However, there is an increasing trend for IUD method.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed2002

Contraceptive failure--results from a study conducted among women with accepted and unaccepted pregnancies in Denmark.

Most studies focusing on contraceptive failure in relation to pregnancy have focused on contraceptive failure among women having induced abortions, thereby neglecting those women who, despite contraceptive failure, accept the pregnancy and intend to carry the fetus to term. To get a more complete picture of the problem of contraceptive failure, this study focuses on contraceptive failure among women with diverse pregnancy outcomes. In all, 3520 pregnant women attending Odense University Hospital were included: 373 had induced abortions, 435 had spontaneous abortions, 97 had ectopic pregnancies, and 2614 received antenatal care. The variables studied comprise age, partner relationship, number of births, occupational and economical situation, and contraceptive use.Contraceptive failure, defined as contraceptive use (condom, diaphragm, IUD, oral contraception, or another modern method) at the intercourse where conception most likely occurred, were reported by 315 women, 52% of these women had induced abortions, 10% had spontaneous abortions, 3% had ectopic pregnancies, and 36% received antenatal care. Women aged 15-24 years were more likely to have experienced contraceptive failure in relation to use of condom and oral contraception than women aged 25-34 years. In addition, contraceptive failure was found to be associated with being single, a student, and having given birth twice or more previously. Regarding pregnancy acceptance, being 25-34 years of age was positively associated, whereas being single and a student was negatively associated with pregnancy acceptance.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1999

Drug and alcohol consumption and sexual risk behaviour among young adults: results from a national survey.

To study the association of the consumption of alcohol and other psychoactive drugs with sexual risk behaviour for HIV infection, data from a representative sample of the Spanish population aged 18-39 years were analysed. A national household survey was carried out in 1996 using a combination of face-to-face interviews and self-administered questionnaires. The survey included 5253 subjects aged 18-39 years who provided information on alcohol and drug consumption, number of sexual partners and condom use with the steady partner and with casual partners in the 12 months before the survey. Of those surveyed, 27.4% had been drunk at least once and 20.5% had consumed drugs. Both behaviours were associated with male sex, younger age, higher educational level, being single and having had more than one sexual partner. In the logistic regression analysis adjusting for the sociodemographic variables, the greater frequency of drunkenness and cannabis use were associated with having more than one sexual partner. Regular condom use was significantly less frequent among cocaine users and more frequent among opiate users, but was not associated with the use of other drugs. Sexual risk behaviour (i.e. more than one partner and failure to use a condom regularly) was more frequent among persons who had been drunk or used cannabis or cocaine. Excessive consumption of alcohol, and cannabis and cocaine use are independently associated with sexual behaviour involving greater risk of HIV infection or transmission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of a thicker condom for use as a prophylactic against HIV transmission.

In an evaluation of the breakage rate of a thicker condom when used for anal intercourse, one hundred and eight gay men volunteered to use condoms which were 30% thicker than standard condoms. Of the 772 condoms used, 14 broke during anal sex, representing a breakage rate of 1.8%. When one subject was removed from the sample because of inappropriate use of the condom, the overall breakage rate was 1.6%. This compares favorably with the breakage rates reported for condom use during anal sex in other investigations, and is similar to the breakage rate for condom use during vaginal intercourse.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Contraceptive failure: levels, trends and determinants in Matlab, Bangladesh.

This study investigated the levels, trends and determinants of contraceptive use-failure in Matlab, Bangladesh, using a set of prospective data on 25,960 women of reproductive age. The data were extracted from the Record Keeping System (RKS) of Matlab for the period 1978-94. If there was any live birth during the use or within 7 months after the discontinuation of use, it was considered as a failure. The life table technique and hazard model were used as analytical tools. The results suggest that use-failure for pills, IUDs (TCu 200) and injectables and other temporary methods increased from 1978 to 1988, but began to decline after 1988. The cumulative probability of first-method failure within 1 year of method acceptance of the cohort of 1990-94 acceptors was 12.9% for pills, 2.0% for IUDs, 0.5% for injectables, 22.0% for condoms and 13.4% for 'other' methods (sampoon, foam, jelly and traditional methods). For pills, condoms and 'other' methods, the likelihood of failure declined with the duration of use; by contrast, the probability of an IUD failure increased over time, peaking at 3 years of use. The injectables maintained a low likelihood of failure regardless of the duration of use. The quality of Community Health Workers' (CHWs) performance was associated with the risk of failure of all temporary methods except condoms; women's background characteristics associated with failure varied by method. The effect of the quality of the CHWs' performance and the background variables on failure did not change much over time. It is felt that contraceptive failure deserves the serious attention of programme managers and policy makers to make the Bangladesh national family planning programme more successful.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the efficacy of a polyurethane condom: results from a randomized, controlled clinical trial.

CONTEXT: Condoms made of latex are not comfortable or appropriate for all consumers. Polyurethane condoms may provide a needed alternative. METHODS: In a double-masked study, 805 monogamous couples were randomized to use either the polyurethane condom or the latex condom for six months. Couples recorded the frequency of intercourse, of condom use and of breakage and slippage throughout the trial in coital diaries and in detailed reports on the first five uses. Breakage and slippage rates were determined, and typical-use and consistent-use pregnancy rates were calculated using life-table analysis, adjusted for use of emergency contraception. RESULTS: The six-month pregnancy rate during typical use (adjusted for use of emergency contraception) was 4.8% for the polyurethane condom and 6.3% for the latex condom. Similarly adjusted pregnancy rates during consistent use over six completed menstrual cycles--2.4% for the polyurethane condom and 1.1% for the latex condom--did not differ significantly. Clinical failure rates (including breakage and slippage occurring during either intercourse or withdrawal) were 8.5% for the polyurethane condom and 1.6% for the latex condom. In general, male participants were more satisfied with the latex condom, and users of latex were significantly less likely to drop out of the study for condom-related reasons than were users of polyurethane. CONCLUSIONS: Although polyurethane and latex condoms provide equivalent levels of contraceptive protection, the polyurethane condom's higher frequency of breakage and slippage suggests that this condom may confer less protection from sexually transmitted infections than does the latex condom.

Condoms↗
PubMed1980

Spontaneous foetal losses in women using different contraceptives around the time of conception.

Spontaneous losses between the 5th and 27th weeks of pregnancy were measured in a prospective study of 32 123 women whose contraceptive history around the time of conception was known. Diaphragm use prior to conception was associated with a significant reduction in second-trimester losses, after taking into account the effects of age, parity, race, marital status, alcohol use, and previous spontaneous or induced abortions. Women who used oral contraceptives and stopped them more than one month prior to their LMP experienced a deficit of first-trimester losses but conceptions occurring immediately after stopping the pill were followed by a small but nonsignificant increase in spontaneous abortions. After oral contraceptive failures there was an increase in first-trimester losses, but no change in the incidence of second-trimester ones. IUD failures were followed by a significant two-fold increase in the risk of both first and second-trimester losses: no differences were detected between the different brands.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1995

Reasons for pregnancy termination: negligence or failure of contraception?

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to analyze the reasons for the failure of contraception and the reasons for not using any contraception among women seeking a legal abortion on social grounds. The women were also asked about their knowledge of contraception methods, including postcoital contraception. METHODS: We interviewed 200 women applying for a legal abortion within the first trimester of pregnancy about contraception, the contraceptive methods used, and the possible reasons for failure of contraception. RESULTS: Of all the women interviewed, 93% claimed to have adequate knowledge of contraception. At the time of conception 11.5% used safe methods (OCs 8%, IUDs 3.5%), 63% used less safe methods, and 26% were without contraception. Only 25% of the pill users had no explanation for the failure. 76.7% of the condom users reported that the condom was broken, had slipped off or its use had been irregular. The concern about side effects was the most common reason for not using safe contraceptives (25%). CONCLUSIONS: The women claimed to have enough information about contraceptives, and postcoital contraception was also familiar, but the knowledge on how to use them in practice was inadequate. Irregular use and breaks in contraception were common. Despite the data based on Pearl indices, pills failed twice as often as IUDs. Counseling about the proper use of contraceptives is important, although the concern about the side effects appeared to be a big, unsolved problem.

Abortion Applicants↗
PubMed1981

The first abortion - and the last? A study of the personality factors underlying repeated failure of contraception.

The causes leading to a second abortion were outlined in a psychological study comparing 30 women expecting a second abortion with 29 women who had successfully prevented conception after a first abortion. It was found that both groups improved their contraceptive practices after the first abortion. However, while the latter group continued with their improved practices, the former group went back to the earlier inefficient or non-existent contraceptive behavior. The inability to improve contraception in the long run was not related to differences in educational level or knowledge about contraceptive techniques but to the developmental level of personality structures. The women expecting their second abortion rated lower in control of impulsivity, emotional balance, realism, self-esteem and stability of life as well as capacity for more integrated personal relationships. The differences in personality development and consequently in the capacity for long-term contraception were found to be due to growth conditions in childhood.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1993

Adolescents and condom use.

Increasing condom use among adolescents is an essential component of a public health strategy aimed at decreasing rates of sexually transmitted infections and the spread of human immunodeficiency virus infection. This article reviews current data about the contraceptive and prophylactic characteristics of condoms. Data about current levels of use among adolescents and factors demonstrated to affect such use are also summarized. Except where data are scanty or nonexistent, the research studies are limited to those focusing primarily on adolescents and, occasionally, college students. Based on these data, suggestions for increasing condom use among adolescents are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A mathematical model for simulating virus transport through synthetic barriers.

Synthetic barriers such as gloves, condoms and masks are widely used in efforts to prevent disease transmission. Due to manufacturing defects, tears arising during use, or material porosity, there is inevitably a risk associated with use of these barriers. An understanding of virus transport through the relevant passageways would be valuable in quantifying the risk. However, experimental investigations involving such passageways are difficult to perform, owing to the small dimensions involved. This paper presents a mathematical model for analyzing and predicting virus transport through barriers. The model incorporates a mathematical description of the mechanisms of virus transport, which include carrier-fluid flow, Brownian motion, and attraction or repulsion via virus-barrier interaction forces. The critical element of the model is the empirically determined rate constant characterizing the interaction force between the virus and the barrier. Once the model has been calibrated through specification of the rate constant, it can predict virus concentration under a wide variety of conditions. The experiments used to calibrate the model are described, and the rate constants are given for four bacterial viruses interacting with a latex membrane in saline. Rate constants were also determined for different carrier-fluid salinities, and the salt concentration was found to have a pronounced effect. Validation experiments employing laser-drilled pores in condoms were also performed to test the calibrated model. Model predictions of amount of transmitted virus through the drilled holes agreed well with measured values. Calculations using determined rate constants show that the model can help identify situations where barrier-integrity tests could significantly underestimate the risk associated with barrier use.

Condoms↗
PubMed1993

A meta-analysis of condom effectiveness in reducing sexually transmitted HIV.

Before condoms can be considered as a prophylaxis for sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), their efficacy must be considered. This paper reviews evidence on condom effectiveness in reducing the risk of heterosexually transmitted human HIV. A meta-analysis conducted on data from in vivo studies of HIV discordant sexual partners is used to estimate the protective effect of condoms. Although contraceptive research indicates that condoms are 87% effective in preventing pregnancy, results of HIV transmission studies indicate that condoms may reduce risk of HIV infection by approximately 69%. Thus, efficacy may be much lower than commonly assumed, although results should be viewed tentatively due to design limitations in the original studies.

Adult↗