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PubMed2002

Culture, identity consistency, and subjective well-being.

All individuals have multiple views of themselves. Whereas the consistency among the different aspects of identity is emphasized in Western cultures, the "multiple selves" are often viewed as coexisting realities in East Asian cultures. This research revisits the classic thesis in psychology that identity consistency is a prerequisite condition of psychological well-being. Between individuals (Study 1), people with a more consistent self-view had a more clear self-knowledge, were more assertive, and, most notably, had self-experiences that were less affected by the perspectives of others. Compared with North American participants (Study 2), Koreans viewed themselves more flexibly across situations, and their subjective well-being was less predictable from levels of identity consistency. Also, consistent individuals received positive social evaluations from others in the United States but not in Korea.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Do not prime hawks with doves: the interplay of construct activation and consistency of social value orientation on cooperative behavior.

Low and high consistent pro-socials and pro-selfs were primed with neutral, morality, or might concepts in mixed-motive situations. The authors expected participants' social value orientation to influence cooperative behavior among (a) high consistent individuals in all prime conditions and (b) low consistent individuals in the neutral prime condition only. The authors also expected the primes to influence cooperative behavior more among low than high consistent individuals. Four experiments using supra-liminal (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) or subliminal (Experiment 3) priming and 2-person (Experiments 1-3) or N-person (Experiment 4) social dilemmas partially supported these initial predictions. One intriguing exception was that morality primes reduced cooperation among high consistent pro-selfs. Experiments 2-4 allowed testing for the potential role of expectations in shaping participants' cooperative behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Cross-situational consistency of affective experiences across cultures.

This study examined cross-situational consistency of affective experiences using an experience-sampling method in Japan, India, and the United States. Participants recorded their moods and situations when signaled at random moments for 7 days. The authors examined relative (interindividual) consistency and absolute (within-person) consistency. They found stable interindividual differences of affective experiences across various situations (mean r =.52 for positive affect.51 for negative affect) and cultural invariance of the cross-situational consistency of affective experiences. Simultaneously, the authors found a considerable degree of within-person cross-situational variation in affective experiences, and cultural differences in within-person cross-situational consistency. Thus, global affective traits exist among non-Western samples, but the degree to which situations exert an influence on the absolute level of affective experience varies across cultures.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Individual differences and cross-situational consistency of dyadic social behavior.

A new theoretical analysis of individual differences and cross-situational consistency of behavior is proposed. The authors hypothesized that the social behavior of mice (Mus musculus) is determined by individual differences among animals in behavior emitted (i.e., actor effects), in behavior elicited from social partners (partner effects), and by unique responses of one animal to another (relationship effects). Each effect represents a distinct facet of individual differences with different psychological meaning; likewise, the cross-situational consistency of each effect has a distinct psychological meaning. Individual differences in behavior emitted were observed, and these actor effects were consistent longitudinally. Individual differences in behavior elicited from social partners were observed, and these partner effects were also consistent longitudinally. Unique responses to specific social partners also determined behavior but were inconsistent longitudinally. The theoretical importance of reconceptualizing the concepts of individual differences and cross-situational consistency in behavior is discussed. ((c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved).

Animals↗

PubMed2000

The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: a quantitative review of longitudinal studies.

The present study used meta-analytic techniques to test whether trait consistency maximizes and stabilizes at a specific period in the life course. From 152 longitudinal studies, 3,217 test-retest correlation coefficients were compiled. Meta-analytic estimates of mean population test-retest correlation coefficients showed that trait consistency increased from .31 in childhood to .54 during the college years, to .64 at age 30, and then reached a plateau around .74 between ages 50 and 70 when time interval was held constant at 6.7 years. Analysis of moderators of consistency showed that the longitudinal time interval had a negative relation to trait consistency and that temperament dimensions were less consistent than adult personality traits.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Promoting long-term weight control: does dieting consistency matter?

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined whether long-term weight loss maintenance is enhanced by maintaining the same diet regimen across the week and year or by dieting more strictly on weekdays and nonholiday periods than at other times. METHOD: National Weight Control Registry participants (N=1429) indicated on an eight-point scale whether they dieted more strictly on weekends than weekdays, adhered to the same diet regimen throughout the week, or dieted more strictly on weekdays. Participants responded to a similar question about holiday and vacation eating. Participants were then followed prospectively to determine whether scores on these questions were related to self-reported weight regain over the subsequent 12 months. RESULTS: There was a linear relationship between scores on the dieting consistency questions and weight change over the 1-y period (P's <0.01), with smaller weight gains in those who reported more consistency. Participants who reported a consistent diet across the week were 1.5 times more likely to maintain their weight within 5 pounds over the subsequent year (OR=1.58, 95% CI: 1.2-2.2) than participants who dieted more strictly on weekdays. A similar relationship emerged between dieting consistency across the year and subsequent weight regain. CONCLUSION: Dieting consistency appears to be a behavioral strategy that predicts subsequent long-term weight loss maintenance.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Dynamic influence of food consistency on the masticatory motion.

The masticatory cycle is a complex process and it depends on many factors. In our study we wanted to prove to what extent various types of food consistency influence the masticatory motions, especially the extent of forward, downward and lateral motions of the mandible. Nineteen study subjects aged from 20 to 37 years and with intact teeth rows were asked to chew three types of food of various consistency (banana, bread and carrot). The motions of the mandible were recorded by stereo-photo-grammetric system. Study results have shown that in all 19 study subjects the increase in food consistency increases the extent of masticatory motions. The average size of forward mandibular motion in all 19 study subjects when chewing banana amounts to 2.65 mm, when chewing bread it is 2.96 mm and 3.64 mm when chewing carrot. The average size of downward mandibular motion for all 19 study subjects amounts to 6.79 mm when chewing banana, 7.17 mm when chewing bread and 8.09 mm when chewing carrot. The average size of lateral mandibular motion in all 19 study subjects amounts to 2.46 mm when chewing banana, 2.80 mm when chewing bread and 3.40 mm when chewing carrot. Although varying from subject to subject, the masticatory cycle significantly depends on food consistency. By increasing the consistency of a mouthful, the extent of mandibular motion increases in every single study subject.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Integral equation theory of random copolymer melts: self-consistent treatment of intramolecular and intermolecular correlations.

A self-consistent integral equation theory is presented for the conformational properties and spinodal lines of random copolymer melts. The theory combines field-theoretic methods with the polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) theory. The many-chain problem is replaced by a single chain where the sites interact via a bare plus a self-consistently determined medium-induced potential, and the conformational properties are obtained using a variational method. The theoretical prediction for the spinodal line is qualitatively similar to that of non-self-consistent PRISM theory. The theory predicts macroscopic phase separation for all values of the monomer correlation strength, lambda. The inverse spinodal temperature is a nonmonotonic function of lambda with a maximum at lambda(max). For large values of lambda( approximately 1), the values of spinodal temperatures are almost identical to those of non-self-consistent PRISM theory. For low values of lambda, however, the theory predicts higher values for spinodal temperatures than non-self-consistent PRISM theory. The theory predicts significant changes in the mean-square end-to-end distance as the temperature is decreased.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Sexual identity development among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: consistency and change over time.

A longitudinal report of 156 gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths examined changes in sexual identity over time. Fifty-seven percent of the youths remained consistently self-identified as gay/lesbian, 18% transited from bisexual to gay/lesbian, and 15% consistently identified as bisexual over time. Although youths who consistently identified as gay/lesbian did not differ from other youths on time since experiencing sexual developmental milestones, they reported current sexual orientation and sexual behaviors that were more same-sex centered and they scored higher on aspects of the identity integration process (e.g., more certain, comfortable, and accepting of their same-sex sexuality, more involved in gay-related social activities, more possessing of positive attitudes toward homosexuality, and more comfortable with others knowing about their sexuality) than youths who transited to a gay/lesbian identity and youths who consistently identified as bisexual. Contrary to the hypothesis that females are more sexually fluid than males, female youths were less likely to change identities than male youths. The finding that youths who transited to a gay/lesbian identity differed from consistently gay/lesbian youths suggests that identity integration continues after the adoption of a gay/lesbian sexual identity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Pilot study: data-capturing consistency of two trans-tibial casting concepts, using a manikin stump model: a comparison between the hands-on PTB and hands-off ICECAST compact concepts.

The quality of fit of a trans-tibial patellar tendon bearing (PTB) socket may be influenced by consistency in casting, rectification or alignment. For this study two distinctive different data-capturing concepts were tested in relation to prosthetist performance. The hands-on PTB and hands-off ICECAST compact concept were studied and compared for inter- and intra-prosthetist consistency using a specially designed manikin stump model. A purpose designed digitiser was used to scan a selected surface area of the produced models, 5 for each concept, 10 in total. The extent of casting consistency at each of 936 locations per plaster model was calculated and the level of consistency was quantified. This study has shown that by using the manikin model there is a clear indication that the investigated hands-off concept produces more consistent results than the hands-on concept.

Amputation Stumps↗

PubMed2004

Surface dyslexia in semantic dementia: a comparison of the influence of consistency and regularity.

This study addressed the question of exactly which aspects of spelling-sound consistency influence accuracy of reading aloud in surface dyslexic patients with semantic dementia. Oral reading data were obtained from twelve patients on three sets of words that varied in regularity (defined according to grapheme-phoneme correspondences) and consistency (defined according to the pronunciation of word body neighbours). The patients were less accurate for irregular/inconsistent words, which they commonly pronounced in line with sound-spelling regularities, as expected in surface dyslexia. They produced plausible but incorrect responses for some regular as well as many irregular words, suggesting that their reading performance was influenced by sound-spelling relationships not captured by grapheme-phoneme correspondences. On a set of items that varied consistency and regularity independently, the patients showed a large effect of regularity and a smaller but significant effect of consistency in reading aloud. In addition, there was a correlation between degree of semantic impairment and level of reading accuracy for inconsistent items. These findings are discussed in terms of two influential models of reading: the dual-route-cascaded model (Coltheart et al., 2001) and the triangle model (Plaut et al., 1996). It is argued that the triangle model provides a more straightforward account of the relationship between word comprehension and consistency effects in reading.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Prediction of biologically significant components from microarray data: Independently Consistent Expression Discriminator (ICED).

MOTIVATION: Class distinction is a supervised learning approach that has been successfully employed in the analysis of high-throughput gene expression data. Identification of a set of genes that predicts differential biological states allows for the development of basic and clinical scientific approaches to the diagnosis of disease. The Independent Consistent Expression Discriminator (ICED) was designed to provide a more biologically relevant search criterion during predictor selection by embracing the inherent variability of gene expression in any biological state. The four components of ICED include (i) normalization of raw data; (ii) assignment of weights to genes from both classes; (iii) counting of votes to determine optimal number of predictor genes for class distinction; (iv) calculation of prediction strengths for classification results. The search criteria employed by ICED is designed to identify not only genes that are consistently expressed at one level in one class and at a consistently different level in another class but identify genes that are variable in one class and consistent in another. The result is a novel approach to accurately select biologically relevant predictors of differential disease states from a small number of microarray samples. RESULTS: The data described herein utilized ICED to analyze the large AML/ALL training and test data set (Golub et al., 1999, Science, 286, 531-537) in addition to a smaller data set consisting of an animal model of the childhood neurodegenerative disorder, Batten disease, generated for this study. Both of the analyses presented herein have correctly predicted biologically relevant perturbations that can be used for disease classification, irrespective of sample size. Furthermore, the results have provided candidate proteins for future study in understanding the disease process and the identification of potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1995

Hospital utilization profiles among older adults over time: consistency and volume among survivors and decedents.

Medicare claims data are used to model hospital utilization patterns for the 4,660 survivors and 2,867 decedents of the Longitudinal Study on Aging (LSOA). When the volume of hospital utilization was collapsed into four categories based on the mean annual number of hospital episodes and consistency was defined as a maximum absolute deviation from that mean of 1.5 or less, 42.6 percent of the LSOA respondents were found not to have any hospital admissions, and another 24.7 percent were found to be consistently low users. Only 4.8 percent were consistently high users, with an additional 6.8 percent being inconsistently high users. Multiple regression identified prior physician and hospital utilization, as well as poor perceived health, as the most important predictors of the volume and consistency of hospital utilization among survivors, as well as of the volume of hospital utilization among decedents. Among decedents, consistency was primarily related to geographic region and prior physician utilization.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1990

Comparison of breast consistency at palpation with breast density at mammography.

Palpable breast consistency on physical examination was compared with the breast density on mammography for 909 consecutive patients. One of two experienced nurse practitioners palpated each patient's breasts and assigned a consistency value of 1 (little palpable breast consistency) to 4 (maximal palpable breast consistency). Seven mammographers rated the breast density on mammography as either fatty, mild, moderate, or marked parenchymal density for each breast. A low statistical correlation between the two parameters was shown. Thirty-seven percent of markedly dense breasts on mammography was rated only 1 or 2 on palpation. Thus, breast consistency judged by palpation cannot be directly correlated with the density shown on mammography and cannot be used to predict optimal radiographic technique.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Applicability of personality disorder criteria to hospitalized adolescents: evaluation of internal consistency and criterion overlap.

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined the applicability of personality disorder criteria to adolescent inpatients by evaluating internal consistency and criterion overlap. METHOD: Thirty-eight adolescents and 28 adults were assessed with the Personality Disorder Examination. Within-category cohesiveness (internal consistency) of the criteria was evaluated by examining intercriterion correlations as well as coefficient alpha. In addition, between-category criterion overlap was evaluated by examining "intercategory" intercriterion correlations between all pairs of disorders. Separate analyses were conducted for adolescents and adults, and the groups were compared. RESULTS: Internal consistency appeared to be lower in adolescents, as measured by intercriterion correlation and coefficient alpha, with the largest differences being identified for most cluster B disorders. Intercategory analysis indicated that criterion overlap may be greater among adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this psychometric analysis suggests that there may be limitations to the DSMs approach to categorizing personality disorders. For both adolescents and adults, modest degrees of within-category cohesiveness (internal consistency) and between-category criterion overlap were observed. Comparatively, personality disorder criteria in adolescents tended to have lower internal consistency and less discriminant validity. The data raise questions about the construct validity of these disorders--or the applicability of these criteria--within this age group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Patient decision support intervention: increased consistency with decision analytic models.

BACKGROUND: Patient Decision Support (PDS) tools assist patients in using medical evidence to make choices consistent that are with their values and in using evidence about consequences of medical alternatives. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a PDS intervention for perimenopausal hormone replacement therapy. We assessed the impact of the PDS on (1) consistency between the decision to take estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) or progesterone/estrogen replacement therapy (PERT) and the expected utility of treatment and (2) likelihood to take ERT and PERT pre- and postintervention. DESIGN: Content of the PDS was standardized. Randomized trial of three intensities of intervention: (1) brochure; (2) lecture/discussion; and (3) active decision support. SUBJECTS: Participants were perimenopausal community volunteers between the ages of 40 and 65 (n = 248). MEASURES: (1) Consistent with values (correlation between expected utility (EU) and likelihood of taking hormones); and (2) Likelihood to take hormone replacement therapy. RESULTS: (1) The brochure group was less consistent with the decision analytic model than the lecture/discussion and active decision support groups. (2) Influence on decisions: PDS tools increased the number of women certain about whether or not to take hormones. There were no differences among experimental groups. Of 99 women uncertain about ERT pre-PDS, 65% changed. Twenty-one (32%) decided against ERT and 44 (68%) decided for ERT. (3) More intensive interventions produced modest gains in a normative direction. CONCLUSIONS: PDSs using any of 3 formats reduce uncertainty and assist women to make informed decisions. Increased consistency with decision analytic models appears to be driven by better estimates of likelihood of outcomes.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The consistency between scientific papers presented at the Orthopaedic Trauma Association and their subsequent full-text publication.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the consistency of conclusions/statements made in podium presentations at the annual meeting of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) with those in subsequent full-text publications. Also, to evaluate the nature and consistency of study design, methods, sample sizes, results and assign a corresponding level of evidence. DATA SOURCES: Abstracts of the scientific programs of the OTA from 1994 to 1997 (N = 254) were queried by using the PubMed database to identify those studies resulting in a peer-reviewed, full-text publication. STUDY SELECTION: Of the 169 articles retrieved, 137 studies were the basis of our study after the exclusion criteria were applied: non-English language, basic science studies, anatomic dissection studies, and articles published in non-peer-reviewed journals. DATA EXTRACTION/SYNTHESIS: Information was abstracted onto a data form: first from the abstract published in the final meeting program, and then from the published journal article. Information was recorded regarding study issues, including the study design, primary objective, sample size, and statistical methods. We provided descriptive statistics about the frequency of consistent results between abstracts and full-text publications. The results were recorded as percentages and a 95% confidence interval was applied to each value. Study results were recorded for the abstract and full-text publication comparing results and the overall conclusion. A level of scientific-based evidence was assigned to each full-text publication. RESULTS: The final conclusion of the study remained the same 93.4% of the time. The method of study was an observational case series 52% of the time and a statement regarding the rate of patient follow-up was reported 42% of the time. Of the studies published, 18.2% consisted of a sample size smaller than the previously presented abstract. When the published papers had their level of evidence graded, 11% were level I, 16% level II, 17% level III, and 56% level IV. CONCLUSIONS: Authors conclusions were consistent with those in full-text publications. Most studies were observational, less than half reported on the rate of patient follow-up. Many abstracts followed by publication had a smaller sample size in the published paper. Half of all studies were graded level IV evidence.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

PubMed2005

Do patients consistently report comorbid conditions over time?: results from the prostate cancer outcomes study.

BACKGROUND: Comorbidity is an important dimension of patient health status. However, limited attention has been given to assessing the reliability of patient-reported data on comorbid conditions. OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the consistency of self-report of 12 comorbid conditions at 3 distinct time points and examine the sociodemographic, clinical, health status, and survey factors associated with reliability. STUDY DESIGN: We undertook a longitudinal cohort analysis of survey and medical record abstract data obtained from a population-based sample of 3095 prostate cancer survivors. METHODS: Consistent and inconsistent response patterns were assessed using descriptive statistics and regression modeling. RESULTS: More than half of the cohort demonstrated consistent responses to all comorbid condition questionnaire items. Arthritis had the highest (13%) and liver disease the lowest (1%) proportion of inconsistent responses. Older age, lower income, and poorer general and mental health status were significant predictors of inconsistent responses. Subset analyses of the 4 most prevalent comorbid conditions (ie, arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, and depression) showed that respondents who reported that they were limited by, or taking prescription medicine for, the condition were more likely to provide consistent responses than those neither limited nor taking medicine. Response consistencies of 92% or better were obtained for 11 of the 12 conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Men with a relatively recent prostate cancer diagnosis are generally able to provide reliable reports of their concomitant health conditions. To increase the likelihood of obtaining reliable data, investigators should consider ascertaining condition severity and current medical management when querying subjects about comorbid conditions in surveys.

Adult↗