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PubMedDate not supplied

Study of the unaltered in situ appendix as a native continence mechanism: cadaveric and clinical correlation.

The past decade has seen intense efforts to develop the ideal pouch for use in continent diversion and bladder substitution. The aspect that has been singularly the most difficult to perfect has been the continence mechanism. In recent years much has been reported on the use of the vermiform appendix as a continence mechanism following one or more surgical manipulations. It was the aim of this study to determine whether the in situ appendix, without any surgical manipulation, could provide a native continence mechanism. Studies were carried out using (1) five cadaver subjects and (2) eight patients undergoing cystoprostatectomy in whom the distal tip of the appendix was removed and an ileocecal pouch was filled with irrigant until leakage was noted from the appendix. The pressure within the pouch at the time of leakage was defined as the appendiceal leak pressure. Mean appendiceal leak pressure was 50.6 cm H2O with a range from 21 to 86 cm H2O. These studies indicate that at the pressure being maintained in most continent pouches as constructed today, the in situ unmanipulated appendix would, in some cases, provide adequate continence. In others only minimal reinforcement is required to maintain continence.

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PubMed2001

Fecal and urinary continence after ileal cecal cystoplasty for the neurogenic bladder.

PURPOSE: In patients with a neurogenic bladder augmentation with the ileal cecal segment has generally been disregarded as an option due to concerns regarding fecal incontinence. We report our results using a hemi-Indiana pouch bladder augmentation for neurogenic bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of 63 patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction treated with a hemi-Indiana pouch bladder augmentation was performed. None of the patients had fecal incontinence before surgery. RESULTS: Median followup interval was 6 years (range 1 to 10). Etiology of the neurogenic bladder was spinal cord injury in 42 patients (66%), myelodysplasia in 18 (29%) and sacral agenesis in 3 (5%). One patient (1.5%) died immediately postoperatively from a pulmonary embolus. Of the remaining 62 patients, urinary continence was achieved in 54 (87%) and 8 were incontinent per the abdominal stoma. All 8 patients were treated with Contigen injections into the stoma and 4 (50%) became continent. The 4 patients with persistent urinary incontinence became continent after open surgical revision. Postoperatively, fecal continence was improved in 14 patients (23%), unchanged in 46 (74%) and worse in 2 (3%). In 2 patients with deterioration in bowel function stool frequency and fecal soilage increased in conjunction with antibiotic usage. No patient had chronic fecal incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: In select patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction ileal cecal bladder augmentation with a continent tapered ileal limb results in a 100% incidence of urinary continence with minimal alterations in fecal continence.

Cecum↗

PubMed1998

The use of the appendix as a continent catheterizable stoma.

PURPOSE: We review the results of 5 years of using the unmodified appendix for reconstruction of neobladders and native bladders, and describe the mechanism of continence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1993 and 1997, 24 patients have undergone continent urinary diversion using the unaltered appendix. Median patient age at the time of surgery was 62 years. Patients were followed at the urological outpatient clinic for a mean of 18 months (range 7 to 47). Video urodynamic studies were performed once in the first 6 months postoperatively and repeated if there was any history of incontinence or bladder problems. RESULTS: Of the patients with an appendicovesicostomy onto the native bladder 80% were dry during the day and night. This figure was improved to 94% when 2 patients with incontinence catheterized more frequently. Patients with a neobladder were more likely to be continent and had a longer interval between catheterizations, which reflects the larger reservoir volume rather than better continence mechanism in these patients. The level of continence is at the appendiceal bladder junction in the native bladder and the appendicocecal junction in the neobladder, which is able to withstand reservoir pressures of 30 to 40 cm. water. Stress incontinence driven by abdominal pressure did not occur. Instead incontinence occurred when the bladder became over full and the pressure increased, or during an unstable contraction. CONCLUSIONS: The appendix does not need to be tunneled through the bladder wall to achieve satisfactory continence. In a low pressure reservoir continence may be achieved simply by anastomosing the appendix directly onto the bladder or leaving it in situ when creating a neobladder.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Predictive value of initial urodynamic pattern on urinary continence in patients with myelomeningocele.

AIMS: To investigate whether the initial urodynamic pattern may predict urinary continence and the need for adjunctive incontinence surgery in patients with myelomeningocele. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty-three patients with myelomeningocele were included in our retrospective study. The patients were divided based on the urodynamic pattern at initial evaluation into four categories: overactive detrusor with overactive (spastic) sphincter (group 1, n = 43), overactive detrusor with underactive/acontractile sphincter (group 2, n = 37), underactive/acontractile detrusor with overactive (spastic) sphincter (group 3, n = 8), and underactive/acontractile detrusor with underactive/acontractile sphincter (group 4, n = 35). Urinary continence status at the last follow-up and the need for adjunctive incontinence surgery were compared between the four groups. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 10 years and mean age at the last follow-up 17 years. A socially acceptable continence status (continent or socially dry) was achieved in 74% and was significantly different among the four groups (P = 0.023): 86% and 87% of the patients in group 1 and 3 became continent or socially dry, but only 57% and 74% of those in group 2 and 4, respectively. Although none of the patients in group 3 underwent adjunctive incontinence surgery compared to about 25% in the other groups, statistically the difference was not significant (P = 0.48). CONCLUSIONS: The initial urodynamic pattern is very useful in counseling families by predicting urinary continence in patients with myelomeningocele. The chances of becoming continent or at least socially dry are best for patients with overactive (spastic) sphincter.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Modified apical dissection for early continence after radical prostatectomy.

A prospective evaluation of urinary continence in 83 consecutive patients undergoing radical prostatectomy using a modified apical urethral dissection is described. Using this technique, complete continence has been achieved in 88%, with stress incontinence in 11% and total incontinence in 1%. Continence was achieved in less than 1 week to a maximum of 16 weeks, with 17% dry during the first week, 53% dry by 6 weeks, and 81% by 3 months. Median time to continence was 5 weeks. Median age of the continent patients was significantly lower than that of incontinent patients. Neither the number of neurovascular bundles resected, the need to reconstruct the vesical neck, nor the number of anastomotic sutures used affected the rate of continence. The described technique, which incorporates the fascia posterior to the urethra into the vesicourethral anastomosis, results in earlier continence after radical prostatectomy, and thereby lessens the morbidity of this procedure.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Choices in creating continent urostomies following pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this report was to describe a rationale for choosing from a variety of techniques to construct continent urinary diversions for patients who undergo pelvic exenterations. Moreover, this report evaluated the technique and utility of a continent urostomy created from a supracecal segment of colon. METHODS: The charts from patients who underwent pelvic exenterations and urinary diversions by DFS between September 1999 and December 2000 were reviewed after institutional review board approval. Data were recorded and evaluated. RESULTS: Four patients underwent total pelvic exenterations and one received an anterior exenteration. Recurrent vulvar, vaginal, and cervical cancers were diagnosed in one, one, and two of the patients. One patient had an unknown primary squamous cell carcinoma in the pelvis. Four of the five received prior pelvic radiotherapy either in the neoadjuvant setting or as treatment for their primary disease. All five patients chose to have continent urostomies constructed. One Kock (ileal) pouch, one Miami (iliocolonic) pouch, and three supracecal colonic continent urostomies (SCCCU) were built. All five maintained continence over the follow-up period (mean follow-up time = 8.2 months). No complications related to the urostomies required reoperation. A new technique to for the construction of a SCCCU is described. CONCLUSION: With a variety of procedures established to build continent urostomies, the choice of which to use should be individualized to the patient's situation as well as to the surgeon's experience. The use of a SCCCU requires moderately complex manipulations of the colon (described in the text) and a slight increase in the operative time; however, it results in successful continence and avoids complications related to radiation-injured bowel. It may be considered the procedure of choice for patients who have received prior radiation therapy. Long-term follow-up is needed.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Functional outcomes and complications of continent urinary diversions in patients with gynecologic malignancies.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to review our experience with continent urinary diversions in patients with gynecologic malignancies and evaluate the presentation and management of early and late complications. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients who underwent a continent urinary diversion on the Gynecologic Oncology Service at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center during the period January 1988 to March 2001. We analyzed our data to evaluate potential risk factors for complications. Renal status, conduit integrity, and overall patient outcomes were also studied. RESULTS: We identified 40 patients who underwent a continent urinary diversion using an ileocolonic segment (Miami pouch technique). All patients had a history of gynecologic malignancies. The median age at the time of the procedure was 50 years (range 24 to 76 years), and the median weight was 69.6 kg (range 47 to 125 kg). A total of 39 patients (98%) had a history of radiotherapy. Continent urinary diversion was performed as part of an anterior pelvic exenteration in 12 patients (30%), in conjunction with a total pelvic exenteration in 18 patients (45%), and as the main procedure in 10 patients (25%). The median estimated blood loss was 2100 ml (range 200 to 8500 ml). The median length of hospitalization was 19.5 days (range 7 to 56 days). A total of 24 patients (60.0%) had a postoperative complications unrelated to the reservoir. Complications directly related to the continent urinary diversion were seen in 26 (65.0%) of 40 patients. None of the patients in this study group developed chronic renal failure, and there were no perioperative deaths. At last evaluation, 36 (90%) of 40 patients reported normal continent conduit function. CONCLUSIONS: Continent urinary diversion using an ileocolonic segment is a reasonable alternative to the ileal and transverse colon conduit in bladder reconstruction in patients undergoing radical pelvic surgery. The routine use of postoperative total parenteral nutrition, the chronic use of antibiotics after discharge from the hospital, and the routine use of imaging studies remain controversial. In this group of patients, the majority of complications may be successfully managed conservatively.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Recovery of anal sphincter function following transabdominal repair of rectal prolapse: cause of improved continence?

Twenty-eight patients with complete rectal prolapse underwent anorectal manometry before and 6 months and 1-2 years after abdominal rectopexy and sigmoid resection in a study of the mechanisms responsible for postoperatively improved anal continence. Preoperatively, 22 patients reported defective and control. Seven patients (all with minor incontinence) regained normal control and eight other patients achieved improved continence after surgery. Anal resting, squeeze, and voluntary contraction pressures were significantly lower for defective than for normal control, with a significant rise in these pressures at 6 months after the operation, except for those incontinent patients in whom continence was not improved. No further pressure rise was seen later. Improvement of continence was not accompanied by changes in rectal sensation or reflexive functions of the internal anal sphincter. These results suggest that recovery of the resting and voluntary contraction functions of the sphincter muscles was the cause of continence improvement observed after surgery. Anal manometry was unable to predict outcome of function. Therefore, supplementary procedures for restoration of continence are not advisable, although patients with only minor incontinence are likely to regain full continence after rectopexy alone.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Evolving technique for continent ileostomy: valveless pouch design.

A continent ileostomy, or Kock pouch, is a useful option for patients with inflammatory bowel disease whose only alternative is an end ileostomy. This technique has a high morbidity rate. Nipple valve slippage is the most common complication, causing incontinence or intubation problems. A novel, valveless continent ileostomy technique is described here. A porcine model was used to create the continent ileostomy. Two pouches were created and tested for integrity and continence using lactated Ringer's solution. Pouch pressure and volume were recorded in one pouch. The valveless continent ileostomy was successfully created twice, and both pouches were continent. An intraluminal pressure of 30 mmHg and a volume of 225 ml were measured in one pouch. In this preliminary report of a valveless continent ileostomy, we had promising results. The future of this technique in clinical practice needs to be addressed with further studies.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

The combination of electrically stimulated gracilis neoanal sphincter and continent colonic conduit: a step forward for total anorectal reconstruction?

PURPOSE: Patients undergoing total anorectal reconstruction for anorectal atresia or following abdominoperineal resection of the rectum do not fare as well after an electrically stimulated gracilis neoanal sphincter as patients with incontinence alone. This retrospective study reports the outcome for the combination of a continent colonic conduit or antegrade continence enema procedure with an electrically stimulated gracilis neoanal sphincter in patients with atresia or following an abdominoperineal resection of the rectum as part of total anorectal reconstruction to overcome combined incontinence and evacuatory dysfunction. METHODS: Between September 1994 and September 1999, 11 continent colonic conduits were fashioned in 11 patients with an electrically stimulated gracilis neoanal sphincter as part of total anorectal reconstruction for end-stage fecal incontinence. In addition, three patients had an antegrade continence enema procedure in situ, one of which was converted to a colonic conduit at a later stage. Five patients had a colonic conduit fashioned subsequent to an electrically stimulated gracilis neoanal sphincter, four had both procedures in a combined operation, and five had a conduit formed before an electrically stimulated gracilis neoanal sphincter (including the three with an antegrade continence enema procedure). RESULTS: Median follow-up was 53 (range, 7-98) months until July 2002 or until exit from this study group because of end stoma formation (n = 6). Seven patients (50 percent) had a successful outcome, defined as continent to solid and liquid stool. Overall, eight patients (57 percent) reported some degree of improvement in their bowel function and were successfully managed by this combination of procedures. An end stoma was formed in six patients (43 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of antegrade irrigation via a colonic conduit or an antegrade continence enema procedure provides a successful outcome for some patients when incorporated into total anorectal reconstruction, provided that sepsis does not occur, thus avoiding permanent stoma formation. The combination of these procedures may represent an improvement in total anorectal reconstruction and warrants further clinical trial.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2005

The effects of loperamide on continence problems and anorectal function in obese subjects taking orlistat.

UNLABELLED: Continence problems during treatment with orlistat (a lipase inhibitor) are caused when susceptible patients are exposed to increased volumes of loose, fatty stool. AIM: To investigate the dose-response effects of loperamide on continence and anorectal function in subjects susceptible to continence problems on orlistat. METHOD: Ten obese subjects enterred a randomized controlled, double-blind study of loperamide at placebo, 2, 4, and 6 mg/day in a factorial design. Continence problems during orlistat treatment were self-assessed by patient diary. Anorectal function and continence were assessed by barostat, manometry, and retention testing. RESULTS: Loperamide increased stool consistency with dose (p = 0.07) and this effect reduced continence problems during orlistat treatment (p < 0.05). A bell-shaped dose-response relationship was present with anal sphincter function (p < 0.01) and anorectal sensitivity (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Loperamide has beneficial effects on stool consistency and continence in obese subjects taking orlistat. The effect on stool consistency appeared more important than effects on anorectal function.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Fecal continence and quality of life for adult patients with an operated high or intermediate anorectal malformation.

Fecal continence and quality of life were evaluated by a questionnaire completed by 33 patients (mean age, 35 years; 25 males, 8 females) who had undergone anorectal reconstruction for a high or intermediate anorectal anomaly between 1946 and 1962. The malformation was classified as high in 30 cases and as intermediate in three. The primary reconstruction was abdominoperineal in 23 patients and direct perineal in 10. Ten patients had undergone secondary sphincter reconstructions. Fecal-continence was assessed by the scoring system described by Holschneider. Thirty-five healthy people with a similar age and sex distribution were used as controls. Only 6 patients (18%), including all three with an intermediate anomaly, had good fecal continence. None had completely normal bowel habits. Eighteen patients (54%) had a fair continence outcome. Seven patients (21%) had complete fecal incontinence. A permanent colostomy had been performed in two patients. Urinary incontinence was reported by 11 patients (33%). Ten patients (30%) had difficulties with sexual functions. Social problems related to defective continence were found in 28 patients (85%). All controls had good fecal continence; 80% had completely normal bowel habits. The authors conclude that most adults with high anorectal malformations who have undergone abdominoperineal or direct perineal repair suffer from severely defective fecal continence and have poor quality of life.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Tapered intraluminal versus imbricated extraluminal valve: comparison of two continence mechanisms for urinary diversion.

One of the major limitations of continent intestinal reservoirs currently in use is failure of the efferent continence mechanisms. Unsatisfactory results have been reported in the literature in up to 40% of cases. While progress has been made toward better continence in urinary diversions, evolution of the actual continence mechanisms has been along two rather distinct paths: those with a valve mechanism placed inside the pouch (either by intussusception or surgical insertion), and those with the valve outside to the pouch (by imbrication of an externally located ileal segment). A canine experimental model was used to investigate a type of intraluminal continence mechanism and to compare it to an extraluminal imbricated ileocecal valve. In eight mongrel dogs a reservoir was made out of ascending and transverse colon with two different valve mechanisms--one intraluminal and one extraluminal--connected via separate stomas to the skin. Radiographic, sonographic, endoscopic and urodynamic studies of the pouch and its outlets were performed. Results showed that, in contrast to the extraluminal valve, continence in the intraluminal valve was volume dependent. The valve closing pressure of the intraluminal continence mechanism increased far beyond the values of the extraluminal valve (50.38 vs. 30.12 cm. H2O) at maximum pouch filling. Leakage of the intraluminal valve was observed at significantly higher pouch volumes than in the extraluminal valve (348 cc vs. 215 cc). In view of these results, the volume dependent intraluminal valve mechanism appears superior to an extraluminal type, especially at higher pouch volumes.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Continence in cases of bladder exstrophy.

The relationship of the onset of continence, staged surgical procedures and continence length was investigated in 21 patients with closed continent exstrophy. Continence occurred within a year of operation in 13 patients and 10 of these 13 patients had a Young-Dees urethroplasty and Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz suspension. In 11 of these 13 patients the continence length was greater than 1 cm. In the remaining 8 patients continence was delayed beyong a year. Only 1 of these 8 patients had undergone both bladder neck procedures and in 5 patients the continence length was greater than 1 cm.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Differential effects of cough, valsalva, and continence status on vesical neck movement.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the null hypothesis that vesical neck descent is the same during a cough and during a Valsalva maneuver. We also tested the secondary null hypothesis that differences in vesical neck mobility would be independent of parity and continence status. METHODS: Three groups were included: 17 nulliparous continent (31.3 +/- 5.6; range 22-42 years), 18 primiparous continent (30.4 +/- 4.3; 24-43), and 23 primiparous stress-incontinent (31.9 +/- 3.9; 25-38) women. Measures of vesical neck position at rest and during displacement were obtained by ultrasound. Abdominal pressures were recorded simultaneously using an intravaginal microtransducer catheter. To control for differing abdominal pressures, the stiffness of the vesical neck support was calculated by dividing the pressure exerted during a particular effort by the urethral descent during that effort. RESULTS: The primiparous stress-incontinent women displayed similar vesical neck mobility during a cough effort and during a Valsalva maneuver (13.8 mm compared with 14.8 mm; P =.49). The nulliparous continent women (8.2 mm compared with 12.4 mm; P =. 001) and the primiparous continent women (9.9 mm compared with 14.5 mm; P =.002) displayed less mobility during a cough than during a Valsalva maneuver despite greater abdominal pressure during cough. The nulliparas displayed greater pelvic floor stiffness during a cough compared with the continent and incontinent primiparas (22.7, 15.5, 12.2 cm H(2)O/mm, respectively; P =.001). CONCLUSION: There are quantifiable differences in vesical neck mobility during a cough and Valsalva maneuver in continent women. This difference is lost in the primiparous stress-incontinent women.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

The malone antegrade continence enema combined with urinary diversion in adult neurogenic patients: early results.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with neurogenic voiding dysfunction often have coexisting neurogenic bowel problems. Impaired bowel evacuation is a cause of major morbidity and impaired lifestyle for these patients. The Malone antegrade continence enema (ACE) performed synchronously with a urinary continence procedure has been successful in pediatric patients. We report early experience combining the ACE with a urinary continence procedure in adult neurogenic patients. METHODS: Adult patients with neurogenic voiding dysfunction and impaired bowel evacuation refractory to conservative management underwent a urinary continence procedure synchronously with an ACE. RESULTS: Two patients have undergone the procedure. One patient chose a continent catheterizable supravesical bladder augmentation, whereas the other patient chose an ileal conduit. Both patients had a separate appendiceal stoma for their ACE. Both patients are continent of stool at their appendiceal stoma and per rectum. Both patients have stabilized their urinary tracts. Complications were minimal. CONCLUSIONS: The ACE may benefit adult patients with impaired bowel evacuation and may be combined with a urinary continence procedure. Further study of the ACE is warranted.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Correlation of persistent stress urinary incontinence with quality of life after suspension procedures: is continence the only decisive postoperative criterion of success?

OBJECTIVES: To determine objective continence rates and to include in the evaluation subjective assessment of continence and quality of life by the affected patients and correlate these with the objective continence rates in a retrospective study. METHODS: One hundred thirty-three female patients in our clinic underwent suspension procedures for stress urinary incontinence, 68 undergoing a Burch colposuspension and 65 a Raz bladder neck suspension. The continence rate was evaluated by questionnaire and compared with patients' postoperative self-assessment of continence and pre- and postoperative quality of life assessments. RESULTS: For the 105 women returning evaluable questionnaires (57 Burch and 48 Raz procedure), the continence rate was 69.5% (75.4% in the Burch group, 60.4% in the Raz group). Mild incontinence requiring 1 to 2 sanitary pads daily was found in 19.3% of the Burch group and 31.3% of the Raz group. Moderate incontinence requiring 3 to 5 pads daily was found in 5.3% of the Burch and 8.3% of the Raz group. No patients had severe incontinence (more than 5 pads daily). Both groups showed statistically significant improvement in postoperative quality of life. Despite persistent incontinence, the satisfaction rate was comparable to that of continent patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that in addition to objective parameters, subjective assessment of quality of life is a factor that should be included in the postoperative evaluation of surgical results.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Patient-reported urinary continence (third-party interview): results of post-radical retropubic prostatectomy in Singaporeans.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the patient-reported urinary continence rate after retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) for prostate carcinoma through a third-party interview and to grade the severity of incontinence. METHODS: Between 1997 and 1999, 34 patients were evaluated through an independent third party about the degree of continence as well as the quality of life after RRP. Patients were interviewed either in person or over the telephone. Urinary continence was defined as wearing no diapers, pads or tissue paper. RESULTS: Of the 34 patients, 44% achieved immediate continence. Urinary incontinence gradually improved with time after surgery and 82% (n = 28) were fully continent at 12 months. Using the quality-of-life index, 91% of patients characterized their urinary incontinence as not or minimally bothersome. There was no significant difference between urologist- and patient-reported continence rates after RRP. CONCLUSION: Based on our grading system, urinary continence gradually improved with time and was 82% at 1 year.

Age Distribution↗