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PubMed1981

The first abortion - and the last? A study of the personality factors underlying repeated failure of contraception.

The causes leading to a second abortion were outlined in a psychological study comparing 30 women expecting a second abortion with 29 women who had successfully prevented conception after a first abortion. It was found that both groups improved their contraceptive practices after the first abortion. However, while the latter group continued with their improved practices, the former group went back to the earlier inefficient or non-existent contraceptive behavior. The inability to improve contraception in the long run was not related to differences in educational level or knowledge about contraceptive techniques but to the developmental level of personality structures. The women expecting their second abortion rated lower in control of impulsivity, emotional balance, realism, self-esteem and stability of life as well as capacity for more integrated personal relationships. The differences in personality development and consequently in the capacity for long-term contraception were found to be due to growth conditions in childhood.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2002

[The relationships among self-identity, self-esteem and attitude towards sexual behavior in university students].

PURPOSE: It has been reported that the young people of today tend to engage in sexual behavior at an early age and the abortion rate is high. The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes of post-adolescents with regard to sexual behaviors and the relationship to self-identity and self-esteem. METHODS: The subjects were 234 males (mean +/- SD 20.2 +/- 1.1 years) and 460 females (mean +/- SD 19.5 +/- 1.1 years) 4-year university students aged 18 to 23 years in Aichi Prefecture. An anonymous, self-report questionnaire was used to survey the subjects with regard to self-identity ("Establishment of Self" scale), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), and sexual attitude and behavior. The scores on both scales and subscales of the "Establishment of Self" scale, "Foundation of Identity (Foundation)" and "Establishment of Identity (Establishment)", were calculated and intercompared, along with sexual attitude and behavior, controlled for age and school type. RESULTS: The mean total score of the "Establishment of Self" scale for males was 55.3 (SD9.2) and for females 52.2 (SD9.3), while those for the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were 27.2 (SD5.5) and 25.7 (SD5.2), respectively. There was significant positive correlation all scales in both sexes. Both male and female students had positive attitude towards sex and a negative view of "traditional gender roles" particularly females. Of the subjects, 82.4% of males and 69.5% of females were thinking of accepting a request for sexual intercourse from their partners. Many students understood the "need for contraception", that is a component of contraceptive behavior. Most of them, however, didn't acquire the other components. A total of 68.3% of males and 48.2% of females had experienced sexual intercourse during the last year. Of these, 50.6% of males and 58.2% of females consistently used contraception. The score on the "Establishment of Self" scale was higher among both the male and female students who responded positively to having "communication ability," "learning ability," and "acquisition ability." Significant differences were found in total and "Establishment" scales among males, and all scales among females. The score on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was significantly higher with "learning ability" among males, and with "communication ability" and "learning ability" among females. However, no significant relationship was found between actual contraceptive behavior and any of the scales. CONCLUSION: In dealing with contraception, a gap exists between university students' attitudes and actual behavior. The scores on the "Establishment of Self" scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were found to be significantly higher for those who exhibited higher values for components of contraceptive behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Contraceptive use and attitudes toward family planning in Navy enlisted women and men.

Little is known about the contraceptive behavior and beliefs of Navy personnel. Nevertheless, the Navy, in its role as primary medical provider for its personnel, needs to know whether sailors have access to effective birth control and are sufficiently informed about contraception to make wise choices. As part of the Women Aboard Navy Ships Comprehensive Health and Readiness Project conducted at the Naval Health Research Center in San Diego, California, contraceptive use and attitudes toward family planning were assessed through a survey administered to 714 enlisted women and 665 enlisted men on 15 ships. Contraceptive use was not related to gender, age, marital status, pay grade, race, or education. More favorable family planning attitudes were related to contraceptive use. Women and men differed in their attitudes toward family planning, with women's responses more positive than men's. The results highlight the need for research focusing on the effect of attitudes on contraceptive behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The malleability of fertility-related attitudes and behavior in a Filipino migrant sample.

The malleability of fertility-related attitudes and behavior was studied by analyzing data collected from cross-sectional groups of Filipino migrants who had lived in the United States for varying lengths of time, in conjunction with data from a comparison group of Caucasians from the Filipinos' neighborhoods. With increasing number of years lived in the United States, Filipino migrants' fertility-related knowledge, attitudes, and desires became increasingly similar to those of the Caucasian group, but their contraceptive behavior did not. While approximately equal numbers of Filipinos and Caucasians were contracepting, Filipino couples regardless of duration of stay in the United States were using less effective methods with less regularity. Despite these contraceptive behavior patterns, Filipino migrants perceived that they would have 0.32 fewer children in the United States than they would have had had they remained in the Philippines. By far the most predominant reason given by Filipino respondents for changing fertility patterns in the United States was the difficulty of obtaining child care in the new environment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive practices and trends in France.

CONTEXT: Contraceptive use has been legal in France for the past 30 years, and patterns of use changed substantially from the 1960s to the 1980s. Given the rapidity with which use patterns change and the possible impact of rising concern about infection with HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, it is important to determine trends of contraceptive practice into the 1990s. METHODS: A total of 5,900 French households were selected in 1994 for inclusion in the Fertility and Family Survey. Respondents were questioned about their contraceptive use patterns and family formation status. The results were compared with those of comparable surveys conducted in 1978 and 1988. RESULTS: Two-thirds of French women used some form of reversible contraceptive method in 1994. Oral contraceptive use has grown steadily in France: About 40% of women aged 20-44 reported using the pill alone or combined with another method in 1994, compared with 34% in 1988 and 28% in 1978. Condom use has also been on the rise: Nearly 8% of women were using condoms alone or combined with another method in 1994, up from 5% in 1988 and 6% in 1978. IUD use has declined from 19% in 1988 to 16% in 1994, and both male and female sterilizations remain rare. CONCLUSIONS: Contraceptive behavior in France appears unique among developed countries, with fairly high levels of oral contraceptive use--even among older women--relatively high levels of IUD use and little reliance on either male or female sterilization. As with other countries, however, condom use has climbed in recent years, and is especially common at first intercourse.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Increasing contraceptive use in Bangladesh: the role of demand and supply factors.

This article analyzes the determinants of contraceptive use in Bangladesh, focusing on the roles of demand for additional children and of family planning service supply. Data from the Matlab Family Planning Health Services Project are used to examine the contributions of these factors to the difference in prevalence of modern contraceptive use between the project area and a control area served by the government family planning and health programs. Results of multivariate analysis deriving from the Easterlin synthesis framework show the importance of family planning supply factors in reducing psychic and resource costs of fertility regulation and in activating latent demand for contraception. Demand for birth limiting and for birth spacing emerge as important explanatory factors; demand for birth spacing is greater in the project area, and both demand measures exert a stronger effect on contraceptive behavior in that area.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1997

The use of behavioral methods of contraception in women seeking abortion.

AIMS: To determine the extent to which behavioural methods, used alone or with other methods of contraception, contribute to contraceptive failure in women seeking termination of pregnancy. METHOD: A clinical audit was conducted of the use of behavioural methods of contraception, in 1342 women attending the Parkview Clinic for termination of pregnancy, over a four year period 1992-6. The information was obtained through standard interview and patient records. RESULTS: The women seen were representative of New Zealand women undergoing termination of pregnancy. Approximately one third of women (34.9%) used one or more behavioural methods in the month prior to conception. The two most common methods were periodic abstinence and coitus interruptus, both used by approximately 17%. Other methods used less frequently and not solely for contraceptive purposes, were cleansing of the vagina and breastfeeding. Pacific Island and Asian women were more likely to use behavioural methods than European and Maori women. Many women (45.6%) using behavioural methods also used other methods of contraception, especially the condom. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioural methods were found more commonly than previously reported. Greater understanding of the use of behavioural methods will assist in the implementation of preventive programmes to reduce the number of terminations.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1997

Sexual behavior and contraceptive use. Changes from 1975 to 1995 in college women.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the sexual practices and contraceptive use in a sample of college women in 1995 with women surveyed in 1975, 1986 and 1989. STUDY DESIGN: We surveyed 336 college women seen at a university student health service or on campus and compared their responses to those of women surveyed at the university in 1975, 1986 and 1989. RESULTS: The proportions of women who were sexually experienced, number of life-time male sexual partners, number of male sexual partners in the past year and frequencies of specific sexual practices were similar over the four survey times. Condom use was reported as the usual method of contraception in 7% of sexually experienced women in 1975, 14% in 1986, 25% in 1989 and 46% in 1995 (P < .00001, linear trend). CONCLUSION: We found little change in sexual practices in this college population over the four survey years, with the exception of an increase in the self-reported use of condoms. Increased educational efforts should emphasize safe sexual practices (barrier methods) to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and highly efficacious methods of contraception (hormonal contraception) to avoid unintended pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Reliability of adolescents' self-reported sexual behavior: a comparison of two diary methodologies.

PURPOSE: To evaluate techniques for measuring high-risk sexual behaviors by comparing the reliability and acceptability of two daily sexual behavior diary modes: a written calendar and an automated telephone interview. METHODS: This randomized controlled study included 105 sexually active female adolescents aged 15-19 years recruited from among teens seeking reproductive health care services at a family planning clinic in the San Francisco Bay Area. Participants completed a standardized sexual behavior questionnaire each day for 4 weeks. Contraceptive use by method type was recorded. Reporting differences between the two diary modes were assessed using generalized estimating equations, concordance of diary and retrospective interview responses was evaluated using kappa statistics, and contingency table analysis and Poisson regression models were constructed to examine mode acceptability. RESULTS: Respondents randomized to the telephone diary cohort reported less frequent use of barrier contraceptive methods, specifically less spermicide use (odds ratio 0.27, 95% confidence interval 0.08, 0.95), and decreasing male condom use over time, whereas reports of male condom use increased for written diary respondents (p = .007). Participant characteristics associated with diary acceptability, defined as the frequency of diary completion, were assessed and teens classified as higher risk provided fewer diary reports (p < .01). Regardless of mode completed, 65% of respondents believed the telephone diary would be preferable to the written diary for most teens. CONCLUSIONS: The automated telephone diary offered an acceptable, even preferred, methodologic alternative to the written diary calendar and elicited more accurate reporting of selected contraceptive behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Children's knowledge of sex behavior and contraception].

INTRODUCTION: Adolescent sexuality is not a new phenomenon, but it has been accepted differently at various times and societies. In modern times, adolescents start sexual life early, not well educated and not prepared for possible consequences. The period between the first sexual relationship, marriage and having children is prolonged with a greater possibility of having artificial abortions or sexually transmitted diseases (STD). It is of great importance to work on proper education of children and adolescents on sexual life and contraception. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An inquiry into the knowledge of sex and contraception was performed in an elementary school in Novi Sad, comprising 134 children from VII and VIII grade (aged 13-14, 77 girls and 57 boys) in order to prepare a lecture on these topics. RESULTS: Most of the knowledge on these topics children aged 13 and 14 got watching TV and reading magazines (44.15% girls and 70.17% boys) and from their friends (42.1%). Communication about sex and contraception exists mostly among friends (51.95% girls and 82.46% boys). One third of girls talk with parents and one quarter got knowledge from them. Only four boys (2.98%) had sexual intercourse without complications: artificial abortion or STD. Almost every child (96.95%) knows about AIDS and 89.25% children know about at least one method of contraception (mostly condom). Three quarters claim artificial abortion is harmful. 50% of children want more education about sex and contraception. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Most of the knowledge on sexual life and contraception children get from various forms of mass-media and from one another which is unreliable and incomplete. Unfortunately, parents and teachers play a minor role in sex education of children. In order to prevent spreading of sexually transmitted diseases and to decrease the percentage of adolescent pregnancy and artificial abortions, it is of great importance to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practice of children and adolescents in regard to sexual life and contraception and to prepare acceptable and efficient programs for education on these topics. However, not only education is important, but also acceptance and behavior of children and adolescents resulting from these programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Oral contraceptive use among African American adolescents: individual and community influences.

Side effects of oral contraceptives are a noteworthy problem, particularly among low-income young women who reside in inner-city communities. The problem may be compounded by inadequate family planning services, particularly when such services are provided by general medical practices with high volumes of clients. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of pill-related side effects, with particular attention to the role of clinic characteristics. Participants were 177 pregnant and parenting African American adolescents and young women (average age = 18.34). The experience of a pill-related side effect was the most frequently cited barrier to birth control use, and it was significantly related to contraceptive behavior. Finally, although participants attending comprehensive clinics experienced more barriers to medical service use than those attending neighborhood clinics, they reported fewer problems with pill-related side effects and better psychological functioning. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Contraceptive and sexual behavior of black female adolescents. A test of a social-psychological theoretical model.

To test a previous theoretical model, we studied the relationships between social, attitude, and psychological factors and adolescent contraceptive behavior over a 6-month period. A pretested questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 115 black females aged 12 to 18 years from a low socioeconomic population. Six months after the initial interview 113 of the subjects were administered a second questionnaire assessing their sexual and contraceptive behavior. Based on regression analysis, previous pregnancy and coital frequency explained 12.7% (p less than or equal to 0.0001) of the variation in engaging in unprotected coitus. When controlling for sexual activity, birth control knowledge and previous broken appointments explained an additional 5.5% of variation in the regression model (total R2 = 0.185). Coital frequency of the subjects was positively associated with Tanner stage, length of the relationship, effectiveness of previous contraceptive method(s), and degree of birth control knowledge. Coital frequency was inversely associated with a negative attitude toward pregnancy and negative parental attitudes toward adolescent pregnancy. The perceived risk of pregnancy was positively correlated with coital frequency and previous pregnancy. These findings support our model, but suggest that among low socioeconomic black female adolescents the interpretation of several model components depends on the subjects' attitude toward pregnancy and her perception of her parent's attitude toward adolescent pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Who continues using the diaphragm and who doesn't: implications for the acceptability of female-controlled HIV prevention methods.

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the acceptability of the diaphragm with the aim of facilitating the development of female-controlled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention methods. More specifically, we assess associations between being a current (vs. former) diaphragm user and characteristics that are hypothesized to influence the acceptability of contraceptive methods; and explore reasons for discontinuing use of the diaphragm among former diaphragm users. DESIGN: The study involved a cross-sectional telephone survey with women who were members of a nonprofit health maintenance organization and who were either a current (n = 215) or former (n = 172) diaphragm user. METHODS: Participants were interviewed about the importance of contraceptive attributes; perceptions for the diaphragm; diaphragm use self-efficacy; perceived risk of and motivation to avoid pregnancy, HIV, and other sexually transmitted infections; and demographic characteristics, sexual, and contraceptive behavior. RESULTS: The likelihood of being a current diaphragm user (vs. former) increased with age, greater confidence in being able to use the diaphragm, greater perceived risk of pregnancy and more positive perceptions of the diaphragm. Women who valued attributes of hormonal contraceptives were less likely to be current users. Former diaphragm users reported that the following reasons were moderately to extremely important in their decision to stop using the diaphragm: difficulty inserting or removing the diaphragm (50.8%), dislike of leaving the diaphragm inside the vagina (46.8%), and wanting a more effective method for preventing pregnancy (44.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that specific characteristics of a product influence continued use and have implications for improving the acceptability of existing and new female-controlled HIV prevention methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Contraceptive use among adolescent mothers at 6 months postpartum.

OBJECTIVE: To assess patterns and predictors of reliable and unreliable contraceptive use among adolescent mothers in the first 6 months following delivery. METHODS: We surveyed 462 women, 18 years of age or younger, at delivery and again at 6 months postpartum. Contraceptive behaviors were evaluated among the 359 adolescents who stated they were sexually active and not trying to conceive. RESULTS: Method discontinuation and switching were common during the 6-month interval. Only 100 of 189 adolescents (53%) initially prescribed oral contraceptives were still using this method 6 months after delivery; ten of these 100 stated that they had missed at least three pills in the last cycle. Twelve (10%) of the 115 adolescents who initiated depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate failed to obtain a second injection within 4 months of the initial injection or use an alternative method. In contrast nine of the ten women who received levonorgestrel implants were still using this method 6 months after delivery. Overall, 76% of the sample reported using reliable contraception at last intercourse. Multivariate analyses identified seven factors as predictive of reliable contraceptive use: school enrollment, not having failed a grade in school, adequate support, belief that pregnancy is likely without birth control, attendance at postpartum visit, prior abortion, and the adolescent's desire to wait at least 2 years before having another child. CONCLUSION: Interventions designed to reduce rapid repeat pregnancy during the adolescent years should address emotional, financial, and educational, as well as contraceptive, needs.

Adolescent↗