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PubMed1991

Relationship between physical attractiveness, physical effectiveness, and self-esteem: a cross-sectional analysis among adolescents.

In the present study, the relative contributions of physical attractiveness and physical effectiveness to the self-esteem were examined among four different grade-levels of adolescents (mean ages; 12.5, 14.6, 16.3, 18.3 years old). Overall, both attractiveness and effectiveness were significantly related to the self-esteem of males and females. In contrast to previous research, attractiveness and effectiveness did not appear to be differentially important to the self-esteem of males and females and consistent patterns were evident across the different grade-levels. These results are believed to reflect changes occurring in sex-role expectations and socialization.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Emotional intelligence in young and middle adulthood: cross-sectional analysis of latent structure and means.

Differentiation of the construct of emotional intelligence was investigated in young and middle-aged adults, on the basis of hypotheses generated from differential emotions theory, discrete emotions functionalist theory, and empirical literature on age-related changes in affective complexity and differentiation of abilities. Both age groups were characterized by the same set of comparably related dimensions. However, midlife adults reported significantly greater use of optimism as a mood-regulation strategy than was reported by young adults. This study considers implications of possible structural continuity in emotional intelligence in conjunction with mean increases in the use of optimism as a strategy for managing affect.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Are diet-prostate cancer associations mediated by the IGF axis? A cross-sectional analysis of diet, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in healthy middle-aged men.

We examined the association of diet with insulin-like growth factors (IGF) in 344 disease-free men. Raised levels of IGF-I and/or its molar ratio with IGFBP-3 were associated with higher intakes of milk, dairy products, calcium, carbohydrate and polyunsaturated fat; lower levels with high vegetable consumption, particularly tomatoes. These patterns support the possibility that IGFs may mediate some diet-cancer associations.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Toxicity of free p-cresol: a prospective and cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Uremic syndrome is the consequence of the retention of solutes usually cleared by the healthy kidneys. p-Cresol can be considered a prototypic protein-bound uremic toxin. It is conceivable, analogous with drugs, that the non-protein-bound fraction of p-cresol exerts toxicity. This aspect had never been evaluated, nor have the factors influencing the free fraction of p-cresol. METHODS: In a transsectional study we evaluated the relationship between prehemodialysis free p-cresol and the ratio of free to total p-cresol (F:T) to clinical and biological factors in 44 chronic renal failure patients. The evolution of free p-cresol was assessed prospectively in 12 patients showing a change in serum albumin of at least 5 g/L over time. Hospitalization days attributable to infection and the free p-cresol concentrations were noted over a 1-year period. The impact of free p-cresol in vitro on leukocyte functional capacity was evaluated by chemiluminescence. RESULTS: We observed a correlation between total and free p-cresol (r = 0.84; P <0.001). In the multivariate analyses, free p-cresol and F:T showed a negative correlation with albumin. A shift from normal serum albumin to hypoalbumininemia in 12 patients led to an increase in free p-cresol from 5.9 +/- 3.2 to 8.2 +/- 4.5 micro mol/L (P <0.05; 0.64 +/- 0.35 to 0.89 +/- 0.49 mg/L). Free p-cresol (P <0.05) was higher in the patients hospitalized for infectious disease. In vitro, free p-cresol was higher in a 25 g/L than in a 50 g/L albumin solution (P <0.05). Leukocyte chemiluminescence production was more inhibited in the low albumin (high free p-cresol) solution (28% +/- 6% vs 21% +/- 8%; P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hypoalbuminemia and total p-cresol increase the free fraction of p-cresol. Patients hospitalized for infections have higher free p-cresol. In vitro, high free p-cresol has a negative impact on leukocyte chemiluminescence production. These data demonstrate the toxicity of free p-cresol.

Blood Proteins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of triplet fetal growth by using cross-sectional analysis of the birth weight.

OBJECTIVE: To model the growth of triplets. METHOD: Statistical analysis using data of a consecutive series of 76 triplet gestations (223 livebirths). RESULTS: The best model to describe the growth was linear regression (r = 0.76; r2 = 0.577; p < 0.0001; y = -2,858.05 + 139.66x). 34.2% of the sets had an intratriplet discordance rate of at least 25%, and 11.8% of the triplets had a maximum discordance rate over 40%. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Triplet fetal growth is strongly related to the gestational age; (2) the growth of each triplet in a same set may considerably differ, and (3) the use of singleton curves for triplet growth assessment is inadequate.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Relationship between economic development and suicide mortality: a global cross-sectional analysis in an epidemiological transition perspective.

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between suicide rates and economic development within the theoretical framework of epidemiological transition. RESULT: A weak positive correlation was found between suicide rates and GNP per capita in both sexes for all ages. DISCUSSION: According to previous studies, there is a clear decline in deaths due to unintentional injuries with improved economic conditions. This example of a man-made disease that declines during the fourth stage is in agreement with the theory of epidemiological transition. However, our results found the opposite pattern for deaths due to intentional self-inflicted injury. CONCLUSION: Mortality rates due to unintentional and intentional self-inflicted injury show deviating patterns from an epidemiological transition perspective.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed2004

Cross-sectional analysis of different variables of patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes and their periodontal status.

The periodontal condition of 72 non-insulin dependent diabetes patients was compared with that of 92 nondiabetic individuals. Plaque Index (PII), Calculus Index (CI), Gingival Index (GI), and attachment loss (AL) were measured on four surfaces of six teeth in each subject. All four parameters were significantly higher in the diabetic group. No significant difference in the frequency of toothbrushing was found between the groups. For all age groups, GI and AL were higher in the diabetic group. In each group, GI was not changed with age, while AL increased with age. Classification of the groups based on PII showed that the diabetic group's GI was higher than the nondiabetic group for low, medium, or high PII values. The diabetic group showed higher AL for only the medium and high PII groups. Classification by CI revealed that the diabetic group's GI and AL were significantly higher than those of the nondiabetic group for subjects with low, medium, or high values of CI. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the main factor affecting GI was the presence or absence of diabetes. PII and CI both showed a significant relationship with GI; age was the second most significant factor. The most significant factors influencing AL were CI and the presence or absence of diabetes; age was the second most significant factor. Patients who had had diabetes for more than 10 years had a higher AL than those who had suffered from diabetes for less than 10 years. Patients with average HbA1c values > or = 10% had more serious mean GI values than those with HbA1c values < 10%. In patients with diabetes, age, plaque accumulation, and calculus formation have more detrimental effects on the periodontal apparatus than in healthy individuals.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

Traumatic spinal cord injury and psychological impact: a cross-sectional analysis of coping strategies.

Many studies have suggested a relationship between coping strategies used to deal with stressors and levels of psychological well-being. To explore this further the current study examined such relationships in people who have sustained a spinal cord injury. Measures of psychological impact and coping strategies were taken from those in their sixth week post-injury (N = 41) and those between four and seven years post-injury (N = 30). The results were analysed using stepwise multiple regression. This provided a number of models containing coping strategies that accounted for a certain proportion of the variance in each of the psychological impact variables. While the results help to identify specific coping strategies associated with better adjustment, they also highlight the need to adopt a longitudinal approach in the investigation of psychological responses to spinal cord injury.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2000

The association of diabetes specialist care with health care practices and glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis from the Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether diabetes care characteristics and glycemic control differ by use of specialist care in a representative cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Health care, sociodemographic characteristics, and glycemic control were compared between participants in the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study who reported receiving specialist care (n = 212) and those who did not (n = 217). Specialist care was defined as having received care from an endocrinologist or diabetologist or diabetes clinic attendance during the last year. RESULTS: Patients who reported receiving specialist care were more likely to be female, to have an education level beyond high school, to have an annual household income >$20,000, and to have health insurance. Additionally, patients receiving specialist care were more likely to have received diabetes education during the previous 3 years, to have knowledge of HbAlc testing and to have received that test during the previous 6 months, to have knowledge of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial results, to self-monitor blood glucose, and to inject insulin more than twice daily. A lower HbA1 level was associated with specialist care versus generalist care (9.7 vs. 10.3%; P = 0.0006) as were higher education and income levels. Multivariate analyses suggest that the lower HbA1 levels observed in patients receiving specialist care were restricted to patients with an annual income >$20,000. CONCLUSIONS: Specialist care was associated with higher levels of participation in diabetes self-care practices and a lower HbA1 level. Future efforts should research and address the failure of patients with low incomes to benefit from specialist care.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Cigarette smoking in Chinese male inpatients with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional analysis.

Given the high rates of cigarette smoking in schizophrenia in many published studies from around the world, we studied the relationship between smoking status and clinical characteristics in male Chinese schizophrenic inpatients. Two hundred seventy-nine schizophrenic inpatients were assessed using clinical data forms to ascertain historical, demographic and treatment variables and collateral information was also collected from case records and interviews with patients and family members. Current smokers (N=112) were compared with non-smokers (N=167) on clinical variables by independent sample t-tests and chi(2) tests, with adjustment for confounding variables using ANCOVA and binary logistic regression analysis. Compared to non-smokers, current smokers were significantly more likely to be divorced, have lower educational attainment, a more episodic course, have a greater number of previous psychotic relapses and more likely to be treated with clozapine. There was no correlation, however, between smoking consumption and schizophrenic psychopathology. Accordingly, cigarette smoking may be associated with certain clinical features in schizophrenic patients, and should be carefully screened for when making treatment and rehabilitation plans.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2001

The "common cause hypothesis" of cognitive aging: evidence for not only a common factor but also specific associations of age with vision and grip strength in a cross-sectional analysis.

A prominent hypothesis in cognitive aging is the existence of a common factor that is responsible for age-related deterioration in cognitive and noncognitive processes. A multiple indicators, multiple causes model was used to examine the nature of this common factor and its relationship to age, gender, and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. The common factor was modeled by using 10 indicator variables with 374 participants aged between 77.4 and 98.7 years. A latent factor was identified, with all indicators except blood pressure loading significantly. This factor could be established in 2 age strata within the sample. After controlling for the effects of gender, APOE, and level of education, direct effects of age were seen on visual functioning and grip strength. APOE was significantly associated with memory but not with the common factor. The findings suggest that a number of specific processes may operate concurrently with any common cause factor.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Long-term follow-up of psychological distress following earthquake experiences among working Italian males: a cross-sectional analysis.

This report details relationships between earthquake exposures in 1980 and 1983 to 1984 and psychological distress reported in 1994. Participants are 555 Italian male factory workers from Naples, Italy. Those men who experienced damage from the 1980 quake reported higher levels of psychological distress (across several dimensions of the Symptom Checklist) than those without damage; additionally, 30% of these men reported symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While men evacuated as a result of the 1983 to 1984 Bradyseism earthquakes did not report higher distress levels (Symptom Checklist) than their nonevacuated colleagues, they did report more PTSD-like symptoms than those not evacuated. Financial loss from the Bradyseism quakes was associated with higher distress across all measures (seven Symptom Checklist dimensions and presence of PTSD symptoms). Additionally, social network disruptions following 1983 to 1984 evacuation were associated with greater distress (not all measures). These findings suggest that psychological distress from natural disasters may be very long lasting.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Lung function and chronic exposure to air pollution: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES II.

The effect of air pollution on lung function in children and youths ages 6-24 years was examined, after controlling for age, height, race, sex, body mass, cigarette smoking, and respiratory symptoms. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at 1 sec (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow all showed statistically significant (P less than 0.05) negative correlations with annual concentrations of total suspended particulates (TSP), nitrogen dioxide, and ozone. The ozone and NO2 relationships were highly significant. The TSP relationship was less significant. No relationship was found with sulfur dioxide. The relationships held whether or not children with respiratory conditions, or smokers were included. Demographic and geographic variables had little or no impact on the pollution relationships, which also held when only persons still residing in their state of birth were considered. Essentially identical relationships were found using pollution averaged over 2 years. The relationships held across most NO2 concentrations, but were only apparent at high particulate and ozone concentrations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

The nutrition transition in China: a cross-sectional analysis.

Diets and activity patterns are changing rapidly in low-income countries, and problems of undernutrition and overnutrition commonly exist side by side. China has conquered problems of food scarcity at the national level and has undergone a remarkable transition in the structure of its diet in the last decade. In this paper, we use data from the 1989 China Health and Nutrition Survey and national data from the State Statistical Bureau to explore China's recent history with respect to nutrition and to identify patterns of under- and overnutrition. In particular, we see that higher income levels, particularly in urban areas, are associated with consumption of a diet higher in fat and with problems of obesity. At the same time, undernutrition is a problem in important segments of Chinese society. There is a need for the Chinese government to consider ways to address these problems of deficit and excess jointly.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of HEALTH WATCH data with a subset of perimenopausal women and matched controls.

HEALTH WATCH is a longitudinal prospective study of healthy aging. This study began in 1970. It characterizes the biochemical, hematological, immunological, and physiological data of 2200 healthy men and women between the ages of 20 and 80. Well-being, stress, and sleep data are obtained annually as a self-administered HEALTH WATCH questionnaire. A subset of women from the HEALTH WATCH cohort who were actively followed in the 1970s and had perimenopausal years available was selected. This subset allows observation of the normal female aging related to the significant marker, cessation of menses. Critical selection criterion included a natural menopause and the absence of hormonal intervention. Computer selection identified 19 subjects. Three sets of matched, age-defined controls were selected. This study investigates changes of data from healthy women related to menopause status. Changes unique to perimenopause status include sleep, sex difficulties, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorous, and thyroxine.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Cross-sectional analysis of blood lead level of entire Korean lead workers.

We analyzed blood lead (PbB) level from the 2003 health surveillance results of 13,043 lead workers from 1,217 total lead industries to evaluate lead intoxication at low level in Korea. Geometric mean of PbB was 6.08 microg/dl and 56.6% and 7.9% of total lead workers had PbB level over than 5 microg/dl and 25 microg/dl, respectively. Male showed relatively higher PbB level compared to women, but "Manufacture of Other Electronic Valves, Tubes and Electronic Components n.e.c." had more women than male in risk of low level lead exposure. While conventional high-risk industry such as "Manufacture of Accumulators" and "Other Basic Non-ferrous Metal Industries" were remained in high-risk group in lead exposure, there were high risks in other industries such as plastic, chemical and part manufacturing. Non-production tasks such as fork lift truck driving, maintenance, lab testing, and supporting function showed high blood lead level in addition to routine manufacturing processes such as smelting and soldering.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed2004

A cross-sectional analysis of quality of life in Japanese acne patients using the Japanese version of Skindex-16.

We measured the quality of life of Japanese patients with acne using the Japanese version of Skindex-16, a semantically equivalent and validated translation of the original version produced by Chren et al. A total of 210 acne patients were enrolled in this study. The results showed that patients with acne experienced more severe emotional effects from their skin disease than functional or symptomatic effects. The scores for emotional aspects were related to the severity of the patients' acne following a prescribed scale, but the scores were high even when the patients only had a few comedones. Akaike's information criterion showed that the scores for symptoms were related to the severity of the patients' acne, and the patients' emotions were related to the interval between clinic visits. To improve patients' quality of life, treatment of comedones should be fully respected. In addition, dermatologists should encourage patients to visit clinics regularly to help them improve the emotional aspects of their quality of life.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed2006

Cardiovascular risk factors and anthropometric measurements of adolescent body composition: a cross-sectional analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between certain cardiovascular risk factors that are commonly clustered among individuals with insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) and adolescents' body composition measurements. METHODS: We examined a total of 1068 adolescents aged 12-16 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The sex-specific third tertiles of glucose, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure and first tertile of high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were used to classify the presence of each IRS component. We compared adolescents with none, one, two and three/four IRS components across a series of body composition measurements and lipid profile. RESULTS: About 18% of the adolescents had three or four IRS components. Overall, IRS among adolescents is more likely to be associated with body weight and measurements related to body girths and less likely to be associated with the measurements related to body lengths. Multivariate analysis results showed that the odds of being at increased risk of obesity (body mass index z-score> 0.85) were significantly greater among those with two (odds ratio (OR)=4.5; 95% CI 2.5-8.2) and three/four (OR=8.9, 95% CI 4.5-17.5) IRS components compared to those without any IRS components. Across sex, the level of non-HDL cholesterol was significantly higher among adolescents with more IRS components (P for trends <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The clustered cardiovascular risk factors are strongly associated with an increased risk of obesity and higher levels of non-HDL cholesterol among adolescents.

Adolescent↗