[Early diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Special reference to laboratory diagnosis].
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Aged↗
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Results for “DIAGNOSIS, LABORATORY”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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[Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle].
The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.
Animals↗
Laboratory diagnosis of bacteremia and fungemia.
Many of the variables that affect the laboratory diagnosis of bacteremia and fungemia have been addressed in this article. Whereas the scientific basis and principles for blood cultures are well-established, and the methodology has improved, the diagnosis of bacteremia and fungemia still depends greatly on the care that is taken in obtaining the specimens of blood and the skill of the clinician in interpreting positive results.
Bacteremia↗
Comparative studies on the laboratory diagnosis of experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection in sheep.
Comparative studies on the laboratory diagnosis of sheep experimentally infected with T. congolense were carried out by parasitological and serological methods during a period of 53 weeks. Trypanosomes were most numerous in the first weeks after inoculation, when they were detectable by all three parasitological tests: the wet mount preparation, the haematocrit centrifuge technique, and the mouse inoculation test. In the later stages of the infection, trypanosomes were observed intermittently by the HCT until 34 weeks, and were detected by the mouse inoculation throughout the experimental period. The immunolysis test andthe complement fixation test showed positive reactions starting from two weeks up to 30-35 weeks and 40-45 weeks respectively, while the titres of the indirect fluorescent antibody test and the non-specific immunoconglutination tests persisted at a high level throughout the infection. The effect of a trypanocidal drug was best detected by the IK test.
Animals↗
Performance of indirect immunoglobulin M (IgM) serology tests and IgM capture assays for laboratory diagnosis of measles.
As progress is made toward elimination of measles, the laboratory confirmation of measles becomes increasingly important. However, both false-positive and false-negative results can occur with the routinely used indirect measles immunoglobulin M (IgM) serology tests. The measles IgM capture assay is considered to be more specific, and therefore, its use is indicated for confirmatory testing, but its relative performance has not been fully assessed. Four commercial indirect measles IgM serology test kits (the Behring, Clark, Gull, and PanBio assays) and a commercial IgM capture assay (the Light Diagnostics assay) were evaluated for their abilities to detect measles virus-specific IgM antibody with a total of 308 serum samples from patients involved in a measles outbreak and with confirmed cases of measles and 454 samples from subjects without measles. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) IgM capture assay was also used in a part of the evaluation. Among the indirect assays, the overall sensitivities ranged from 82.8% (Clark assay) to 88.6% (Behring assay) and specificity ranged from 86.6% (PanBio assay) to 99.6% (Gull assay). These rates were 92.2 and 86. 6%, respectively, for the Light Diagnostics capture assay and 87.0 and 94.8%, respectively, for the CDC capture assay. While the Light Diagnostics capture assay had the best detection rate (80%) with the acute-phase samples compared with those for the rest of the tests (CDC capture assay, 77%; Behring assay, 70%; Gull assay, 69%; PanBio assay, 58%; and Clark assay, 57%), all tests showed a significantly improved sensitivity in the range of 92% (Clark and PanBio assays) to 97% (Light Diagnostics and CDC capture assays) with the convalescent-phase samples, as expected. The best seropositivity rates (in the range of 92 to 100%) were observed with samples collected 6 to 14 days after the onset of symptoms. The Gull assay showed the highest positive predictive value (99.6%), followed by the Behring assay (97.8%) and the CDC capture assay (96.1%). Overall, the Gull and Behring assays were found to be as good as or better than the capture assays. In conclusion, laboratory diagnosis of measles based on IgM serology varies depending on the timing of specimen collection and the test used, and the case for the use of the IgM capture assay as the confirmatory test appears to be uncertain.
Antibodies, Viral↗
[Laboratory diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the Ulianovsk region].
Specific laboratory diagnosis is of great importance for the diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The results of the investigation confirm the persistence of the specific antibodies in blood sera of the patients with HFRS. The indices of the serologic confirmation of the diagnosis of HFNS are proven to elevate if the optimal intervals of sampling the pair blood sera is observed.
Antibodies, Viral↗
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF GONOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.
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Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
Laboratory diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
The technical issues relevant to the laboratory diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are dealt with. Performance characteristics of the various HIV diagnostic assays are presented.
AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
[Rubella: laboratory diagnosis, prophylaxis].
HIA, ELISA, IgG and IgM tests have been considered for laboratory diagnosis of rubella. 7499 tests for rubella have been carried out in 1983, and 6610 in 1984. The risk of contracting rubella has been calculated for seronegative women during the pregnancy. This risk has been evaluated at 30/00 in 1983, whereas in 1984 rose to 32%.
Adolescent↗
Advances in the laboratory diagnosis of viral respiratory disease.
BACKGROUND: In recent years significant advances in the laboratory diagnostics available to detect respiratory viral infections have been achieved. METHODS: This article presents the types of diagnostic methods currently available to the practitioner, as well as those on the horizon. The article covers tissue culture, serology and direct examination as well as some rapid diagnostic techniques and molecular assays, previewing developing new technology. CONCLUSIONS: Laboratory diagnosis will likely be clinically useful in some but not all cases of viral infection. As new diagnostic methods become widely available, it is increasingly important to develop guidelines for laboratory testing when viral illness is suspected.
Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
External quality assurance for the laboratory diagnosis of Buruli ulcer disease in Ghana.
OBJECTIVE: To assure the quality of the laboratory diagnosis of Buruli ulcer disease; microscopy and PCR were subjected to external quality assurance (EQA). METHODS: Slides were read by test laboratory staff, followed by blinded re-reading by the controller. Parallel testing of PCR specimens was carried out at the local and external reference laboratory. Slides and PCR specimens with discordant results were subjected to a second reading/testing by the controller to determine the final result. For training purposes, slides and PCR specimens with discrepant results were subsequently re-read/re-tested under supervision at the test laboratory. RESULTS: Microscopy. First reading: concordance rate 82.9%, discordance rate 17.1%, percentage false negatives 27.1% (sensitivity 72.9%), percentage false positives 10.1% (specificity 89.9%). Second reading: concordance rate 97.9%, discordance rate 2.1%, percentage false negatives 4.2% (sensitivity 95.8%), percentage false positives 0.6% (specificity 99.4%). PCR. First testing: concordance rate 87.9%, discordance rate 12.1%, percentage false negatives 8.2% (sensitivity 91.8%), percentage false positives 19.1% (specificity 80.9%). Second testing: concordance rate 96.2%, discordance rate 3.8%, percentage false negatives 4.7% (sensitivity 95.3%), percentage false-positives 2.1% (specificity 97.9%). CONCLUSIONS: EQA identified deficiencies in the laboratory performance. Corrective action consisted in on-site training and reduced the number of false-negative and false-positive microscopy and PCR results.
Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
[Laboratory diagnosis in rheumatology].
The laboratory diagnostics essentially contributed to the pathogenetic clarification of rheumatological problems and gives multifarious support to the rheumatologist in differential and activity diagnostics and thus also decisively contributes to early diagnostics and therapy. When the acute-phase-reactions serve for the differentiation of inflammatory-rheumatic diseases and degenerative diseases and for the establishment of the degree of activity, so the ASR further the diagnostic ascertainment of a rheumatic fever, the agglutination tests for proving the rheumatoid factor further the differential diagnosis of the rheumatoid arthritis, the LE-phenomenon and the ANF further the differential diagnosis of the LEV, the proof of cardiac auto-antibodies essentially furthers the diagnostics of carditis, the increase of uric acid the early recognition of gout, the synovial diagnostics at length became necessary for the clarification of clinically unclear mon- or oligoarthritides and the determination of the local activity for the observation and judgment of the course. Notwithstanding the primate of the clinic without an effective laboratory diagnostics a modern rheumatology can no more be performed nowadays.
Antibodies, Antinuclear↗
Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.
This overview summarizes studies conducted since 1970 on the laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis at the Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3. These investigations demonstrated that counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), agglutination of sensitized staphylococcal cells or latex particles, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) effectively detect and identify specific antigens in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningococcal, pneumococcal, and Haemophilus meningitis. ELISA was the most sensitive of these methods and CIE the least sensitive. ELISA was also used to measure antibodies to meningococcal outer membrane protein antigens in patients. Finally, high rates of group A meningococcal nasopharyngeal carriage were found in group A meningococcal meningitis patients and populations associated with group A patients, but not in populations that were not associated with group A disease.
Agglutination Tests↗
Recent developments in the laboratory diagnosis of gonococcal infections.
The author reviews the more important studies on the laboratory diagnosis of gonococcal infections published since 1964. The most significant new developments are the use (a) of fluorescent antibody techniques and (b) of selective media for the identification and isolation of Neisseria (N.) gonorrhoeae. The sensitivity and specificity of culture methods and of the direct "delayed" fluorescent antibody technique (FAT), both at their best, are very similar, but the FAT allows for more rapid reporting. The results of the direct "undelayed" FAT can be given even more rapidly, but, especially with specimens from women, it is less sensitive than culture or the direct "delayed" FAT. The use of a selective medium facilitates the recognition and identification of N. gonorrhoeae, but the advantage of a selective medium over a non-selective medium depends very much on the skill of the technical personnel involved. One disadvantage is the existence of gonococcal strains that are very sensitive to the antibiotics used hitherto for the suppression of Gram-positive contaminants. Ideally, selective medium should be used in combination with the direct "delayed" FAT after growth on non-selective medium. Other new achievements are a complete, chemically defined, protein-free liquid medium for the culture of fastidious Neisseriae; a commercially available chemically defined enrichment supplement; and a new specimen-transport kit using Stuart's medium.The author also reviews recent reports which suggest that the in vitro sensitivity of N. gonorrhoeae to penicillin and other antibiotics used for treating gonorrhoea is generally decreasing; however, some reports of increasing sensitivity have lately come from Scandinavia.
Bacteriological Techniques↗
Current status of laboratory diagnosis for Lyme disease.
Laboratory tests have been used extensively to help diagnose Borrelia burgdorferi infections. In many cases, results of indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) staining methods or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), combined or separate from findings of Western blot analyses, have confirmed clinical diagnoses of Lyme disease. Alternative assays, such as culturing or DNA detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, can provide more definitive evidence of B. burgdorferi infection than can antibody assays. However, aside from being more expensive, culturing B. burgdorferi from human tissues and fluids gives us a low yield, while results of PCR analyses can be as misleading as those obtained by performing IFA staining methods or an ELISA if there are false-negative or false-positive reactions. With increased knowledge of human immune responses to key proteins of B. burgdorferi, such as those with molecular masses of 21, 31, 34, 39, 41, and 93 kilodaltons, Western blot analyses are being used more frequently to confirm B. burgdorferi infections. These methods have been particularly helpful in identifying false-positive reactions in an ELISA. Until highly sensitive and specific assays have been adequately standardized, diagnosis of Lyme disease should be based primarily on clinical and epidemiologic evidence.
Antibodies, Bacterial↗
Training and credentialing in vascular laboratory diagnosis.
Physicians interpreting vascular laboratory studies require proper training and credentialing. It is suggested minimal training requirements include but, may not be limited to, the following: a medical license and knowledge of the fundamental concepts of vascular physiology, anatomy, and ultrasound physics. In addition, there should be evidence of training in vascular diagnostics beyond medical school, clinical experience in the treatment of vascular disease, supervised experience with specific numbers of vascular laboratory interpretations in the areas in which the physician wishes to interpret, and evidence of ongoing continuing medical education (CME) in noninvasive vascular diagnostics. Credentialing requirements are determined locally, but it is suggested that successful completion of the American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers' Registered Physician in Vascular Interpretation (RPVI) examination will provide evidence of core knowledge of vascular laboratory topics that is independent of medical or surgical specialty. Completion of the RPVI exam, completion of core training requirements, along with ongoing CME, is a basis for establishing minimal requirements for interpretation of vascular laboratory studies.
Certification↗
New developments in the laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhea.
Various laboratory technologies have been developed to aid in diagnosing gonorrhea. Transport of viable specimens to the laboratory and the cultivation of N. gonorrhoeae on selective media are among the most effective diagnostic procedures in clinical microbiology. Several sensitive serologic procedures have been developed for detecting antibodies to N. gonorrhoeae.
Antibodies, Bacterial↗
[Rational utilization of laboratory diagnosis].
Standard way of laboratory utilisation does not meet professional and financial criteria. Rational laboratory use, which in essence means nothing else than seeking the answer to a specific clinical question, must be the basis for a changing approach towards laboratory diagnostics. In order to do that, clinicians need to have access to all the information necessary for right data interpretation, which is usually not the case. The following points are discussed: clinicians have to get acquainted with the preanalytical issues which affect the laboratory result, with analytical and biological variability of any given laboratory parameter, critical difference within longitudinal patient evaluation, as well as with diagnostic specificity and sensitivity which determine the value of a test within certain clinical context. Preanalytical phase comprises all the influences affecting the patient and the specimen and it can have a substantial impact on laboratory values. Biological variability is mainly dependent on homeostatic regulation, and it might thus be considerably high for certain parameters (end products of the metabolism, enzymes). As a consequence, the value of critical difference (absolute value in actual units which reflects a true change in clinical status) might be unexpectedly high. Finally, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity are main determinants of diagnostic performance of any given test and the lack of this information is a frequent cause of inappropriate laboratory use.
Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗