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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Effect of Losartan, a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, on drinking behavior and renal actions of centrally administered renin.

Losartan, a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, was used to establish the role of brain AT1 angiotensin II receptor subtype on the natriuretic, antidiuretic, and dipsogenic actions of centrally administered renin. Intracerebroventricular administration of renin reduces urine volume and increases sodium excretion and water intake in conscious, male, hydrated rats. Losartan (3 or 10 mg/kg, sc) reduced the increased sodium excretion and totally inhibited the antidiuretic action induced by intracerebroventricular renin. When both renin and Losartan were given intracerebroventricularly, at the highest dose, there was a potent inhibition of the antidiuretic and natriuretic actions. Peripheral and central administration of the AT1 receptor blocker significantly lengthened the onset of drinking behavior and reduced the cumulative water intake observed after intracerebroventricular injection of renin. Our results strongly suggest that the brain AT1 receptor subtype mediates the physiologic actions of angiotensin II, such as drinking behavior, the increase in sodium excretion, and vasopressin release.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1981

Psychometric test changes following alcohol inpatient treatment and their relationships to posttreatment drinking behaviors.

The Survey of Interpersonal Values, Attitude Toward Alcoholism Scale, and the Neuroticism Scale Questionnaire were administered to 377 alcoholic male veterans at the beginning and at the end of a 90-day rehabilitation program. The scores were examined in terms of (1) posttreatment changes and (2) their relationships to 2-year posthospital drinking behavior. The results revealed significant posttreatment changes on six of the 12 test variables; the inability of test scores to predict posthospital drinking behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Patient-spouse agreement on the drinking behaviors of alcoholics.

Because investigators have expressed concern about the validity of alcoholism self-report measures, attention has been focused on the use of spouse or other collateral ratings of patient drinking behaviors. Previous studies have shown that spouse ratings of alcoholics on the Self-Administered Alcoholism Screening Test (SAAST) were reliable and a valid means of screening for alcoholism. In the current study, our objectives were to attempt to replicate the earlier findings in a new and larger sample and to determine whether the various content dimensions of the SAAST show similar patient-spouse agreement. The SAAST results of 240 patient-collateral pairs showed that the mean percentage agreement over the 35 items of the SAAST was 76.5%. Patient-spouse agreement ranged from 84.7% on the component "family alcohol problems" to 68.5% on "loss of control." When patients were classified as alcoholic or nonalcoholic on the basis of spouse ratings on the SAAST, correct classification occurred 98% of the time. Correct conjoint classification by both patient and spouse occurred 95.4% of the time. Thus, we found a high level of agreement between patient and spouse on the SAAST ratings and confirmed that spouse SAAST ratings of drinking behavior of patients provide a reliable diagnosis of alcoholism.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Genetic factors which regulate alcohol drinking behavior and their effects on health status].

High alcohol sensitivity common among Orientals is mainly due to genetic polymorphism in the low K(m) aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene. The relation of the ALDH2 genotype to alcohol sensitivity and drinking behavior was investigated in a Japanese occupational population. The frequency of alcohol-associated symptoms generally increased in the order of the typical homozygote, heterozygote, and atypical homozygote. Both drinking frequency and amounts of alcohol consumption were also significantly affected by the polymorphism. Polymorphism in the alcohol dehydrogenase beta-subunit (ADH2 gene) appeared to contribute to skin flushing post-alcohol exposure but not to alcohol drinking behavior. Multivariate analysis revealed that high alcohol consumption, the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype, and high daily hassles levels significantly contribute to the prevalence of those with a high problem-drinking score in an occupational population. In the study to assess the effects of the ALDH2 polymorphism and alcohol use on the induction of chromosome alterations in peripheral lymphocytes, we found that lymphocytes from habitual drinkers with the atypical ALDH2 genotypes had significantly higher frequencies of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) than those from the typical ALDH2 genotype. We also measured acetaldehyde reversibly bound to hemoglobin (HbAA). In volunteers with the ALDH2*1/*2 genotype, the HbAA levels increased immediately after the drink and the elevated levels persisted up to 48 h. Among male workers, HbAA levels were significantly correlated with the recent alcohol consumption levels in both the ALDH2*1/*1 and ALDH2*1/*2 genotypes. However, the slope was much steeper in the ALDH2*1/*2 than in the ALDH2*1/*1. SCE and HbAA may be utilized as a good biomarker for health problems in the atypical ALDH2 genotype. Further extensive studies are required for evaluation of the interactive effects of genetic and environmental factors on alcohol-related health problems.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1994

Measurement of drinking behavior using the Form 90 family of instruments.

Although drinking behavior is clearly a central dependent variable in alcoholism treatment research, the field has reached no consensus on measurement methodology for alcohol consumption. At least four methods for quantifying consumption have been commonly used in outcome studies: quantity-frequency questions, average consumption grids, timeline follow-back and self-monitoring. The Form 90 family of structured interviews was developed by collaboration among the Project MATCH investigators, combining the strengths of prior assessment methodologies. The development, structure, supporting software and training approaches for the Form 90 instruments are described.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of a preparation from the horns of the saiga antelope on the goal-directed drinking behavior of rats].

Saitarin (an extract from the horns of antelope Saiga) depresses complex instrumental drinking behavior of rats and induced specific changes in the structure of goal-directed behavioral acts. Such changes are to a certain extent suppressed by naloxone. The obtained evidence suggest that the effects of saitarin are caused by its predominant influence on the processes of reinforcement in the course of realization by animals of the learned behavioral acts.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Spatio-temporal dynamics of brain activated regions during drinking behavior in rats.

Spatio-temporal dynamics of activated brain areas induced by drinking were investigated and visualized in behaving rats using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The rats were trained to drink in the magnet bore, and the images were taken during and after drinking glucose and distilled water. During glucose ingestion, the signal intensity was increased continuously and maximally in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Somewhat less intense activation in the central nucleus of the amygdala (AMc), and transient activation in the piriform cortex and the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus were observed. The signal intensities of other regions measured were largely unchanged. During post-ingestive periods, the signals re-increased in the hypothalamic areas and AMc. When water was given, LHA and VMH were similarly activated, however, the signal intensity in the amygdala was not significantly increased. The results indicate that these brain regions are activated differentially during drinking behavior, and that LHA and VMH play a central role in the control of not only feeding but also drinking. The regional activities in LHA and VMH are not principally related to the gustatory sensation, and the reactivation after drinking may be related to satisfaction or post-ingestive nutritional information. Also, the responses of AMc are probably due to reward value difference. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of mapping of brain areas using fMRI in behaving rats. The improved method described in this study for collecting fMRI data in behaving animals will be useful for studying functional network during animal behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Developments in drinking behavior in The Netherlands from 1958 to 1989, a cohort analysis.

Alcohol consumption in the Netherlands increased at a very fast rate from 1960 to 1975, especially among young men. The question is raised whether members of the cohort that started drinking during the 1960s show a lasting deviation from cohorts born earlier with respect to drinking behavior. Cohort analysis is used to assess the effects of aging, period and cohort membership on changes in abstinence, mean consumption and heavy drinking in the Netherlands in the last three decades. Social interaction theory (Skog, 1980) is used as an interpretative framework. Conclusions are that abstinence is related to aging, while mean consumption and heavy drinking are associated with period effects. Populations of men and women appear to change drinking behavior collectively. Results on women are more regular than those on men.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Attributions of causality for drinking behavior made by alcoholics and by normal drinkers.

Alcoholic individuals often are assumed to deny personal responsibility for their alcholism and to assign causation to external situational factors. To evaluate this assumption, 20 alchololics and 14 nonalcoholics made causal attributions for a recent personal drinking episode and for the drinking behavior of three target individuals (an abstinent alcoholic, a nonabstinent alcololic, and a nonalcoholic). Results showed that both alcoholic and non-alcoholic subjects tended to make external attributions for their own drinking behavior. Subjects' attributons for the target individuals depended on bot the targest' and subjects' drinking histories. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to models of alcoholism and to actor-observer differences in casual attribution processes.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of intracerebroventricular injection of pentagastrin on rat drinking behavior.

Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of pentagastrin showed a powerful, dose dependent antidipsogenic effect in the rat. Drinking behavior stimulated by 48 h water deprivation was inhibited by 2000 ng of pentagastrin which also blocked, at lower doses, water intake induced by icv injection of angiotensin II (100 ng) and carbachol (150 ng). Pentagastrin was less effective on food intake stimulated by 24 h starvation. The antidipsogenic effect was not a consequence of behavioral alteration. It is suggested that gastrin-like peptides in the brain may play a role in the regulation drinking, acting as thirst inhibitors.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using interactive voice response technology and timeline follow-back methodology in studying binge eating and drinking behavior: different answers to different forms of the same question?

As part of a study of the relationship of binge eating, alcohol use, mood, and stressors, we compared the results of two forms of reporting on binge eating and drinking behavior. Forty-three first-year college women participated in an interactive voice response (IVR) study for 12 weeks. Participants answered computer-administered questions daily via IVR technology on number of eating binges and number of alcoholic drinks consumed. After 12 weeks, participants completed a Timeline Follow-back (TLFB) interview retrospectively for number of binges and drinks in the past 12 weeks. Results of this distally retrospective methodology (commonly used in drinking research and applied here also to binge eating) were compared to the results of daily IVR reporting. There was convergence across measures for drinking behavior, but divergence between IVR and TLFB for binge eating reports. TLFB reports underrepresented actual binge eating frequency, which calls into question the validity of applying this methodology to the assessment of binge eating.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Contribution of genetic polymorphisms in ethanol-metabolizing enzymes to problem drinking behavior in middle-aged Japanese men.

Among ethanol-metabolizing enzymes, the ALDH2*2 allele, ADH2*2 allele, and c2 allele of the cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) gene are unique to Orientals. This prompted us to analyze their contribution to drinking behavior in 322 middle-aged Japanese men. The ALDH2*2 allele, detected in nearly half of the subjects, showed an overwhelming protective effect against a high level of alcohol consumption and problem drinking behavior, as determined by the Kurihama Alcoholism Screening Test (KAST). The ADH2*2 allele, in 95% of the subjects, exhibited an additive suppressive effect on alcohol consumption, whereas the c2 allele of CYP2E1, in 40% of the subjects, was associated with greater alcohol consumption. Problem drinkers showing a KAST score of 2.0 or higher were frequent among the few subjects with the ADH2*1/1 genotype, but not in the large number of subjects having the c2 allele of CYP2E1. These findings may explain, at least in part, why in Japan the number of alcoholic patients is small relative to the number of heavy drinkers.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Aging and generational effects on drinking behaviors in men: results from the normative aging study.

The effects of aging on alcohol consumption behaviors are unclear because of confounding with period and cohort effects. In 1973, 1,859 male participants in the Normative Aging Study, born between 1892 and 1945, described their drinking behaviors by responding to a mailed questionnaire. In 1982, 1,713 of the participants in this study responded to a similar questionnaire. We used multivariate techniques, adjusting regression coefficients for the correlations between repeated responses of the same individuals, to assess the effects of birth cohort and aging on mean alcohol consumption level, on the prevalence of problems with drinking, and on the prevalence of averaging three or more drinks per day. Older men drank significantly less than younger men at both times yet there was no tendency for men to decrease their consumption levels over time. Each successively older birth cohort had a prevalence of problems with drinking estimated to be 0.037 lower than the prevalence of the next youngest cohort (95 per cent confidence interval: 0.029-0.045), yet there was no decrease in drinking problems over nine years. Interpretation of these findings requires consideration of the changes in attitudes as well as the increases in per capita consumption occurring in the United States throughout the 1970s. Results suggest that aging is not as important a factor in changes in drinking behaviors as generational or attitudinal changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A path analysis of an adolescent drinking behavior model derived from problem behavior theory.

The interrelationships between composite variables comprised of demographics, socialization, personality, perceived environment, conventional and problem behaviors, and their combined mediational influences on adolescent drinking behavior are examined. Students randomly sampled from four suburban, metropolitan-area high schools (N = 499) were administered the 250-question Survey of Underage Drinking Styles. All 12 composite variables, derived from the survey, were arranged in a causal model and submitted to a confirmatory path analysis. Data were analyzed by multiple regression procedures. According to the present model, a powerful pathway through to drinking may begin with family interaction problems, which may lead to a reduction in the adolescent's social coping skills. A reduction in the adolescent's coping skills may lead to a compensatory belief that alcohol improves mental and physical functions and an increased affiliation with and acceptance of the peer group's attitude and behavior toward consuming alcohol as a replacement coping skill. The adolescent's drinking may then increase as a result of the affiliative need to conform to peer group pressure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Feeding and drinking behavior of mares and foals with free access to pasture and water.

The feeding and drinking behavior of 11 mares and 15 foals living on pasture with free access to water was recorded during 2,340 15-min focal samples taken over 2 yr. Lactating mares on pasture spent about 70% of the day feeding. Foals began feeding on their first day of life. As they grew older, they spent progressively more time feeding, but still spent only 47 +/- 6% of the time feeding by 21 wk of age. Foals fed primarily during the early morning and evening. While grass formed the major proportion of the diet of both foals and mares, they also ate clay, humus, feces, bark, leaves and twigs. Almost all feeding by foals was done while their mothers were feeding. Movement to water sources was frequently, but not invariably, carried out by an entire herd. Frequency (P = .005) but not duration (P greater than .05) of drinking bouts by mares increased as the temperature increased. Frequency was greatest at 30 to 35 C, at which temperature mares drank once every 1.8 h. Frequency of drinking varied with the time of day (P less than .01), being rarest during the early morning (0500 to 0900 h eastern daylight time) and most frequent during the afternoon (1300 to 1700 h). Drinking by foals was very rare. The youngest age at which a foal was observed to drink was 3 wk, and 8 of 15 foals were never observed to drink before weaning.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Involvement of the cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein gene transcription factor in genetic preference for alcohol drinking behavior.

BACKGROUND: Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-responsive element binding (CREB) protein is a gene transcription factor that can integrate the signals mediated via the cAMP second messenger cascade at the gene expression level, which then controls neuronal functions. METHODS: To examine if the protein kinase A --> CREB signaling cascade is involved in genetic alcohol drinking preference, different measures of CREB were determined in various brain structures of alcohol-preferring (P) and alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats. RESULTS: We show here that CRE-DNA binding activity is significantly decreased in the amygdala but not in the cortex, hippocampus, or striatum of P rats compared with NP rats. The levels of total CREB and phosphorylated CREB protein in the amygdala are significantly lower in P rats compared with NP rats. On the other hand, levels of the alpha-isoform of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A protein, and basal as well as cAMP-stimulated protein kinase A activity are similar in the amygdala of both P and NP rats. CONCLUSIONS: Because P and NP rats are genetically bred for high and low alcohol drinking behavior, respectively, these results suggest the possibility that decreased expression of CREB protein in the amygdala may be associated with the high alcohol drinking behavior of P rats.

Activating Transcription Factor 2↗
PubMed1989

Failure to find differences in drinking behavior as a function of familial risk for alcoholism: a replication.

Groups of high-risk (alcoholic fathers), middle-risk (second-degree alcoholic relatives) and low-risk (no first- or second-degree alcoholic relatives) male college students were compared with respect to drinking behavior, sociodemographic variables, personality, cognitive functioning, and mental health and drug use problems in themselves and in family members. The groups differed significantly on only one of a number of sociodemographic variables. No significant group differences were revealed in drinking behavior, or alcohol-related symptoms or consequences. High-risk subjects reported significantly more childhood attentional and social problems than did low-risk subjects. No group differences were found with respect to other childhood problem behaviors, cognitive functioning, subject or family drug use, or mental health problems. The findings are discussed in terms of the questions they raise concerning the results of high-risk studies and the contribution of genetic factors to alcoholism.

Adolescent↗