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PubMed1991

[Unfavorable family conditions and the characteristics of the clinical picture of mental retardation in school-age children].

The paper treats of the data concerned with the clinical picture of mental retardation in children from so-called incomplete families. It is noted that as regards a number of parameters, the children of the group under study occupy an intermediate place between children from incomplete families and orphans whereas as to the other parameters, they correspond with orphans or, on the contrary, do not differ from complete family children. The author also demonstrates the role played by the other unfavourable family conditions in the formation of both the intellectual defect and aggravating symptomatology in a mentally retarded child.

Child↗
PubMed1993

[The correlations of the specific and nonspecific characteristics of the mental activities in patients with brain tumors].

The data on long-term neuropsychological study of patients with local brain damage are analyzed. A correlation between specific and dynamic troubles of mental activity was studied before and after neurosurgery. There is a dependence of the defects severity and stability on tumor location and lateralization, on patients' age, sex and education, tumor type, postoperative complications, etc. The groups of risk which need special attention of physicians and rehabilitators are identified.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Clinico-psychologic studies on the problem of functional psychotic deterioration in schizophrenia].

Our concept of the functional-psychotic mental deterioration of schizophrenia approximately characterizes the same point of view as Kraepelin's terminus "Dementia praecox". The first result of our psychological examination on 225 schizophrenic persons with defect psychotic symptoms was the statement of the deficit in achievement between the former school education (average IQ of the school-type) and the results of examination of intelligence during our research. The functional-psychotic mental deterioration as well appears as a decrease of memory and psychomotoric speed deficiency, furthermore as mental deconcentration and increase of psychoorganic signs in the Rorschach-Test. The psychometric results of this research were statisticly significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Long-term results of pediatric cardiac surgery in Finland: education, employment, marital status, and parenthood.

OBJECTIVE: This population-based study was designed to examine the psychosocial outcome of Finnish patients who had been operated on for congenital heart disease during childhood. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to 3789 adult patients who had been operated on for congenital heart defects in Finland. Of these, 2896 (76%) answered the questionnaire. The mean age of patients was 33 years (range: 18-59 years), and they had had their first operation 9 to 46 years earlier. RESULTS: The patients had coped well with their defects when compared with the general Finnish population. The educational level of patients was comparable to and employment level was higher than expected (70% vs 66%, respectively). They were living in a steady relationship as often as the general population, but the number of parents among the patients was lower than that expected (47% vs 49%, respectively). The incidence of congenital heart disease among the 2697 children of the patients was 2.4%. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm that in addition to high survival rate, the long-term psychosocial outcome of patients with surgically treated congenital heart defects is good if they do not have any additional syndromes that cause mental retardation.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Mental health community centers in the United States].

After defining the concept of the Community Mental Centers and giving an overview of the principles, the author describes the five most needed ways for the operationalization and the implementation of the community approach in mental health care. The results, i.e. the successes, of the community mental health programme in the USA are discussed and also the various shortcomings: private psychiatrists and general practitioners are not integrated enough; overestimation of the need for the number of psychiatric beds; need for cost analysis of the consultation and education part of the programmes in connexion with the need for adequate reimbursement; an evaluation programme should have been built in from the beginning; with the tremendous increase in personnel costs and the general inflation of cost price, some parts of the programme are not financially competitive with the private psychiatric practice; two parallel systems still emerge, the CMHC and the State hospitals, frequently with not enough collaboration; and finally, the "yavis" phenomenon with neglect of the unwanted, difficult, chronic patient, especially the defected schizophrenics.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence and time trends of disabilities in school-age children.

BACKGROUND: Although the evolution of the prevalence of cerebral palsy is now well documented, much less is known about the evolution of the prevalence of other disabilities such as mental retardation, sensorial defects, autism and psychosis. The aim of this paper is to determine those trends. METHODS: A population-based survey was carried out in 1992-1993 in three French 'départments'. All disabled children born between 1976 and 1985 and receiving a special education and/or financial assistance were systematically registered. RESULTS: The comparison of three cohorts of children born in 1976-1978, 1979-1981 and 1982-1984 using the test for trend in proportion showed a significant decrease (P = 0.03) in the prevalence of severe mental retardation, after exclusion of Down syndrome. This decrease was significant for severe mental retardation associated with psychosis. The time trend prevalence for cerebral palsy increased (P = 0.03) but was irregular. The time trend prevalence of other disabilities (other motor defects, severe sensorial disabilities, autism and psychosis) did not change significantly. A detailed analysis of severe mental retardation and cerebral palsy was performed by geographical area, age at first registration and type of disability. CONCLUSION: The increase in prevalence of cerebral palsy is possibly due to earlier registration of disabled children. The decrease in prevalence of severe mental retardation does not seem to be due to recruitment bias, but there is a possibility of classification bias.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The prevention of prenatal alcohol use: a critical analysis of intervention studies.

Alcohol is a major cause of birth defects and mental retardation in the U.S. The yearly cost to care for those affected has been estimated to be over $300 million. Prenatal education and counseling have been advocated as techniques to reduce alcohol use in pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to critically review investigations that used these methods in order to determine their effectiveness. Reports of relevant studies were found by searching Medline, the ETOH database and bibliographies of primary sources. Only five studies were identified that met predetermined selection criteria. As judged by usual methodologic standards for intervention programs, only one was of acceptable quality. None employed a randomized design, and only two compared the treatment group to a control group. Both these studies found no difference in alcohol use between control and intervention groups. An ethical argument was used by several authors to justify performing inadequately controlled studies. Since no intervention has proven to be superior to the usual care delivered to pregnant women, this problem can be overcome through the use of controls who receive this level of care. Despite the public health importance of prenatal alcohol use, interventions to alter this behavior have not been rigorously evaluated, and the benefits of any specific approach are unclear. Randomized trials are ethically justified and guidelines for undertaking such studies are proposed.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The value of computer tomographic examination in children with congenital tetra- and diplegia].

31 children suffering from congenital spastic di- or quadriplegia, born between 1963-1976, were re-examined neurologically and admitted to CT. The mental level was obtained by noting the educational placement of the child. 14 patients showed normal CT patterns. In 17 patients a volume loss of the cerebral white matter with ventricular enlargement was present, but there were no local cortical defects. From similar changes on the ventricles in CT four different patterns can be ascertained. Belonging to one of these CT patterns permits no statement about the neurological and mental defect in an individual case. But massive ventricular enlargements e vacuo go hand in hand with serious neurological and mental defects.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1975

Fears during pregnancy. An interview study of 200 postpartum women.

Within 48 hr of delivery, 200 women were questioned about their fears and anxieties during pregnancy. Fears during pregnancy were reported by 81% of the mothers; 52% reported fears about the birth of a malformed child, 29% about a mentally defective child and 28% about the death of the child. Differences were found in the incidence of fears and superstitions in relation to ethnic group, educational background and parity. The results are similar to those of the British study conducted by the Royal College of Midwives in 1966.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed1979

Visual handicaps of mentally handicapped people.

Recent literature concerning visual handicaps of mentally handicapped people was reviewed. Topic areas considered were etiology and epidemiology, visual acuity, color vision, and educational techniques. The material considered indicated that a large proportion of mentally handicapped people are affected by some form of visual handicap and the extent to which further specialization of care and training techniques is required in order to limit the extra disadvantages imposed by such defects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Psychiatric complications following coronary bypass surgery.

Previous studies of psychiatric complications following open heart surgery have included few if any patients who had coronary bypass surgery. This experiment reports the relative incidence of psychiatric complications in a sample of 97 open heart surgery patients of whom 51 patients (53 per cent) had coronary bypass surgery. The results suggest that the incidence of psychiatric symptoms following coronary bypass surgery is significantly lower (16 per cent) than that following cardiac valvular surgery (41 per cent). Several possible reasons for this large discrepancy in incidence of psychiatric complications are considered.

Age Factors↗