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PubMed1986

Spondylolysis in Eskimo skeletons.

Spondylolysis was found in 25 of 46 spines of Eskimos from Greenland, at L1 in one case, at L3 in five cases and at L4 and L5 in 14 cases each. Two spondylolytic vertebrae were seen in the same spine in nine cases. Among young individuals, spondylolysis was found in 2 out of 15 spines and in older in 23 out of 31. The prevalence of spondylolysis was higher, the fourth vertebra was more commonly affected, and spondylolysis occurred at an older age in Eskimos than in other ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in three Alaskan Eskimo populations: the Alaska-Siberia project.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of CVD and to identify and characterize associated risk factors in three distinct Eskimo populations. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: A slightly modified Strong Heart Study protocol was followed to examine 454 participants, aged 25-91, from four villages. RESULTS: Overall, 6% of the participants under 55 years of age and 26% of those > or = 55 years of age showed evidence of CHD by ECG, or in patient records. The prevalence of "definite coronary heart disease" (CHD) in women with glucose intolerance (GI) was 21.0%, compared to 2.4% in those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Men had comparable values of 26.7% and 6.3%. In addition, comparable values for "possible CHD" were 29.7% vs 6.0% for women and 21.4% vs 8.0% for men. GI was associated with relatively higher prevalences of CHD in women than in men (prevalence ratio = 8.5 vs 4.3). CHD was significantly related to age, glucose intolerance and insulin. Hypertension and obesity were significantly associated with CHD only in some ethnic groups. The prevalence of current smokers was 56%. CONCLUSIONS: Recent changes in lifestyle and diet of Alaskan Eskimos, leading to obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance and DM, contribute to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Two Eskimo villages assess mental health strengths and needs.

Due to a growing consensus of the inadequacy of the current mental health system in rural Alaska, an assessment of mental health strengths and needs was conducted in two Eskimo villages. Respondents were 216 Eskimos who completed a structured interview. Results document perceptions of problems and strengths unique to the village cultures and settings. To increase effectiveness, programs must take into account the perspectives expressed by village people.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Glucose tolerance and insulin-resistance syndrome among St. Lawrence Island Eskimos.

OBJECTIVES: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) prevalence in Alaska Natives is rising but remains lower than the U.S. average. We conducted a screening study for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in a remote Yup'ik Eskimo community in Alaska. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study population included Siberian Yup'ik Eskimo residents of Gambell, Alaska, > or = age 40 years who underwent a 2 h 75 gm oral glucose tolerance test interpreted by WHO criteria. Other measurements included fasting serum insulin and lipid levels, bioimpedance body fat %, body-mass-index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and blood pressure. RESULTS: Of 114 eligible subjects, 65 (57%) participated. These subjects had lower mean systolic or diastolic blood pressure, lower triglyceride, and higher mean HDL cholesterol levels compared to a similarly aged U.S. all races sample. The mean fasting insulin level of 50.9 pmol/L appeared low given the high mean BMI (27.2). Six subjects had NIDDM (9%, 95% CI 2%-16%) and eight had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (12%, 95% CI 4%-20%). Compared to normoglycemic subjects, diabetic subjects were more frequently female (83% vs 53%) and had higher mean systolic BP (138 mm Hg vs 117 mm Hg) than normoglycemic subjects. We used multiple regression to analyze associations between fasting insulin and either blood pressure or serum lipids, while adjusting for % body fat, WHR, age, sex, and antihypertensive medication use. Fasting insulin was significantly related to both diastolic blood pressure (p = .0430) and fasting serum triglyceride (p = .0182) but not to systolic BP, total cholesterol, or LDL and HDL subfractions. CONCLUSIONS: Although NIDDM prevalence was not high compared to non-Native U.S. residents, elements of the insulin-resistance syndrome exist in this subarctic population.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Diabetes is related to fatty acid imbalance in Eskimos.

The reasons for the rapidly increasing prevalence of diabetes (NIDDM) among Alaskan Eskimos are only partly understood. This study examines the association of fatty acid metabolism in 68 Alaskan Eskimos with NIDDM or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 386 with normal glucose tolerance > 24 years old. The prevalence of NIDDM was 12% and IGT was 18% in those > 54 years of age and in those < 55 years of age was 3.7% and 3.0%, respectively. Those with abnormal glucose tolerance had lower concentrations of some omega-3 fatty acids (FAs 18:3 omega-3, 20:5 omega-3) and some omega-6 FAs (18:3 omega-6, 20:3 omega-6, 22:4 omega-6) and higher concentrations of palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1 omega-9) than the normo-glycemic participants. These data provide evidence that glucose intolerance and insulin resistance are associated with a deviation from a traditional diet of fish and marine mammals (high in omega-3 FAs and low in saturated fats) to commercial foods (low in omega-3 FAs and high in saturated fats). The low plasma concentrations of the long-chain omega-6 FAs in the glucose impaired may reflect a defect in desaturase activity.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Prevalence of cervical enamel projection and its correlation with furcation involvement in eskimos dry skulls.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of cervical enamel projection (CEP) in molars of Eskimo dry skulls and to study the correlation of CEP with furcation involvement (FI). The material consisted of 834 upper and lower first and second permanent molars from 133 Eskimo dry skulls. CEPs were investigated from the buccal aspect of the tooth and classified according to a system modified from Masters & Hoskins (12). FI was measured horizontally from the buccal aspect into the furcation with a graduated probe to the nearest mm. Any measurement > or = 2 mm was considered to have positive FI. The result showed a presence of 72% of CEPs among the examined molars. Grade III was found in 53%, Grade II in 9% and Grade I in 11% of the 834 molars. Lower molars had a higher prevalence of CEPs (78%) than upper molars (67%). With the individual skull used as the unit for analysis, a statistically significant correlation of CEP with FI was found in upper right 2nd molar, upper left 1st molar, lower left 1st and 2nd molars and lower right 1st molar. These results may be of clinical importance since the impact of CEPs to periodontal treatment of FIs has been discussed.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed1992

Digital dermatoglyphic patterns of Eskimo and Amerindian populations: relationships between geographic, dermatoglyphic, genetic, and linguistic distances.

Dermatoglyphic traits have been used to assess population affinities and structure. Here, we describe the digital patterns of four Eskimo populations from Alaska: two Yupik-speaking villages from St. Lawrence Island and two Inupik groups presently residing on mainland Alaska. For a broader evolutionary perspective, these four Eskimo populations are compared to other Inuit groups, to North American Indian populations, and to Siberian aggregates. The genetic structures of 18 New and Old World populations were explored using R-matrix plots and Wright's FST values. The relationships between dermatoglyphic, blood genetic, geographic, and linguistic distances were assessed by comparing matrices through Mantel correlations and through partial and multiple correlations. Statistically significant relationships between dermatoglyphics and genetics, genetics and geography, and geography and language were revealed. In addition, significant correlations between dermatoglyphics and geography, with linguistic variation constant, were noted for females but not for males. These results attest to the usefulness of dermatoglyphics in resolving various evolutionary questions concerning normal human variation.

Alaska↗

PubMed1977

Nasopharyngeal cancer in Greenland. The incidence in an Arctic Eskimo population.

Nasopharyngeal cancer is very common among the Chinese in various parts of the world, particularly Southern China, and frequent in certain other Mongoloid groups in Southeast Asia. Also, the incidence among the Eskimos of the western Canadian Arctic and Alaska is considerably higher than would be expected. Ths paper reports for the first time the incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer among native Greenlanders, an Eskimo population with some admixture of Caucasian blood. During 1955-1976, thirty-five cases of nasopharyngeal cancer were diagnosed. Ninety-four per cent (33 cases) were squamous cell carcinomas, including lymphoepitheliomas. Incidence rates 1965-1976, age adjusted to the "world" population distribution, were 12.3 and 8.5 per 100,000 per annum for males and females respectively. These rates are among the highest recorded in the world and significantly higher than among the Caucasian population in Denmark. Compared with other high risk populations nasopharyngeal cancer among Greenlanders had an older age distribution and a lower male-to-female sex ratio. An additional 11 cases with malignant involvement, seeminly confined only to cervical lymph nodes, may have included some undiagnosed nasopharyngeal cancers. Thus the calculated incidence rates of this study could represent only minimum rates. Further research is needed especially with regard to the HL-A profile and to possible traces of Epstein-Barr virus infection.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in an Alaskan Eskimo family: report of three cases.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has been reported to occur in Alsaka Natives (Eskimos, Indians, and Aleuts) at a rate greater than 15 times the rate for U.S. whites. At least 3 cases of NPC have occurred in close relatives of a Northern Alaskan Eskimo family. All 3 patients had poorly differentiated tumors and have died. Blood groups, HLA antigens, and antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were studied in the family members. EBV titers were elevated in the 1 NPC patient tested and in 1 of 15 other family members tested. All family members studied except 1 were of blood group A, Rh-positive, and HLA types AW24, CW3, CW40/A2, CW2 and B27. This was the first report of more than 2 cases of NPC in a single family in the United States.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Immunoglobulin allotypes in several North American Eskimo populations.

Genetic data consisting of immunoglobulin testing (GM and KM) from 631 Eskimos from 5 populations are reported. These populations are Savoonga, Gambell (St. Lawrence Island), Wales, King Island, and Mckenzie Delta, Baffin Island. The GM and KM haplotypes are analyzed and compared to those occurring in Greenland, Canadian, Alaskan, and Siberian Eskimos and to other Siberian indigenous populations. These analyses suggest that during the peopling of the New World, four separate migrant groups crossed Beringia at various times.

Alaska↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Eskimo: an epidemiological simulation kinetic model for tuberculosis.

A simple, easy to use, kinetic model allowing the simulation of the main epidemiological parameters of tuberculosis and of the financial costs associated with the implementation of different anti-tuberculous policies, has been developed and described. The model, which has been denominated "ESKIMO" (Epidemiological Simulation Kinetic Model) can be utilized on a personal computer and requires, for its use, the knowledge of a series of easily available census data relative to a given country or geographical area, an essential epidemiological profile of the disease in the same area and data which characterize one or more antituberculous treatments in therapeutic and financial terms. The rationale of the model, which is a multicompartemental system, derive from an analysis of the relationships (transfer rates) between sub-populations of individuals in relation to tuberculosis either when the dynamic state of the system is governed by "natural forces" (no treatment) or when an external action is applied to it with an aim to alter its internal pathways in a favourable sense (vaccination, long-term hospitalization, chemotherapy). The model is based on the assumption that the main objective of any antituberculous program is the reduction in size of the subpopulation of patients who can infect other individuals and therefore perpetuate the disease. Validation and projection tests carried out through Eskimo seem to indicate that concentrating the analysis on the effect of various treatments on this group of patients simplifies the calculations while the relative precision of the estimates of other parameters is very satisfactory. The results of several simulations substantiate and quantify the opinions expressed by several experts in the past that the policy of applying cheap regimens of low efficacy to a relatively small fraction of the patients' population, as frequently done in developing countries, not only does not alter the trend of the disease but produces essentially negative results (increase in the number of new cases and in the frequency of resistant M. tuberculosis). Treatment with highly effective regimens of the same number of patients as those treated now (constant coverage) and therefore without the extra costs resulting from the improvement of the available sanitary infrastructures, produces much better results in clinical terms and overall saving of financial resources.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1988

Evolution of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Alaskan Eskimos.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Yupik Eskimos in southwestern Alaska, detected in early stages as a result of screening, appears to be more frequently associated with variants of chronic portal inflammation in the noninvolved liver than with fully developed cirrhosis, otherwise common in HBV-associated HCC from other geographic areas. Of 38 patients diagnosed with HCC since 1969, adequate tissue was available from both the tumor and nontumorous liver in 17. Of the 17 specimens, 14 had chronic portal inflammation and three had advanced cirrhosis; 12 of the 14 were from hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. These 12 cases were studied in detail to examine the features accompanying the development of HCC unobscured by cirrhotic transformation. In the noninvolved parenchyma they included hepatocytic nodules as apparent precursors to HCC and, as markers of phenotypic alterations, dysplastic hepatocytes and hepatitis B surface antigen-laden ground-glass hepatocytes. The latter were observed in eight instances and often accumulated in nodules. Parenchyma within 1 mm of the HCC exhibited increased confluent hyperplasia and frequently conspicuous necroinflammation associated with pericellular and periductular fibrosis, which contributed, in addition to fibrous connections between displaced and heavily inflamed portal tracts, to the capsule that was forming in all cases to varying degrees in the pericarcinomatous region. The HCC was uniformly trabecular and in a few specimens, a continuous transition from hyperplasia and dysplasia near the periphery of the tumor to increasing anaplasia in the center could be made out in addition to pressure effects of the HCC. The pericarcinomatous changes, including hyperplasia progressing to neoplasia and necroinflammation, are also observed in experimental models, particularly the woodchuck HCC induced by a hepadna virus related to HBV. Coordinated morphologic and molecular biologic studies on such animal models and on human HCC detected by screening, as for instance in Eskimos, neither complicated by cirrhosis, should elucidate the direction of the evolution of the HCC and the postulated promoting role of the inflammation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1974

Kaposi's sarcoma in an Eskimo.

An Eskimo who had been treated for a nasopharyngeal carcinoma was subsequently found to have a rapidly progressive form of Kaposi's sarcoma confirmed at biopsy. No objective response was obtained by irradiation treatment of isolated nodules. However, vinblastine sulfate arrested the progression of the disease. Because this neoplasm is most prevalent in tropical climates its presentation in an Eskimo is believed sufficiently unusual to warrant this report.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1972

Normalization effect of preceding protein meals on "diabetic" oral glucose tolerance in Eskimos.

Routine testing of 76 clinically non-diabetic Eskimos showed marked impairment of oral glucose tolerance in 54% but normal intravenous glucose tolerance in most of these.Total insulin output following the glucose drink was not found different in Eskimos with normal and abnormal glucose tolerance nor did lean meat meals given 60 minutes before the glucose significantly increase it.Intolerance to oral glucose loads appeared significantly related to a delay of insulin release and both timing of insulin response and shape of blood glucose curve normalized in the meat-preceded tests.

Adult↗

PubMed1967

Pneumonia in Indian and Eskimo infants and children. I. A clinical study.

Ninety-seven Indian and Eskimo infants and children who suffered 112 episodes of pneumonia were the subjects of a prospective study carried out at the Charles Camsell Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, from August 1963 until August 1964. Investigation included viral studies and an evaluation 10 days after admission. The patients were divided into four diagnostic categories and a comparison was made between cases of bacterial and viral origin. The frequency of right-sided disease, particularly of the upper lobe and/or dependent segment involvement, is described. An evaluation of physical signs is attempted. The problem of recurrent pneumonia and the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis in Indian and Eskimo children with pneumonia is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

[Genetic structure of the populations of native inhabitants in the northeastern USSR. III. Asiatic Eskimos and the coast and reindeer Chukchi].

The genetic structure of three Asiatic eskimos subpopulations (402 individuals), five coast chuckchies subpopulations (1793 individuals) and three reindeer chuckchies subpopulations (559 individuals) have been studied for 26 electrophoretic protein systems (33 loci). These are: adenilate-kinase (AK), diaphorase NAD X H (Dia), glyoxalase-1 (GLO-1), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (6GPT), glutamatpyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamicoxalate transaminase (GOT), carbonic anhydrase-1 (Ca-1), catalase (Ct), acid phosphatase (AcP), lactate dehydrogenase (loci LDH-A and LDH-B), leucine aminopeptidase (Lap), malatedehydrogenase (MDH), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), superoxide dismutase (Sod), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), phosphoglucomutase (loci PGM1 and PGM2), cholinesterase (loci c1--c5), alkaline phosphatase (Pp), esterase D (EsD), red cell esterase (Est) - 4 loci, albumin (Alb), haptoglobin (Hp), hemoglobine (Hb A and B), group-specific component (Gc), transferrin (Tf), ceruloplasmin (Cp). In addition, AB0 and Rh system blood groups and phenyl thiocarbamide taste sensitivity (PTC) have been studied. 12 of 36 loci are polymorphic (33.33%), heterozygosity for all loci in eskimos, coastal and reindeer chuckchies being 0.118 +/- 0.005, 0.130 +/- 0.002 and 0.120 +/- 0.004, respectively. These estimates do not differ essentially from heterozygosity at these loci for mongoloid groups living further south. The test for interpopulation heterogeneity has permitted to estimate contribution of the loci to the differentiation of these populations. The least heterogeneity has been found at loci where gene frequency distribution is the most specific for these ethnic groups.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed1978

Nutrient levels of some foods of Eskimos from Artic Bay, N. W.T., Canada.

Native food samples of caribou, seal, and arctic char were collected from resident Eskimos in Arctic Bay, N.W. T., and analyzed for nutrients. Caribou and seal meats were similar in protein and fat content in comparison with beef. Arctic char was above the average in protein and fat content for fish. Ascorbic acid was present in significant amounts only in baby seal liver. Thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, folacin, and pantothenic acid content ranged from average to high for seal and carbiou meat, respectively, in comparison to published values for pork and beef. The vitamin B6 content of caribou meat was comparable to average values reported for pork and beef but was lower in seal meat. Baby seal liver contained similar levels of thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, folacin, and pantothenic acid and less vitamin B6 than those reported for pork, beef, calf, and lamb liver. Arctic char was not appreciably different in these vitamins from other fish. The iron content of the Eskimo foods was higher than the meat group of the mixed Canadian diet. The macro mineral nutrients in these foods were comparable to those in beef and fish. The amino acid composition of caribou and seal meat was similar to beef, except that seal meat had a lower content of sulfur-containing amino acids and a much higher content of histidine. The sample of seal and arctic char were relatively high in concentrations of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1978

Studies of hand blood flow of the Igloolik Eskimo.

The hand blood flow of Igloolik Eskimos was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. The purpose of the investigation was to study circulatory adjustments to cold exposure. Such adjustment can be anatomical or functional. Our attention was especially directed to maximal resting circulation with the aim of obtaining information about the capacity of the peripheral vascular bed in different age groups of cold-exposed people. Resting blood flow ml/100 ml handvolume/min in vasodilated Eskimo men did not appreciably differ from that of men of the same age in other ethnic groups. Women of 20-50 years of age had significantly higher circulation than men 20-50 years. This finding may be due to the smaller hand and the relative quantities of different tissues. Females above 50 years had a very low hand circulation compared with the younger females, in contrast to males above 50 years who did not differ significantly from their younger colleagues. Any explanation other than hormonal is not warranted at this time. The results show that cold stress to the skin does not induce hypertrophy of the peripheral vascular bed which can be detected during vasodilated conditions or reactive hyperemia after 5 minutes of arterial stasis.

Adaptation, Physiological↗