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With Malaysia independence in 1957, development in the country changed from system maintenance to development planning. Environmental and health perspectives are discussed in relation to current development as reflected in the Second Malaysia Plan 1971--1975 and the Third Malaysia Plan 1976--1980.
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During century of expansion, the bread was regularly more costly and the labour cheapness for surpopulation. During the XIVth century, the weather was too rainy and more cold, the corn harvest was too much deficient, the mortality increased; ground no fertile was deserted: dearth and famine consecutive. The rats followed peasantry and giving the pest, from which depopulation increased. The wages growed to twice as much while the bread was reduced. Life come better and the leprosy was coming to reduce.
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Shigellosis due to Shigella sonnei is rare among people growing up and living in developing countries; however, infections due to S sonnei becomes more common than those due to S flexneri as societies develop economically. The relation between risk of S sonnei infection and economic development may be explained by the exposure of developing-country populations to Plesiomonas shigelloides. P shigelloides is often found in surface water, and one serotype (serotype 17) possesses a cell-wall lipopolysaccharide identical to that of S sonnei. Thus, exposure to P shigelloides by drinking contaminated water may immunise populations to S sonnei. As economic development occurs, water quality improves and populations become susceptible to S sonnei. Although drinking water has many advantages, immunisation against S sonnei may be one benefit of traditional water sources.
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Economic growth has brought with it substantial environmental damage. Nature has been abused and little consideration has been given to the consequences, among them the adverse effects on health. Healthy people are vital for local development that is both economically and ecologically sound. The health sector should be actively involved in the movement for sustainable development. What this would require in practice is considered below, with particular reference to the quality of life in regions of tropical forest.
The effect of economic development on motor vehicle-related mortality was assessed using per capital GNP from 46 countries, Gini coefficients from 34 countries and mortality statistics reported to WHO. The data suggest that these commonly used indicators of economic development do not reliably predict a given country's current experience with motor vehicle-related mortality. Implications for health planners and traffic safety workers are discussed.