PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “English Abstract”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

[The future of clinical pathology].

Predictions of the future of pathology must encompass not only anticipation of scientific advances, but the important relationships with other physicians, scientists, health care agencies, hospitals, the public, and the government. The last fifty years have seen advances dwarfing all medical science throughout previous time, with sweeping changes in laboratory medicine in more recent years. For example, advent of molecular pathology will generate opportunities for the pathologist to lead not only in diagnosis, but to accurately predict and prevent disease, and to participate in treatment. Genetic engineering, which promises revolutionary improvement in medicine with already exciting advances in heritable disease. Immune status abnormalities, organ transplantation, and even mental disease, offers great opportunities for clinical pathologists. Currently there is much variation in definition and practice of anatomic and clinical pathology throughout the world. Scientific advances will merge the roles of these two branches more closely. The American Board of Pathology already foresees changing the current separate certifications in anatomic and clinical pathology into one certification in pathology. Multiple subcertifications will be offered to meet the certain increase in applicable clinical science in many related disciplines. The pathologist expert in a new field will assume a more activist role in clinical medicine and will be positioned to become the "information specialist" who will be required, with the aid of computerization, to assemble, correlate, and apply this burgeoning medical knowledge, which in many cases will transcend the abilities of any one medical specialist or allied scientist. The public become insatiable for knowledge and then access to this new medical science.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Forecasting↗
PubMed1990

[Clinical classification of alcoholism].

The author submits his own clinical classification and terminology of alcoholism at the symptomatological level, and as regards the description of developmental variants of clinical pictures. At the symptomatological level he uses hitherto valid phenomena from Jellinek/s stages, however, these stages are not conceived as integrated developmental stages. The author describes also other signs, phenomena and symptoms resp. from his own clinical practice, arranged in three basic complexes of symptoms: primary and withdrawal symptoms, and the symptom complex of psychoorganic alcoholic disorders. In addition there is the group of signs covered by the term alcoholic depravation. From the nosological aspect the author gives a central position to the withdrawal syndrome which defines the borderline of dependence. Next the author describes developmental variants of clinical pictures, providing evidence that the clinical picture and development of alcoholism are not uniform. Among pre-dependence terms such as sporadic, frequent, periodic and important position is held by systemic abuse of alcohol which is at the borderline of dependence. The development then proceeds either via habitual ethylism or via alcoholic toxicomania. The difference is among others also in the ratio of internal and external factors facilitating the development of alcoholism. After dichotomization the development tends towards the uniform picture of chronic ethylism. The latter is diagnosed exclusively with regard to the assessed psychoorganic changes, limiting the extent of the defect. Juvenile ethylism is described separately.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1990

[Stratum-structure of the spinal nerves in the understanding of body structure].

The main methodology employed in the progressive gross anatomy of today's Japan is typological anatomy (typologische Anatomie) as introduced by Seiho Nishi (1943; 1950; 1961). This typological methodology is sufficient to suggest the existence of a certain constancy between muscle phylogeny and innervation in spite of the classic theory of nerve-muscle specificity having been discredited. On the basis of findings obtained from the many recent Japanese studies including the author's study on the cervical plexus (Kida, 1987), it has been noted that the stratum-structure of the spinal nerves may be an important key for the phylogenetic understanding of animal body structure (Kida, 1988). 1) The stratum-structure of the spinal nerves was initially observed only in the limb plexus by Fürbringer (Schwalbe, 1981). At that time, it was accepted as the longitudinal strata corresponding to the portion occupied by nerve fibers to the flexors or the extensors (Bolk, 1902). This theory was effective for the systematic understanding of limb structure. 2) The stratum-structure of the spinal nerves was at first considered to be related to the concept of nerve-muscle specificity. After the review of Straus (1946) on the concept of nerve-muscle specificity, this concept was disproved and has since been generally regarded as a theory of the past, therefore stratum-structure is now treated independently of that concept. 3) However, recent Japanese studies have modified and progressed beyond the concept of the stratum-structure of the spinal nerves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[The dental morphology of the Polynesians in the Cook Islands].

The inter-island variations and biological population affinity were examined for the Cook islanders in terms of non-parametric dental characters. The materials used in the present study consisted of plaster casts for 397 people, ages 4-20, collected on Rarotonga, Mangaia and Pukapuka in the Cook Islands. The dental characters observed were 15 traits on the teeth crown. The samples have been divided into five population series on the basis of their native islands: Pukapuka, N-S group (northern-southern island crossbreedings), Rarotonga, Mangaia, and S group (southern islands except Rarotonga and Mangaia). For comparison with other ethnic populations, the samples excluding the Pukapuka are combined into one group to represent full-blood southern-Cook Island Polynesians and named "Southern Cook" here. There were no significant sex differences in the incidences of dental traits in the data used in this study, so they were combined for the statistics. A cluster analysis was carried out to compare inter-population affinities on the basis of Smith's Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD) using the frequencies of shovelling, Carabelli's cusp, protostylid, cusp 6, cusp 7, and deflecting wrinkle. The results are briefly summarized as follows: 1. The differences between the Pukapukans and other four groups in the Cook Islands were observed in the case of 11 characters. Within the samples of the four island groups making up Southern Cook, there were no definitive population differences in dental morphology. The cluster analysis based on Smith's MMD values emerged as two main clusters in the Cook Islands: one cluster consisted only of the Pukapukans, and the other consisted of the rest. The latter was divided into two subclusters. 2. The frequencies of shovelling in the Southern Cook (23%) were quite similar at the medium level (S + S.S), to those in other Polynesian groups as well as in the Micronesian groups. The Pukapukans, however, gave a fairly low percentage (10%). 3. The two populations from the Southern Cook and Pukapuka were compared with other Oceanic populations. The incidences of double shovelling were similar to those of the Guamese, but lower than those of the Hawaiians. The Carabelli's cusp, protostylid and cusp 6 showed higher frequencies than those in the Hawaiians and Guamese. On the other hand, the interstitial tubercle showed a lower percentage than those in the Hawaiians and Guamese. As far as the incidence of the deflecting wrinkle are concerned, the Southern Cook, together with the Guamese, were intermediate between the Hawaiians and Pukapukans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[Gustatory information processing in rat medullary solitary tract nucleus].

1. The present experiment aimed at examining the possibility that the taste-sensitive neurons with similar taste-sensitivity are preferentially innervated by common driving neurons whose taste-selectivity is also similar. 2. A pair of glued electrodes was inserted into the unilateral solitary tract nucleus (NTS) of the rat, and simultaneous recordings were made in neuron pairs responding to the four basic taste stimuli. The spike response density (RD) of each neuron during tastant stimulation was determined. Correlation coefficients of spike occurrence were calculated for each neuron pair during application of tastants and distilled water, and also during spontaneous background activity. The frequency of correlated discharge (FC) of a neuron pair was measured as the area of the peak appearing on the cross-correlogram (CC). The FC value was divided by the RD value to calculate the weight of the correlated discharges in the output of each neuron (WC value). 3. Eleven pairs showed peak formation on the CC constructed during tastant stimulation, while in other 11 pairs no peak formation was found. The cross-correlation-positive group with peak formation was composed of 18 NaCl-best (responding most vigorously to NaCl) and 4 HCl-best neurons, while the negative group without peak formation included 9 NaCl-best, 9 HCl-best, and 4 sucrose-best neurons. From the cross-correlation negative group without peak formation the probability to pick up by chance two neurons responding most strongly to the same taste quality was calculated to be 0.367. 4. In 7 cross-correlation-positive pairs out of 11, both of the component neurons were NaCl-best, giving 7/11 = 0.636. 5. In the cross-correlation-positive pairs the best taste of one of the component neurons was often (13 NaCl-best and 2 HCl-best, 15/22 = 0.681) identical to the taste quality giving the highest probability of correlated discharge, i.e., the highest FC value, in the neuron pair. 6. There were 5 cross-correlation-positive pairs (5/11 = 0.455) in which both of the component neurons were NaCl-best and the FC value was highest during NaCl stimulation. 7. The CCs constructed during water application showed peak formation in all the pairs which gave positive cross-correlation following stimulation with tastants, while all the pairs with negative cross-correlation during tastant stimulation never gave a detectable peak during water application. 8. In 3 pairs of the cross-correlation-positive group, the CCs constructed during spontaneous background activity without application of any liquid showed a small peak.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Male sterility. Experience of an andrologist].

Male sterility is taken as a paradigm for a new approach to andrology. Although known about since Antiquity, responsibility of man in conjugal sterility has only been recognized in the last half century. All the same, even to day, it is not always accepted: although apparently obsolete since women's sexual liberation, this denial often manifests itself in patients behaviour, as well as in their doctor's. Until now, as far as we know, no andrologist has taken into account this strange denial. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the need for the andrologist to be aware of it in his approach to the sterile man. History of male sterility emphasizes the coexistence, since Antiquity, of two opposite preoccupations, those of doctors thoughtful of proving male sterility existence and those of philosophers, often determined to deny it. Steps of knowledge as well as social structures institutionalizing its dissembling are described. Sexual liberation which claimed to put and end to women's dependence on men is often illusory; acceptance of equality of sexes by men is often more apparent that real. At present, the medicalization of male sterility leads some patients and even some doctors to an activist behaviour which demonstrate their inability to accept even the concept of man sterility. In our opinion, to be an andrologist in the full sense of the word means not only to know the biology of reproduction and the progresses of research in this domain, but also and mainly to be aware of the permanence of prejudices and fantasies infallibly conveyed by the idea of sterility in every one, andrologist included.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed1987

[Prophylaxis and therapy of the acid aspiration syndrome].

The best prevention of the aspiration syndrome begins with early identification of any patient at risk. Reduction of gastric volume and elevation of gastric pH can be achieved by premedication with glycopyrrolate (0.3 mg i.m.) and preoperative administration of H2-receptor antagonists (150 mg ranitidine p.o. 6-8 h and 80 mg i.m./i.v. 60 min before induction). Transportation of stomach contents into the duodenum can further be accelerated by 10 mg metoclopramide i.v. 20-40 min before induction. Metoclopramide will also elevate lower esophageal sphincter tone. Rapid elevation of gastric pH can be achieved by oral administration of 15-30 ml 0.3 mol sodium citrate. Induction of anesthesia should be performed as a "rapid sequence induction". Manual compression of the esophagus (Sellick manoever) may prevent gastric regurgitation. In cases of pulmonary aspiration, consequent therapy has to be initiated as soon as possible to limit broncho-alveolar damage. After endotracheal intubation the upper respiratory tract should be cleared of stomach contents by suction. Further efforts should include artificial ventilation with a high FiO2 and low PEEP (5-10 cm H2O) as well as vigorous volume substitution to maintain cardiovascular stability. Corticosteroids (200 mg Hydrocortisone i.v. may have a beneficial effect if given within 5 min after aspiration. Severe bronchospasm may respond to aminophylline (5 mg/kg i.v. as an initial bolus) or inhalation of beta-adrenergics (terbutaline 0.75-1.5 mg/inh). Bronchial lavage will rather damage than improve broncho-alveolar integrity and cannot be recommended.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1995

[Immunology of tuberculosis and cytokines].

One of the unique features characterizing human tuberculosis (TB) is its pathogenesis. The pathogenesis of TB involves cell-mediated immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Concisely, macrophages activated by various soluble mediators or cytokines released through the cellular interactions after infection with M. tuberculosis play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of human TB. In fact, very complex cellular interactions are going on within the host after infection with or endogenous reactivation of M. tuberculosis. Cells communicate by cell-cell contact and by the release of mediators which may originate locally, called cytokines. In TB infection, macrophages can be activated by two ways; directly with mycobacterial organisms or lipid fractions of their cell walls at the earlier phase of infection, and indirectly with cytokines produced by CD4+ T cells specifically activated by mycobacterial peptide antigens at the later phase of infection. The various clinical features of TB are the summarized outcome of cell to cell interactions mediated by diverse cytokines produced by various immune cells which are initially triggered by M. tuberculosis infection. CD4+ T cells can be classified into two subsets according to the patterns of cytokines they produce; Th1 cells give rise to cell-mediated immunity and are characterized by the production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma, whereas Th2 cells are more efficient in mediating antibody production and secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10. Th2 cells can control Th1 cells and vice versa. Th2 cells therefore inhibit the production of cytokines by Th1 cells by releasing IL-4 and IL-10. Infection with mycobacteria stimulates macrophage IL-12 production which appears to act directly on naive CD4+ T cells to induce Th1 development and initiation of cell-mediated immunity. IL-12 is a critical component in the development of cell-mediated immunity. In addition, IL-12 also activates NK cells and gamma/delta T cells, both of which secrete various macrophage-activating factors to kill M. tuberculosis. One of the structural characteristics of M. tuberculosis is the cell wall rich in lipid components. Of importance among various biological activities of the cell wall lipids is the stimulation of mononuclear phagocytes to produce a certain number of cytokines or monokines including IL-12 and IL-10, both of which play important roles in regulation of immune responses in mycobacterial infection and in pathogenesis of TB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cytokines↗
PubMed1993

[Advances in diagnostic methods for mycobacteria].

Two systems, biphasic MB-Check and radiometric BACTEC, based on liquid media proved to be significantly better than the egg-based solid media for the isolation of mycobacteria from clinical specimens. The difference in the rates of isolation of mycobacteria between two groups of media was more remarkable with smear-negative specimens. The time to the detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex with MB-Check was shorter than that with the 3% Ogawa egg method but longer than that with BACTEC. A total of 135 sputum specimens were examined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotides based on the repetitive sequence (IS986) of M. tuberculosis as a primer. The PCR gave an overall positivity rate of 84.2%, as compared with 71.9% by smear and 96.9% by culture in the liquid medium, MB-Check. Although the sensitivity of the PCR appeared to be similar to that of culture with the MB-Check system, the PCR should be very useful for rapid detection of M. tuberculosis infections. DNA probe technology facilitates a rapid and specific identification of microorganisms. The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of the nonradioactive Accuprobe M. tuberculosis complex and Accuprobe M. avium complex culture confirmation tests were nearly 100%. The results of the colorimetric microdilution plate hybridization test (DDH-Mycobacteria) for identification of mycobacteria were consistent with those of biochemical identification. About 90% of clinical isolates could be identified by the DDH kit. Both of these methods may contribute to the rapid diagnosis of mycobacterial infections. Epidemiological studies with techniques which allow differentiation of strains within M. tuberculosis groups are important for limiting the dissemination of the disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed1993

[Review of present knowledge on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of Amanita phalloides poisoning].

The mushroom poisoning of phalloid type is caused by amatoxins, mainly by alpha-amanitine. It is a cytotoxin which acts through an indirect mechanism. It binds irreversibly the nucleolar enzyme, RNA-polymerase II in cells with intensive proteosynthesis (enterocytes in the digestive tract, hepatocytes in the liver and epithelial cells of proximal renal tubules). A tight binding of the toxin with the enzyme blocks the transcription from DNA to m-RNA and thus makes the proteosynthesis impossible. This results in the cell necrosis. Pathophysiology of the phalloid type poisoning is rather complicated, as the disorders of primarily affected organs (gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney) produce a derangement of other remote organs and systems. After a relatively long period of latency (average 8-10 hours) the symptoms of the initial phase of the symptomatologic course of intoxication--excessive vomiting and diarrhea (during one or two days)--are observed, leading to dehydration which culminates in the hypovolemic shock. A short subsequent phase of an apparent improvement (in the 3rd day) is followed, beginning with the fourth day, by an acute failure of the liver and kidney. The cause of the failure of both the organs is the same--the toxic noxa. Therefore it is not possible to classify the coexistence of acute hepatal and renal failure as a so-called hepatorenal syndrome. The true hepatorenal syndrome is namely a potentially reversible prerenal failure accompanying a variety of serious liver diseases, namely in their terminal phase. The phalloid nephropathy, however, has two constituents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amanita↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in patients with manifestations of urinary tract infection].

The urinary tract infection is very frequent, especially if calculosis of the urinary tract is present. Urinary infection is widespread, and it appears during the year. The people of all ages and both sexes are affected by urinary infection. In the last few years a reliable progress in the understanding and management of urinary tract infection is achieved. Numerous articles published in professional journals are a good proof of it. The urinary tract infection is frequent and is responsible for the use of large quantities of antibiotics which provoke great costs and make other problems. The role of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of infection is predominant. The clinician is completely dependent on his collegue, a bacteriologist, with regard to the results of urine culture. It is known that microorganisms grow better if they have good nourishment. Infections of the urinary tract were always a significant problem. However, over the last few decades, they became, according to some authors, the most frequent bacterial infection in humans, requiring the frequent administration of immunosuppressive agents, corticosteroids and cytostatics; and at the same time a great number of elder people and chronic patients with reduced immunity are involved. Taking into account that significant and insignificant infections of the urinary tract are frequent in nephropathology, particularly in renal and canalicular calculosis, the aim of the study was to point to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy without risk of impairment of already existing infections with and without administration of antibiotic and uroantiseptic agents for prophylactic purposes. A group of 5,078 patients with calculosis of the urinary tract was studied. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was performed in all patients by Siemens lithotriptor Lithostar (Germany). In patients with calculosis of the urinary tract subjected to extracorporeal lithotripsy bacteriuria was regularly followed. A group of 1,836 (36 percent) patients with urinary tract obstruction and 3,242 (64 percent) patients without urinary tract obstruction were treated (Table 1). In 895 (18 percent) patients with urinary tract obstruction infection was serious. In 321 (6 percent) patients without urinary tract infection, serious urinary tract infection was detected (Table 2). The most frequent causes of urinary tract infection are presented in Table 3. Table 4 shows a review of patients to whom antibiotic therapy, prior to extracorporeal lithotripsy, was prescribed. Infection of the urinary tract is responsible for great morbidity. The treatment of any type of urinary tract infection must include the examination of the effect of antibiotic agents. During the treatment of urinary tract infection with calculosis resistant microorganisms are also developed because of repeated administration of antibiotics to patients in health institutions, and especially to patients with ureteral catheters. The treatment of any type of urinary tract infection must include the examination of the effect of antibiotic agents used. The fundamental aims of the treatment of urinary tract infection are: the eradication of causes of infection and concurrent prevention or optimal control of recurrent infection. As long as the patients with urinary tract calculosis are susceptible of permanent infections. It is indispensable to perform sterilization, and thereafter to remove the stone from the urinary tract, because infection of the urinary tract may cause a series of sequelae in the function of the kidney. Frequently the successful urinary sterilization with antibiotic agents cannot be achieved, and consequently, the carrying out of extracorporeal lithotripsy together with administration of antibiotics, is impossible. Good results can be obtained by a combined therapy of antibiotics and extracorporeal lithotripsy in patients with urinary tract calculosis. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children].

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic (immune) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is the most frequent hemorrhagic disease in children. It represents the acquired megakaryocytic thrombocytopenia with the shortened life of platelets because of immunologic damage (antibodies absorbed by platelets). In the case of this acquired hemorrhagic disorder, in spite of compensatory increased function of the bone marrow, there is a reduced number of platelets because of their increased destruction by the reticuloendothelial system (destructive thrombocytopenia). There are three forms of ITP: acute, chronic and intermittent. The acute form occurs in 80-90% of cases with bleeding episodes lasting a few days or weeks, but no longer than 6 months. The chronic form occurs in 10-15% of children, while the rarest-intermittent form is characterized by periods of normalization in regard to the number of platelets but also with relapse in intervals of 1-3 months. The disease is caused by an immunological disorder in the sense of an imbalanced immune response. Immunologic damages of platelets cause shortening of the opsonized platelets life span. The most frequent platelet opsonins are the immumoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies directed at the platelet membrane in the form of autoantibodies, alloantibodies or possibly absorbed antigen caused by microorganism infection or drug intake. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: It is typical for the phenomenon of bleeding that it starts suddenly and without any other sign of illness. The most frequent acute form appears between the second and fourth year, and is characterized by seasonal occurrence usually after acute viral infections. Children older than 10 years of age, like adults, often have the chronic form associated with other immunologic disorders. The disease affects girls more often than boys (about three times more often) with moderate and constant increase of antiplatelet antibodies. Hemorrhagic manifestations include: petechiae, purpura, epistaxis, gastrointestinal and genitourinary bleeding. They depend on the grade of thrombocytopenia, although there is no strict correlation between the number of platelets and volume of bleeding. Low mortality of the acute ITP is almost exclusively due to intracranial hemorrhage. LABORATORY STUDIES: Thrombocytopenia represents a decrease in the number of blood platelets being a basic abnormality of the blood count. The half-life of platelets in ITP is shortened. Detection of antiplatelet antibodies is connected with technical difficulties, so they are established in about 30% of cases. Bleeding time is prolonged and so is the coagulum retraction which may be completely missed. The Rumpel-Leede test is positive. Clinical differentiation of drug-induced thrombocytopenia is not possible. However, other differential diagnostic possibilities are thrombotic-thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. A child with aplastic anemia or acute leukemia, beside thrombocytopenia, has a characteristic finding of white and red blood cell count. Thrombocytopenia with absent radii syndrome is associated with skeletal system abnormalities. TREATMENT: New knowledge about the role of the immune system in ITP determines the modern therapeutic modalities. In cases of acute ITP in children, there are two therapeutic options or therapies of choice: corticosteroids and high doses of intravenous immunoglobulin. Immunosupressive therapy means anti Rh(D) immunoglobulin, cyclosporine, cytostatics, danazol, loaded platelets. In cases of distinctive hemorrhagic syndrome there are also indications for platelet transfusion. Nowadays splenectomy is more restricted, because one third of cases is unsuccessful, whereas plasmapheresis is rarely used in children because of possible complications. CONCLUSION: ITP is the most frequent hemorrhagic disease in children. The disease is basically caused by an immunologic disorder with platelet destruction due to increased immunoglobulin on their membrane. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Child↗
PubMed1999

[Advances in the development of new antitubercular agents from a group of 5-membered heterocyclic compounds containing one type of heteroatom].

Tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases are considered at present to be one of the prominent problems of health services. Since 1985, and in particular in the 1990s, a search for new structures of antimycobacterial drugs is one of the first and foremost fields of chemotherapeutic research. The present review paper surveys the studies carried out in the field of five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing one species of the heteroatom (furan, thiophene, pyrrol, diazoles, triazoles, tetrazoles, indol, carbazol, and other more complex cyclic compounds of nitrogen and sulfur) since 1984, making use of the journal Chemical Abstracts and original papers.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1999

[Advances in the development of new antitubercular agents from a group of 5-membered heterocyclic compounds containing various heteroatoms].

Tuberculosis and other antimycobacterial diseases are considered to be one of the most important problems of the health service at present. Since 1985, and in particular in the 1990s, a search for new structures of antimycobacterial substances has ranked among the prior fields of chemotherapeutic research. The present review paper links up with the previous communications, and surveys the studies carried out in the field of five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing more heteroatoms since 1984. The most frequently investigated field is thiazole derivatives but the most successful papers originated in the group of oxazoles, where effective antituberculotics for clinical use can be expected in the future. The present research is based on the journal Chemical Abstracts and original papers.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed2002

[Advances in the development of new antimycobacterial agents. The alkylsulfanyl group--a pharmacophore for antimycobacterial activity].

Tuberculosis ranks among the most widely spread infectious diseases and the need to find new antituberculotics has become more and more urgent. The present review paper aims at the compounds containing an alkylsulfanyl group which can be considered the pharmacophore of antituberculotic activity. The alkylsulfanyl group is bound to various heterocycles, condensed systems, and there is also a bond to the aliphatic structure. The activities of some compounds discussed in the resent paper are comparable with those of the antituberculotics in current use and therefore they could be introduced into practice, or at least suggest further direction of development. The present survey is based on the journal Chemical Abstracts.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1992

[The effect of culture media on bacteriocin production in various strains of bacteria].

Some staphylococcus and enterococcus strains were used to investigate the effect of culture medium on bacteriocin production. Staphylococcus cohnii SC7, Staphylococcus sp. ZTJ 151, S. saprophyticus SS 877, Enterococcus faecium EF1 and E. faecalis EFG2 were isolated from the rumen wall and contents of lambs, calves and fallow deer, Enterococcus gallinarum EG10 and E. avium EA12 were isolated from the caecum of Japanese quail. The tested bacteria belong to producers with a wide antimicrobial effectiveness spectrum, they have low to medium adherence and urease activity (Tab. III). These culture media were used to test the effect of culture medium on bacteriocin production: nutrient agar no. 2 and VL agar enriched with 2% of glucose and lactose (ZAG, ZAL, VLG, VLL), agar for isolation of faecal streptococci (SA) and the base for blood agar no. 4 and no. 2 (KA4, KA2). The strains Streptococcus bovis AO 24/85 and Staphylococcus aureus Oxford 209 P were used as indicator bacteria. Tables I and II show the results of these tests. The tested strains produced the widest inhibition zones (6 mm) with both indicators on SA medium, and this indicates massive bacteriocin production. On ZAG medium, the zones of enterococci with the AO 24/85 strain were larger size than those of staphylococci, but the zones were dim. All strains with the 209P indicator produced dim zones of the 2mm size. The larger inhibition zones (2-5mm) in comparison with staphylococci were observed in enterococci on the ZAL medium with the AO24/85 strain. The production of tested strains was balanced on VLG agar with respect to the use of both indicators.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacteriocins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Etiopathogenesis of information disease].

On the basis of the results of animal experiments and observations of people the concept of the information disease was formulated. It is understood as a form of psychoneural pathology characterized by special causes bringing it about, as well as by a number of peculiarities of its manifestation and pathogenesis. Besides, the information diseases, as any nosological form, is characterized by distinct protection mechanisms. The methods of prophylaxis and treatment, based on the specifics of its pathogenesis, were developed in animal experiments and effectively tested on humans. The information disease (ID) is understood as various disturbances of the higher functions of the nervous system, as well as resulting from it, disturbances of the functioning of the other systems of the organisms, occurring because of the brain being for a long time in the conditions of unfavorable combinations of the three following factors, i. e. certain volume of information to be processed for an important decision to be made, the factor of time assigned for the brain work and the level of motivation determining the importance of information and necessity of its being processed. The combination of these three factors can be unfavourable if: 1) it is necessary to process a large volume of information, including the function of decision making, in the conditions of prolonged deficit of time assigned for such work of the brain with the high level of behavioral motivation, or 2) there is information deficit during a long period of time, and the behavioral motivation is also high.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗